The Trial of Jesus from a Lawyer's Standpoint, Vol. 1 (of 2) / The Hebrew Trial - Walter M. Chandler

[353] John iii. 1; vii. 50.

[354] Luke xxiii. 50, 51.

[355] Matt. xxvi. 59; Mark xiv. 55; Matt. xxvii. 1; Mark xv. 1.

[356] Mark xiv. 63, 64; Luke xxii. 70, 71.

[357] Keim, "Jesus of Nazara," vol. vi. p. 74, n. 2.

[358] Acts vi. 11; vii. 59.

INDEX

A
Abarbanel, Isaac, on the Sanhedrin, I, [106]
Ab-beth-din, vice-president of the Sanhedrin, I, [112]
Abbott, Lyman, on the scribes of the Sanhedrin, I, [158]
Acts of Pilate, the Apocryphal,
modern criticism of, II, 327
discovery of, II, 327
Lardner on the authenticity of, II, 328 seq.
Tischendorf on the authenticity of, II, 345 seq.
antiquity of, II, 351
text of, II, 351 seq.
Æbutius, Publius, part of, in the exposure of Bacchanalian orgies, II, 271 seq.
Ædile, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36
Æsculapius, Græco-Roman divinity, II, 198
Akiba, Jewish rabbi, Mishna systematized by, I, [79]
Albanus, Roman governor, his deposition of Albanus, II, 296
Alcmene, myth of Zeus and, II, 265
Alexander, Jewish Alabarch, biographical note on, II, 299
Alexander III, pope, genuineness of "true cross" attested by bull of, II, 63
Alexandrian MS. of the Bible, I, [67]
Ananias ben Nebedeus, Jewish priest,
biographical note on, II, 299
family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 302
Ananos. See [Annas]
Ananus, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296
Anathemas, Jewish, against the Christians, II, 307, 308
Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher,
on the deification of natural forces, II, 225
his exposure of the divination of Lampon, II, 226
Annanias, author of "Acts of Pilate," II, 351
Annas (Ananos), Jewish high priest,
examination of Christ before, I, [238]-[247]
deposition of, by Gratus, I, [244]; II, 20
Christ examined in house of, I, [256]
biographical note on, II, 295
legendary examination of Joseph of Arimathea, II, 374, 376
Antecedent Warning, peculiar provision of Hebrew Criminal Law regarding, I, [147]-[152]
Antistius, L., Roman tribune, impeachment of Julius Cæsar by, II, 46
Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor, persecution of Christians by, II, 78
Aphrodisia, rites of, II, 265
Aphrodite, Greek divinity, patroness of prostitutes, II, 265
Aquillius, Manlius, Roman governor, trial of, before the Comitia, II, 40
Antonius, Marcus, Roman advocate, defense of, of Manlius Aquillius, II, 40
Aristotle, Greek philosopher, on the licentiousness of Sparta, II, 241
Arnold, Matthew, on despair of Roman people, II, 286
Arnobius, Numidian writer,
on the familiar treatment of Roman gods, II, 218
on the lewdness of the Roman drama, II, 267
Art, effect of, in corruption of Roman and Greek morals, II, 268
Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, II, 242
Athens, domestic licentiousness of, II, 240, 241
Athronges, Jewish peasant, revolt of, II, 110
Atticus, Numerius, Roman senator, attests ascent of Augustus to heaven, II, 234
Atys, myth of, represented on Greek and Roman stage, II, 267
Augurs,
Roman priests, II, 204
spectators at licentious dramas, II, 267
Augury, modes of, II, 211
Augustus Cæsar, Roman emperor,
reign and policy of, II, 25, 26
care of profligate daughter Julia, II, 83
belief of, in omens, II, 215
his chastisement of Neptune, II, 222
deification of, II, 233
Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, Roman emperor and philosopher,
persecution of Christianity by, II, 78
adoration of Serapis by, II, 217
on suicide, II, 232
B
Bacchanalian orgies, Livy's account of, II, 270-283
Bacchus, Roman deity, licentious festivals of, II, 265
Barabbas (Bar Abbas) released by Pilate, II, 131, 138, 363
Baring-Gould, S., on the symbolism of the Cross, II, 66
Baths, Roman, splendor of, II, 247
Beheading of criminals under Hebrew Law, I, [91], [99]
Benny,
on the Talmud, I, [75]
on internment in Jewish Cities of Refuge, I, [98], [99]
Bernhardt, Sarah, insulted in Quebec, II, 182
Bernice (Berenice), Jewish queen, a suppliant before Florus, II, 100
Bible,
the manuscripts of, I, [67]
purity of text of, I, [69]
anthropomorphism of, I, [336]-[338]
influence of, II, 4, 5
"Birchath Hamminim" Jewish imprecation against Christians, II, 308
Blasphemy,
discussion of charge against Christ of, I, [193]-[209]
Hebrew definition of, I, [199]-[201]
classification of, I, [203]
Boethus, family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 301. See also [Simon]
Bossuet, Jacques B., French divine, on the citizenship of Christ, II, 108
Brothels, Roman, dedication of, to Venus, II, 265
Burning of criminals under Hebrew Law, I, [92], [99]
C
Cæsar, Caius Julius,
10th legion cowed by, II, 169
superstition of, II, 205
disbelief of, in immortality, II, 229
deification of, II, 233
divorces of, II, 238
profligacy of, II, 238, 239
unnatural practices attributed to, II, 263
Caiaphas, Jewish high priest,
accusation of, against Christ, before Sanhedrin, I, [190]
erratic conduct of, at trial of Christ, I, [290]
rôle of, in trial of Jesus before Pilate, II, 101
biographical note on, II, 295
legendary examination of Joseph of Arimathea by, II, 374, 376
Caligula, Roman emperor,
deifies his sister Drusilla, II, 234
depravity of, II, 234
Cantharus, family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 301
Capital Crimes under Hebrew Criminal Law, classification and punishments of, I, [91]-[101]
Carlyle, Thomas, on the life of Christ, II, 187
Cassius, Dion, on the labeling of Roman criminals, I, [57]
Cato, Marcus Porcius,
contempt of, for the haruspices, II, 228
suicide of, II, 232
divorces of, II, 237
contempt of, for Lucullus, II, 246
merciless treatment of slaves, II, 251
Catulus, Quintus, dream of, presaging accession of Augustus, II, 214
Chanania, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314
Chanania ben Chiskia, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 309
Charles IX, king of France, bloody sweat of, I, [59], [60]
Christianity, conflict of, with Roman paganism, I, [16]; II, 76-79
Chrysostom, St. John, on the legendary desire of Tiberius to deify Christ, II, 344
Cicero, Marcus Tullius,
dream of, presaging accession of Augustus, II, 215
on Roman superstition, II, 221
on Roman skepticism, II, 227
his divorce of his wife, II, 237
witticism of, upon Cæsar's gallantries, II, 239
Cities of Refuge, Jewish, internment in, I, [96]-[99]
Claudia, granddaughter of Augustus,
marriage of, to Pilate, II, 82
dream of, regarding Jesus, II, 133, 355
Claudius, Roman commander, throws sacred pullets into the sea, II, 222
Clement V, pope, and the Talmud, I, [88], [89]
Coliseum, the, description of, II, 260
Comitia Centuriata,
public criminal trials in, II, 37-43
miscarriage of justice in, II, 38-42
Commodus, Roman emperor, deification of, II, 234
Consul, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36
Coke, Sir Edward, contrast between Pilate and, II, 170-172
Cornelius, son of Ceron, the elder, biographical note on, II, 321
Cross, Roman instrument of death,
erroneous representations of, II, 56
forms of, II, 62
use of, by various races as religious symbol, II, 64-67
"Cross, the True," legends of, II, 62, 63
Crucifixion,
Plutarch on, I, [56]
history of, II, 54, 55
mode of, II, 55
pathology of, II, 58, 59
Roman citizens exempt from, II, 54
of Jesus, II, 365
Cybele, Roman deity, importation of, from Phrygia, II, 199
D
Deification of Roman emperors, ceremony of, II, 234
Dembowski, Bishop, and the Talmud, I, [88]
Demosthenes, on the women of Athens, II, 242
Dérembourg, Joseph, on the Jewish priestly families, II, 294
Deutsch, Emanuel,
on the Talmud, I, [74], [80]
on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, [179], [181]
Diocletian, Roman emperor, deification of, II, 233
Divination, Roman modes of, II, 211
Divorce,
among the Romans, II, 236-239
trivial pretexts for, II, 237, 238
Döllinger,
on the Roman view of Christianity and high treason, II, 77
on divorce, and the profligacy of Roman matrons, II, 236
on the effect of art in corrupting Greek and Roman manners, II, 268
Domitian, Roman emperor, self-deification of, II, 235
Doras, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 321
Dorotheas, son of Nathanael, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 321
Drama, the, licentiousness of, among Greeks and Romans, II, 266
Dreams, interpretation of, among Romans and Greeks, II, 213, 214
Druidism, annihilation of, II, 73
Drusilla, deified by Caligula, II, 234
Dysmas, legendary name of one of the thieves crucified with Jesus, II, 364
E
Edersheim, Alfred, on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, [177]
Elders, Jewish chamber of. See [Sanhedrin]
Eleazar ben Partah, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314
Eleazar, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 295
Eleazar, son of Simon Boethus, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 297
Eliezer, Jewish rabbi, Mishna amplified by, I, [79]
Ellicott, Dr., on the character of Pilate, II, 91
Epicurus, Greek philosopher, II, 229
Epicureanism, degradation of, among Romans, II, 230
Epitaphs, irreligious Roman, II, 222, 285
Epulos, Roman priests, II, 204
Etruria, importation of haruspices from, II, 210
Eusebius, reference of, to the "Acts of Pilate," II, 329, 333, 344
Evhemere, on the Greek gods, II, 225
Evangelists,
honesty of, I, [12]
character of, I, [13], [14]
motives of, I, [15]
ability of, I, [18]
candor of, I, [20]-[24]
discrepancies of, I, [29]-[33]
corroborative elements of narrative of, I, [34]-[39]
impossibility of collusion among, I, [38]
conformity of narrative of, with human experience, I, [39]
coincidence of testimony of, with collateral circumstances, I, [52]-[67]
narrative of, confirmed by profane historians, I, [56], [57]
Evidence, rules of, under Hebrew Law, I, [144], [145]
F
False swearing under Hebrew Criminal Law, I, [93]
Fathers, Church, writings of the, I, [68]
Fecenia, Hispala, part of, in exposure of Bacchanalian orgies, II, 271 seq.
Felix, Minucius, Christian father, controversy of, with pagans on adoration of the cross, II, 64
Flagellation, under Hebrew Criminal, I, [94]
Flamens,
Roman priests, II, 204
spectators at licentious dramas, II, 267
G
Gallio, pro-consul of Achaia, attitude of, toward Jewish clamors, II, 107
Gamaliel, Jewish rabbi, biographical note on, II, 304
Ganymede, depraving influence of myth of rape of, II, 262
Gavazzi, Alessandro, sermons of, in Coliseum, II, 262
Geib, on the status of Judea, II, 16 on the courts of the Roman Provinces, II, 32
Geikie, Cunningham,
on the non-existence of the Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, [181]
on the character of the trial of Jesus before Sanhedrin, I, [184]
Gemara,
the Jerusalem and Babylonian recensions of, I, [81]
relation of, to Mishna, I, [83]. See also [Talmud] and [Mishna]
Germanicus,
Cæsar temples profaned on death of, II, 222
exposure of children born on day of death of, II, 254
Gestas, legendary name of one of thieves crucified with Jesus, II, 364
Golden House of Nero, II, 246
Gibbon, Edward,
on the jurisdiction of the great Sanhedrin, I, [120]
on the laws of the Twelve Tables, II, 53
on the extent of the Roman Empire, II, 196
Gladiatorial games,
origin of, II, 256
gigantic scale of, in Rome, II, 256, 257
conduct of, II, 258
Gospels, the, admissibility of, as legal evidence, I, [5]-[12]
Governors, Roman,
powers of, II, 24, 27, 28, 29
forbidden to take wives to their provinces, II, 84, 85
Graetz, Heinrich, on the existence of the Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, [181]
Greeks,
superstition of, II, 223
philosophy of, II, 229
depraving effect on Romans of art, literature, and manners of, II, 40-244, 268, 284
Bacchanalian orgies introduced by, II, 270
invective of Juvenal against, II, 284
Greenidge, on the interpretation of native law by Roman proprætors, II, 31
Greenleaf, Simon, American jurist,
on the admissibility of the Scriptures as legal evidence, I, [6]-[9]
on the testimony of the Evangelists, I, [10], [11]
on the legal justice of the conviction of Christ for blasphemy, I, [209]
H
Hacksab ben Tzitzith, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 320
"Hall of Hewn Stones," sessions of Sanhedrin in, I, [117]
Haruspices, Roman, account of, II, 210
Helcias, Jewish treasurer, biographical note on, II, 300
Helena, Empress, legendary discovery of "true cross" by, II, 62
Hercules, Greek divinity, burning of, represented on Greek and Roman stage, II, 267
Herder, Johann, on the character of Christ, II, 187
Herod Antipas,
character of, II, 120
his treatment of Jesus, II, 122-127
Herod I, the Great,
last will of, II, 119, 120
arbitrary changes of, in high priesthood, II, 293
Hetairai, status of, in Athens, II, 242, 243
High priest, Jewish,
vestments of, I, [158]
abuses in appointment of, II, 293
Hillel, Jewish doctor, inspiration of, I, [84]
Hillel, School of,
and the Mishna, I, [79]
dissensions of, with School of Shammai, II, 309
Homer, the bible of the Greeks, II, 264
Honorius IV, pope, and the Talmud, I, [87]
Horatius, trial of, before the Comitia Centuriata, II, 40
I
Ignatius, St., martyrdom of, in Coliseum, II, 261
Impalement, death by, II, 61
Infanticide, among Romans, II, 254
Inkerman, story of soldier killed at battle of, II, 191
Innes,
on the trials of Jesus before the Sanhedrin, I, [185]; II, 10
on the cowardice of Pilate, II, 138
Interpreters, not allowed in Jewish courts, I, [107]
Imprisonment. See [Law, Hebrew Criminal], I, [93]
Ishmael, Jewish rabbi, and the Mishna, I, [79]
Ismael ben Eliza, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 309
Ismael ben Phabi, Jewish high priest,
biographical note on, II, 298
family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 301
Isis, Egyptian deity,
rites of, established in Rome, II, 217
Roman temples of, a resort of vice, II, 269
Issachar ben Keifar Barchi, Jewish priest, cursed in Talmud, II, 302
J
James, brother of Jesus, condemnation of, by Ananus, II, 296
Janus, Roman god, invocations of, II, 207
Jehovah, appearances of, in human form, I, [343]-[349]
Jerome, St., on the Jewish anathema against Christians, II, 308
Jesus, the Christ,
human perfection of, I, [14]; II, 186
scourging of, I, [56], [57]
breaking of legs of, by soldiers, I, [57]
bloody sweat of, I, [59], [60]
physical cause of death of, I, [61], [62]
watery issue of, I, [60]-[62]
devotion of women to, I, [66]
resurrection of, I, [211]; II, 368
divinity of, I, [211], [212]
celebrates the Paschal feast, I, [220]-[224]
at Gethsemane, I, [224]-[226]
arrest of, I, [225]
private examination of, before high priest, I, [238]-[247]
charged with sedition and blasphemy I, [250]
annnounces his Messiahship before Sanhedrin, I, [273], [274]
Messianic prophecies fulfilled in Him, I, [323]-[328], [341], [342]
miracles of, I, [350]-[355]
at morning session of Sanhedrin, I, [356]-[362]
condemned to death by Sanhedrin, I, [365]
His teachings treasonable under Roman law, II, 72
before Pilate, II, 96 seq.
charged with high treason before Pilate, II, 106, 352
indictment of, before Pilate, II, 107-109
acquitted by Pilate, II, 116
sent by Pilate to Herod, II, 118
before Herod, II, 119 seq.
mocked, and sent back to Pilate by Herod, II, 127
second appearance of, before Pilate, II, 129 seq.
delivered to Jews by Pilate, II, 138
mocked by mob, II, 139
tributes of skeptics to, II, 187
Napoleon's tribute to, II, 189, 190
charged by Jews with illegitimacy, II, 356
crucifixion of, II, 365
See also [trial of Jesus, Hebrew], and [trial of Jesus, Roman]
Jesus ben Sie, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 298
Jews, the political state of,
at time of Jesus, II, 11-23
discussion of their responsibility for Christ's death, II, 174-180
prejudices against, II, 180-187
distinguished, II, 185, 186
Joazar, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296
Jochanan ben Zakai, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 311
John, St.,
at the sepulcher, I, [37]
at the crucifixion of Christ, I, [65]
John, St., Gospel of, style of, I, [19]
John, Jewish priest, biographical note on, II, 299
Jonathan, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 295
Jonathan ben Uziel, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 306
John, son of John, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 321
Joseph of Arimathea,
presence of, at trials of Christ, I, [282]-[286], [364]
biographical note on, II, 318
receives body of Jesus from Pilate, II, 366
apocryphal account of escape of, from Jews, II, 367, 373-376
Josephus, Flavius,
on the character of Pilate, I, [21]
on scourging I, [56]
on the Pharisees, I, [87]
on the existence of the great Sanhedrin at time of Christ, I, [176]
on the loss, by Jews, of power of life and death, II, 19
on the rapacity of the high priests, II, 301
Jowett, Benjamin, upon the corruption of Rome, II, 240
Judah, the Holy, Jewish rabbi, and the composition of the Mishna, I, [79], [80]
Judas, son of Hezekiah, Jewish rebel, put to death by Herod, II, 109
Judas Iscariot, his betrayal of Christ, I, [227]-[235]
Julia, daughter of Augustus,
profligacy of, II, 82
marriages of, II, 83
Julian, Roman emperor, his defiance of Mars, II, 222
Juno, Roman divinity, sacrifices to, II, 208
Jupiter, Roman deity,
multitudinous forms of, II, 203
sacrifices to, II, 208
Justin Martyr, reference of, to "Acts of Pilate," II, 331, 346, 348
Juvenal, Satires of, on Roman social depravity, II, 240, 244, 248
K
Keim, Theodor,
on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, [178]
on the character of Christ, II, 188, 189
Knight, R. P., on the symbolism of the Cross, II, 65
Koran, the, I, [77]
L
Lamartine, Alphonse, on the death of Christ, II, 3
Lampon, Greek diviner, exposed by Anaxagoras, II, 226
Lardner, on the authenticity of the "Acts of Pilate," II, 328 seq.
Law, Hebrew Criminal,
administration of, I, [153], [154]
basis of, I, [73], [84], [85]
burial of bodies after execution under, I, [101], [171]
capital punishments under, I, [91]-[93], [99]-[101]
circumstantial evidence under, I, [144]
Cities of Refuge under, I, [96]
courts and judges, I, [102]-[126]
execution under, I, [170], [171]
false swearing under, I, [93]
flagellation under, I, [94]
imprisonment under, I, [93]
peculiarities of, I, [125], [132], [147], [167], [168]
slavery under, I, [95]
tenderness of, for human life, I, [154], [155], [310]
testimony under, I, [144]-[147]
witnesses under, I, [127]-[144]
written and documentary evidence irrelevant, I, [133], [145]
Laws, Roman,
lex Appuleia, II, 69
Cornelia, II, 69
Julia Majestatis, II, 69, 80
Memmia, II, 46
Porcia, II, 54
Remmia, II, 49
Talionis, II, 53
Valeria, II, 37, 54
Varia, II, 69
Lazarus, raising of, from the dead, I, [352]
Lectisternia, Roman banquets to the gods,
slaves released at, II, 130
indecencies of, II, 218
Lémann, extract from work of, on Sanhedrin, II, 291
Lepidus, Marcus, Roman patrician, magnificence of, II, 246
Livy,
on scourging, I, [57]
account of Bacchanalian orgies, II, 270-283
Longinus, legendary name of soldier who pierced Christ, II, 379
Lucullus, Roman patrician, luxury of, II, 244
Luke, St., occupation of, I, [19]
Luke, St., Gospel of, style of, I, [19]
Lupercals, Roman priests, II, 204
Luxury of the Romans, II, 244
Lycurgus, code of, II, 241
M
Macarius, identification of "true cross" by, II, 63
Macaulay, Lord, speech of, on Jewish disabilities, II, 184
Mahomet, character of, I, [14]
Malchus, ear of, cut off by Peter, I, [36], [226]
Magath, Julius, extract from work of, II, 291
Maimonides,
on Hebrew Capital Crimes, I, [91]
on the prohibition of nocturnal trials, I, [255], [256]
Manlius, Marcus, trial of, before the Comitia Centuriata, II, 40
Marius, Caius, assassin cowed by, I, [62]
Mark, St., Jesus arrested at home of, I, [220]
Marriage,
among the Romans, II, 236
among the Greeks, II, 240-243
Marcius, Quintus, Roman consul, motion of, on the suppression of the Bacchanalian orgies, II, 282
Mars, Roman deity, II, 208
Messiah, the,
prophecies regarding, and their fulfillment in Jesus, I, [322]-[328]
varying expectations of Jews regarding, I, [319]-[322]; II, 110
conception of Pharisees of, II, 324
conception of Sadducees of, II, 325
Matthew, St., occupation of, I, [19]
Matthias, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296
Mendelssohn, on the Talmud, I, [75]
Messalina, Roman empress, lewdness of, II, 244
Messalinus, Cotta, prosecuted for treason, II, 70
Metrodorus on the Greek gods, II, 226
Mezeray, de, on the bloody sweat of Charles IX, I, [60]
Minerva, Roman deity, II, 208
Miracles,
probability of, I, [40]-[51]
Spinoza on, I, [40]-[43]
Renan on, I, [44]
of Christ, I, [351]-[354]
Mishna, the,
E. Deutsch on, I, [80]
subdivisions of, I, [80]
relation of Talmud to, I, [83]
traditional view of, I, [84]
on capital and pecuniary cases, I, [155], [156]. See also [Gemara] and [Talmud].
Mommsen, Theodor,
on the jurisdiction of native courts of Roman subject peoples, II, 15
on Roman marital looseness, II, 243
on Roman extravagance, II, 247
Montefiore, Sir Moses, anecdote of, II, 180
Mosaic Code, the, a basis of Hebrew Criminal Law, I, [73], [84], [85]
Müller, Johannes, explodes legend of Pilate and Lake Lucerne, II, 95
N
Nachum Halbalar, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314
Nævius, Marcus, accusation of Scipio Africanus by, II, 41
Napoleon I,
fickleness of populace toward, I, [63], [64]
tribute of, to Jesus, II, 189
religious faith of, II, 190, 191
Nasi, prince of the Sanhedrin, I, [112]
Nathan, Jewish rabbi, note on, II, 315, note
Neptune, Roman deity, II, 208
Nero, Roman emperor,
deification of, II, 234
Golden House of, II, 246
Ney, Michel, French marshal, compared with St. Peter, I, [64]
Nicodemus, Jewish elder,
presence of, at trial of Christ, I, [282]-[286]
defense of Christ before Sanhedrin, I, [305]
presence and conduct of, at second trial of Jesus by Sanhedrin, I, [364]
biographical note on, II, 319
apocryphal account of pleading of, for Jesus before Pilate, II, 360
Gospel of. See "[Acts of Pilate]"
Nordau, Max, on Jewish pride in Jesus, II, 188
O
Oaths, not administered to witnesses, under Jewish law, I, [134]
Octavian. See [Augustus]
Omens, belief of Romans in, II, 215
Onkelos, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 305
Oracle, Delphic, consulted by Romans, II, 210
Osiris, Egyptian deity, the cross a symbol of, II, 66
Ovid, Roman poet, on unnatural practices in temples, II, 269
P
Paganism, Græco-Roman,
conflict of, with Christianity, I, [16]; II, 76-79
Hellenization of Roman religion, II, 199
importation of foreign gods, II, 200
origin and multiplicity of Roman gods, II, 198-204
Roman priesthood, II, 204, 205
Roman forms of worship, II, 205-209
perplexity of worshipers regarding deities, II, 207
prayer, II, 207, 208-210
augury and divination, II, 210-215
omens, II, 215, 216
decay of Roman faith, II, 217-220
Roman skepticism, II, 220-229
sacrilege among Romans, II, 221
disbelief of Romans in immortality, II, 228, 229
Epicureanism among the Romans, II, 229-231
stoicism, II, 231-233
deification of Roman emperors, II, 233-235
base deities of Romans, II, 265
effect of religion in Greek and Roman social corruption, II, 269
Palace of Herod, description of, II, 96, 97
Paley, William, on the discrepancies of the Gospels, I, [32], [33]
Pan, Græco-Roman divinity, feasts of, II, 265
Paul, St.,
on the depravity of Rome, II, 284
delivery of, to Felix, II, 299
Pericles, Greek tyrant, and the divination of Lampon, II, 226
Pentateuch, the, a basis of Hebrew jurisprudence, I, [73]
Permanent Tribunals (quæstiones perpetuæ), mode of trials before, at Rome, II, 43-52
Peter, St.,
at the sepulcher, I, [37]
compared with Marshal Ney, I, [64]
and Malchus, I, [36], [226]
Pharisees,
and the Talmud, I, [87]
attitude of, toward the law, I, [338]
dominant in priestly order, II, 302
their conception of the Messiah, II, 324
characteristics of, II, 324
Philip, St., and the feeding of the five thousand, I, [35]
Phillips, Wendell, on Hindu swordsmanship, I, [48]
Philo, Jewish philosopher, on the character of Pilate, I, [21]; II, 89-91
Phryne, mistress of Praxiteles anecdote of, II, 242
Pilate, Pontius,
powers of, as procurator of Judea, II, 27-31
name and origin of, II, 81, 82
marriage of, II, 82
becomes procurator of Judea, II, 84
provokes the Jews, II, 85
appropriates funds from Corban, II, 86
hangs shields in Herod's palace, II, 88
slays Galileans, II, 88
character of, I, [21]; II, 88
canonization of, II, 89
ordered to Rome by Vitellius, II, 92
legends regarding death of, II, 92-94
interrogation of Jesus, II, 112-115
talents of, II, 115
his opinion of Jesus, II, 115
acquits Jesus, II, 116
sends Jesus to Herod, II, 117
reconciled with Herod, II, 128
offers to release Barabbas, II, 130
warned by wife's dream of Jesus, II, 133, 355
washes his hands of Christ's death, II, 137, 364
releases Barabbas, II, 138, 363
summary of his conduct of Christ's trial, II, 168
conduct of, compared with Cæsar, II, 169; with Sir Edward Coke, II, 170-172
Pindar, Greek poet, denunciation of, of vulgar superstitions, II, 224
Plato, Greek philosopher,
unnatural love of, II, 263
reprobation of Homeric myths, II, 264
Pliny, the Younger,
correspondence of, with Trajan, II, 78
disbelief of, in immortality, II, 229
on slavery, II, 203
Plutarch,
on crucifixion, I, [56]
anecdotes of Lucullus, II, 244-246
Polybius, on Roman pederasty, II, 263
Pompeia divorced by Cæsar, II, 238
Pompey, Cneius, the Great,
conquest of Palestine by, II, 11
defeated at Pharsalia, II, 25
divorce of his wife Mucia, II, 238
Pontiffs, Roman, II, 204
Poppæa, wife of Nero, deification of, II, 77
Postumius, Spurius, Roman consul, suppression of Bacchanalians by, II, 270-283
Prætor, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36
Priesthood, Roman. See [Roman religion]
Priests, Jewish Chamber of. See [Sanhedrin]
Procurator, Roman, jurisdiction of, II, 27, 28
Provinces, Roman, classification of, by Augustus, II, 27
Q
Quetzalcoatle, crucified Savior, worshiped by Mexicans, II, 66
R
Rabbi, origin of Jewish title of, II, 315
Rabbis, Jewish, arrogance of, II, 316
Raphall, Morris, on the origin of the Sanhedrin, I, [104]
Rawlinson, George, on the political state of Judea at the time of Christ, II, 11
Religions, policy of Romans toward foreign, and of conquered peoples, II, 72-74
Renan, Ernest,
on miracles, I, [44]-[47]
on the "judicial ambush" of blasphemers, I, [235]
on the character of Pilate, II, 90
on the character of Christ, II, 187, 188
Richard III, King of England, contest of, with Saladin, I, [48]
Richter on the pathology of crucifixion, II, 58, 59
Rosadi,
on the confession of the accused under Hebrew law, I, [143]
on the hatred of Pilate toward the Jews, II, 98
on the order of criminal trials in Roman provinces, II, 32
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, on the death of Christ, II, 187
Romans,
laws of, the basis of modern jurisprudence, II, 5
policy of, toward subject peoples, II, 13-15
responsibility of, for Christ's death, II, 174-176
religion of. See [Paganism]
Ruga, Carvilius, first Roman to procure a divorce, II, 236
S
Sacrifice, human, among the Romans, II, 209
Sadducees,
attitude of, toward the law, I, [338]
attitude of, toward anthropomorphism of Pentateuch, I, [338]
dominant in the Sanhedrin, I, [339]
disbelief of, in immortality, II, 322
wealth and rank of, II, 322
Saladin, Saracen Sultan, contest of, with Richard III, I, [48]
Salians, Roman priests, II, 204
Sallust, Roman historian, on the conspiracy of Cataline, II, 229
Salvador, Joseph, on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, [177]
Samuel, Hakaton, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 307
Sanctuary, right of, among ancient peoples, I, [96]
Sanhedrin, the Great,
origin of, I, [103]
history of, I, [104]
organization of, I, [105]
chamber of scribes, I, [105]; II, 303
chamber of elders, I, [105]; II, 318
chamber of priests, I, [105]; II, 292
qualifications of members of, I, [106]
disqualifications of judges of, I, [109]
officers of, I, [112]
compensation of officers of, I, [115]
sessions of, I, [116]
recruitment of personnel of, I, [117]
quorum of, I, [119]
jurisdiction of, I, [119]
appeals to, from minor Sanhedrins, I, [120]
morning sacrifice of, I, [157]
assembling of judges of, I, [158]
scribes of, I, [158], [159]
examination of witnesses by, I, [159]-[162]
debates and balloting of judges of, I, [162]
procedure of, in cases of condemnation of accused, I, [165]-[167]
method of counting votes, I, [167], [168]
death march of, I, [169], [170]
question of existence of, at time of Christ, I, [175]-[181]
jurisdiction of, in capital cases at the time of Christ, I, [181]-[183]
discussion of trial of Christ before, I, [183]-[186]
procedure of, in trial of Christ before, I, [186]
illegality of proceedings of, against Christ, I, [255]-[259], [260]-[262], [263]-[266], [267]-[270], [287]-[294]
illegality of sentence of, against Christ, I, [271]-[278], [279]-[286]
disqualifications of members of, who condemned Christ, I, [296]-[308]
morning session of, at trial of Christ, I, [356]-[364]
three sessions of, to discuss Christ, I, [305], [306]
authority of, after Roman conquest, II, 12, 16, 21
deprived by Romans of power of capital punishment, II, 19, 20
biographical sketches of members of, who tried Jesus, II, 291-326
Sanhedrins, minor,
appeals from, to Great Sanhedrin, I, [120]
establishment of, I, [121]
jurisdiction of, I, [121]
superior rank of those of Jerusalem, I, [123], [124]
Saul, Abba, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 313
Savonarola, Girolamo, Florentine reformer, burning of, I, [63]
Scaurus, Manercus, prosecuted for treason, II, 70
Sceva, Jewish priest, biographical note on, II, 300
Schenck, account of, of the bloody sweat of a nun, I, [59]
Schürer,
on the existence of the Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, [176]
on the jurisdiction of the Sanhedrin, II, 18
on the administration of civil law by Sanhedrin, II, 30
Scipio Africanus, trial of, before Comitia Centuriata, II, 41
Scott, Sir Walter, on the contest between Richard III and Saladin, I, [47], [48]
Scourging,
of Jesus, I, [56]
mode of, among Romans, II, 55
Scribes, Jewish, Edersheim on, I, [302]
Scribes, Jewish Chamber of. See [Sanhedrin]
Segnensis, Henricus, anecdote of, illustrative of mediæval ignorance regarding Talmud, II, 74
Semiramis, Assyrian queen, origin of crucifixion imputed to, II, 54
Seneca,
anecdote from, regarding political informers, II, 71
on the patriotic observance of the national religion, II, 226
on suicide, II, 232
on slavery, II, 252
on Roman myths, II, 265
Septuagint, version of the Bible, paraphrasing of anthropomorphic passages in, I, [237]
Sepulture, of crucified criminals forbidden, II, 58
Serapis, Egyptian deity,
images of thrown down, II, 73
Marcus Aurelius an adorer of, II, 217
Servilia, mistress of Julius Cæsar, II, 239
Shammai, School of,
and the Mishna, I, [79]
dissensions of, with School of Hillel, II, 309
Shevuah ben Kalba, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 319
Shoterim of the Sanhedrin, I, [113]
Sibylline Books, II, 199, 204
Sibyl, Erythræan, Virgil inspired by, II, 287
Simon, Jewish rebel, revolt of, II, 110
Simon, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 320
Simon Boethus, made high priest by Herod I, II, 296
Simon ben Camithus, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 298
Simon Cantharus, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 297
Simon, son of Gamaliel, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 305
Simon Hamizpah, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314
Sinaitic MS. of the Bible, I, [67]
Slavery,
under Hebrew law, I, [95]
account of, among Romans, II, 250, 251
Social life, Græco-Roman,
marriage and divorce, II, 236-240
prostitution, II, 242-244
luxury and extravagance, II, 244-249
poverty of Roman masses, II, 249
slavery, II, 249-253
infanticide, II, 254
gladiatorial games, II, 255-262
depravity of, traceable to corrupt myths, II, 262-270
practice of Bacchanalian rites, II, 270-283
hopeless state of, at time of Christ, II, 284-287
Socrates, Greek philosopher,
resemblance of charges against, to those against Jesus, II, 181
counsel of, to Hetairai, II, 243
Sodomy, prevalence of,
among Greeks and Romans, II, 262-264
practiced in Roman temples, II, 269
Solomon ben Joseph, Jewish rabbi, on the Talmud, I, [90]
Sonnenthal, Adolf von, Jewish actor, refused freedom of Vienna, II, 182
Sparta, licentiousness of, II, 241
Spartacus, Roman gladiator, revolt of, II, 259, 260
Spartans, marital looseness of, II, 241
Spinoza, Jewish philosopher, on miracles, I, [40]-[44]
Standards, apocryphal miracle of, at trial of Christ, II, 354 seq.
Starkie on the credibility of testimony, I, [12]
Stephen, St., stoning of, I, [365]
Stephen, Sir James F. J.,
on the Roman treatment of Christianity, II, 76
on Pilate's trial of Jesus, II, 159-164
Stoicism,
among the Romans, II, 231
resemblance of, to Christian precepts, II, 331
Stoning of criminals under Hebrew law, I, [92], [99]
Strangling of criminals under Hebrew law, I, [91], [99]
Strauss, David,
on the behavior of Jesus before Herod, II, 126
on the character of Christ, II, 187
Stroud on the physical cause of death of Christ, I, [61], [62]
Suetonius, Roman historian,
on the labeling of criminals before execution, I, [57]
on divination, II, 213
narrative of, of dreams presaging reign of Augustus, II, 214
account of, of belief of Augustus in omens, II, 215
Suicide, attitude of Stoics toward, II, 232
Suspension, death by, II, 61, 62
Sweat, bloody, historical instances of, I, [59], [60]
T
Tacitus, Roman historian, on slavery, II, 253
Talmud, the,
definition of, I, [74]
recensions of, I, [81]
contents of, I, [82]
relation of Mishna to, I, [83], to Gemara, I, [83]; to Pentateuch, I, [83]; to Mosaic Code, I, [84], [85]
efforts of Christians to extirpate, I, [87], [88]
message and mission of, I, [89]
See also [Gemara] and [Mishna]
Telemachus, St., death of, in arena, II, 261
Temples, a resort of immorality in Rome, II, 269
Tertullian, Latin father,
on the character of Pilate, II, 89
on the resort of vice to temple precincts, II, 269
reference of, to the "Acts of Pilate," II, 329, 333 seq., 347, 348
Tertullus, his prosecution of Paul, II, 299
Testimony, under Hebrew Criminal Law,
of each witness required to cover entire case, I, [132]
vain, I, [145]
standing, I, [146]
adequate, I, [147]
of accomplices, I, [228]-[230], [235], [236]
Theodota, the courtesan, counseled by Socrates, II, 243
Theophilus, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296
Theresa, Maria, Austrian empress, codex of, II, 54
Three, Jewish Courts of, jurisdiction of, I, [124]
Tiberius Cæsar, Roman emperor,
sway of, II, 27
character of, II, 70
prosecutions of, for treason, II, 70, 71
marriage of, to Julia, II, 83
legendary desire of, to deify Christ, II, 329, 330 seq.
Tischendorf, Constantine, on the authenticity of the "Acts of Pilate," II, 345 seq.
Tissot, account of, of the bloody sweat of a sailor, I, [59]
Trajan, Roman emperor, correspondence of, with Pliny, II, 78
Trials, Roman criminal,
right of appeal, II, 28
during the regal period, II, 35
Roman, mode of, in the Comitia Centuriata, II, 37-43
mode of, in the Permanent Tribunals, II, 43-52
prosecutor, rôle and selection of, II, 43, 44, 49
Trial of Jesus, Hebrew,
nature of charge against Jesus before Sanhedrin, I, [187]
procedure of, before Sanhedrin, I, [188]
discussion of charge of blasphemy against Jesus, I, [193]-[209]
illegality of arrest of Jesus, I, [219]-[237]
illegality of private examination of Jesus before high priest, I, [238]-[247]
illegality of indictment of Jesus, I, [248]-[254]
illegality of nocturnal proceedings against Jesus, I, [255]-[259]
illegality of the meeting of the Sanhedrin before morning sacrifice, I, [260]-[262]
illegality of proceedings against Christ, because held on the eve of the Sabbath, and of a feast, I, [263]-[266]
illegality of trial, because concluded in one day, I, [267]-[270]
condemnation of Jesus founded on uncorroborated evidence, I, [271]-[278]
Jesus illegally condemned by unanimous verdict, I, [279]-[286]
condemnation of Jesus pronounced in place forbidden by law, I, [288]-[292]
irregular balloting of judges of Jesus, I, [292]-[294]
condemnation of Jesus illegal, because of unlawful conduct of high priest, I, [290], [291]
disqualifications of judges of Jesus, I, [296]-[308]
Jesus condemned without defense, I, [309]
second trial of Jesus by Sanhedrin, I, [356]-[366]
Trial of Jesus, Roman,
discussion of Roman and Hebrew jurisdiction, II, 3-23
Roman law applicable to, II, 68-80
as conducted by Pilate, II, 96-118, 129-139
legal analysis of, II, 141-168
Tribune, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36
Tryphon, son of Theudion, Jewish elder; biographical note on, II, 321
Twelve Tables, laws of the, II, 53, 208
U
Ulpian, Roman jurist, his definition of treason, II, 69
V
Vatican, MS. of the Bible, I, [67]
Venus, Roman deity,
sacrifices to, II, 208
impersonated by Phryne, II, 243
worshiped by harlots, II, 266
Veronica, St., legend of, II, 93
Vestals, Roman priestesses,
guardians of sacred fire, II, 204
spectators at licentious dramas, II, 267
Vinicius, Lucius, Roman patrician, letter of Augustus to, II, 83
Virgil, poem of, on advent of heaven-born child, I, [321]; II, 287
Virginia, legend of, II, 236
Vitellius, legate of Syria,
spares Jewish prejudices, II, 85
orders Pilate to Rome, II, 92
Vitia, Roman matron, executed for treason, II, 71
Voltaire, François de,
account of, of the bloody sweat of Charles IX, I, [59]
on character of Christ, II, 187
Vulgate, version of the Bible, I, [68]
W
Witnesses, under Hebrew Criminal Law,
competency and incompetency of, I, [127]-[129]
number of, required to convict, I, [129]
agreement of, I, [131]
adjuration to, I, [134]
examination of, I, [136], [138]
false, I, [140]
the accused as, I, [141]
separation of, I, [137]
Wise, Rabbi,
on the non-existence of the Great Sanhedrin at time of Christ, I, [175], [179]
on the "martyrdom of Jesus," I, [330]
X
Xenophanes, ridicule of, of Greek religion, II, 224
Z
Zadok, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 310
Zeno, Greek philosopher, originator of Stoicism, II, 229
Zeus, Greek divinity,
character of, I, [14]
myth of rape of Ganymede by, II, 262