A book of bridges

by Walter Shaw Sparrow

Bridge-Wreckers, [352], [355]. It is worth noting that the King of the Belgians in the present Great War has used a cyclist corps of bridge-wreckers, whose work is described in the Daily Mail, December 14, 1914, page 4. “The cyclists led the way. The explosives followed in a car. The charge was fixed to the girders under the bridges, an electric wire affixed, you touched a button and the near span of the bridge was in a moment no more than a gap. Their greatest achievement ... was a railway bridge between Courtrai and Audenarde. It needed two charges.” The cyclists regarded their work as “fun,” because no bridge was at all difficult to destroy.

• Brig of Ayr, [94].
• Brig o’ Doon, [45], [94].
• Bristol Bridge, Old, a copy of Old London Bridge, had a chapel, [231].
• Britannia Bridge over the Menai Straits, its great defects, [77-8];
• its length and its cost, [357].
• British and French Bridges contrasted, [256-8], [281], [294-5];
• the French genius in architecture often superior to the British, [294-5].
• British Apathy, see [“Apathy, British.”]
• Brives-Charensac, on the Loire, its ruined Roman bridge, [179], [180];
• the arch has a double ring of voussoirs, [305 footnote].
• Bronze Period, Men of the, [21];
• approximate date of this period, [21];
• pastoral life of the Bronze Age on Dartmoor, [100], [101];
• this life rendered bridges necessary, [101], [103].
• Brooklyn Bridge, at New York, described and criticised, [354].
• “Brown Bess,” the Old Musket, displaced for a better weapon in 1857, [334].
• Buchan, Dr. William, one of Lister’s little-known forerunners, [58 footnote].
• Buckler, J. C. and C., their “Remarks on Wayside Chapels,” [228 footnote].
• Budapest, the chains of its great suspension bridge pass through the towers instead of over the summits, [346].
• Bujuco Bridges in South America, described by the Spanish Admiral Don Antonio de Ulloa, [146], [147].
• Bulleid, A., a writer on the Glastonbury Lake Village, [139 footnote].
• Bunsen, on the bridges of ancient Rome, [193], [197].
• Burdon, Rowland, in 1796, designed Wearmouth Bridge, [349].
• Burnsall Bridge in Wharfedale, its shelter-places for foot-passengers, [258 footnote].
• Bush-Rope, in Equatorial Central Africa, its use in bridge-building, [123].
• Cable Bridges of Bamboo in China, [145];
• of ox-hide thongs in Peru, [146];
• and also in the Andes, [147].
• Cæsar and the British Tribes, [22];
• he speaks of the Gaulish bridges, [70], [71].
• Cahors, the Pont Valentré at, a fortified bridge of the thirteenth century, [27], [92], [263-4], [282-5];
• See also the illustrations facing pages [16] and [264];
• There was another great old bridge at Cahors, but it perished in a storm of local party politics, [44].
• Caille, Pont de la, famous modern suspension bridge, [344].
• Calahorra, the big tower guarding an entrance to the bridge at Córdova, [188].
• Canada, devoted to very vulnerable bridges, [354].
• Canal Bridge in Venice, [329].
• Canals, their construction has been a phase of war claiming a great many lives, [17], and [footnote].
• Cane Vines used in Africa in the making of bush-rope, [123].
• Cángas de Onis, the gabled bridge at, [27].
• Canina, his attempt to reconstruct the Pons Sublicius differs from Colonel Emy’s, [140].
• Cannon, the slow improvement in their manufacture, [333].
• Cannon Street Railway Bridge, the colour plate facing [p. 48].
• Canoes, they often take the place of bridges in Africa, [123].
• Canterbury, the Archbishop of, in 1318, owned the land adjoining Old Shoreham Bridge, [41];
• His name was Walter Reynolds.
• Capac Yupanqui, the fifth Ynca, and his bridge of rushes, [146-7].
• Cappucina, Ponte Di Porta, a Roman bridge at Ascoli-Piceno, [201].
• Caracalla, [129].
• Carcassonne, Old Bridge at, dating from the 12th century, [92];
• see also the plate facing page [104].
• Carmagnola destroyed the great old bridge spanning the Adda at Trezzo, [309].
• Cartaro, Ponte, a mediæval bridge at Ascoli-Piceno, [201].
• Castro Gonzalo, the Old Bridge of, blown up by Moore’s rearguard, [334-5].
• Catherine, St., the chapel on the Pont des Consuls at Montauban was dedicated to her, [256].
• Catterick Bridge had a chapel, [231];
• the Contract Deed for the building of this bridge, [253].
• Cave-Dwellings, the earliest were stolen from cave-lions and cave-bears, [111].
• Caves, with arched entrances, [150 footnote].
• Cells, Communities of, in the human body;
• the beautiful harmony of their competitive life, how it differs from the social rule in the civilizations bungled by mankind, [18], [19], [25].

Centres or Centring, the curved scaffolding upon which arches are built. The voussoirs rest on the centres while the ring is in process of being constructed. When the centres are not rigid enough, arches sink a good deal while the masons are at work and after the scaffolding is carefully struck. In Perronet’s bridge at Neuilly-sur-Seine, for example, the sinking amounted to twenty-three inches, [338]; thirteen inches while the centre was in its place, and ten inches after the centre was removed. On the other hand, when the centres of Waterloo Bridge were taken down, no arch sank more than 1½ inches. There is reason to believe that modern centres are more complicated than were the mediæval. See page [264] and page [286].

• Cerceau, Du, Androuet, French architect and builder of the fortified bridge at Châtellerault, [331-4];
• see also the colour plate facing page [332].
• Cestius, Pons, at Rome, [196-7].
• Châlon-sur-Saône, the quaint citizenship of its mediæval bridge, [224].
• Chamas, Saint, in France, and its famous Roman bridge, [176-7].
• Chambers or Rooms built in bridges, Paris examples, [225];
• a Persian example, [267-8].
• Chapel of St. Catherine on the Pont des Consuls at Montauban, [256].
• Chapel of St. Nicholas on the Pont St. Bénézet at Avignon, [237].
• Chapel of St. Thomas à Becket on Old London Bridge, [216-17].
• Chapels on Bridges, [82], [208], [209], [216-17], [218-19], [225-39], [241-6], [256].
• Character, the Drama of, among the progenitors of Man, [115-19].
• Character of a Great Bridge, its principal traits, [15-16], [256-7], [320-8].
• Charing Cross, the Railway Viaduct from, disgraces the Thames, [256].
• Charity, a Builder of Bridges in the Middle Ages, [251-2].
• Charlemagne, his friendly attitude to roads and bridges, [26], [86-7].
• Charles the Fifth, Emperor, in 1521, armed his troops with the musket, [333].
• Charles the Second, routed at Worcester, fled by Old Pershore Bridge into the Bredon Hills, [355].
• Château-Thierry, Bridge at, built by Perronet, [338 footnote].
• Châtellerault, Pont Henri IV at, built by Androuet du Cerceau, perhaps the latest fortified bridge in Europe, [331-2];
• see also the colour plate facing page [332].
• Chatsworth, a Fine Bridge at, is troubled by pretence in decoration, [322].
• Chaucer, and Old Bow Bridge, [98], [99].
• Cheese and Chickens, eaten by mediæval workmen who allowed their bridge at Abingdon to be built by charity, [252 footnote].
• Chenonceaux, the Noble Castle of, erected on bridges, [300].
• Chester, the Old Dee Bridge, [258 footnote], and [305 footnote].
• China, Staircase Bridge in, [248].
• Chinese Bridges, [126], [145], [210], [211], [247-9], [291], [310-16], [344-8].
• Chipiez, his fine restoration of the doorway into the Treasury of Atreus, [158].
• Cho-Gan, the Bridge of, in China, [313].
• Chollerford, near Hexham, its ruins of a Roman bridge, [173].
• Church, Mediæval, protected bridges, [40], [51], [96], [207];
• see also [“Bridge Chapels and Oratories,”] [“Bridge Crosses and Crucifixes,”] and [“Indulgences.”]
• Church, Mediæval, what England owed to her, [233].
• Circles and Curves and Angles, their varied symbolism, [153-5].
• Cistercians, they introduced ribbed vaulting into the English churches, [94-5];
• so why not into bridges also as a development therefrom? [96];
• Their bridges at Fountains Abbey, [96].
• Citizenship, English, in the Middle Ages, was often slack and dishonest, [49-51];
• the citizenship of mediæval bridges, which were connected in a self-evident manner with all the principal motive-powers of social life, [208], [209], [210] et seq.
• Civilizations, their rival ideals tested and proved on stricken fields, [vii];
• the five phases of their evolution, [22-3];
• their social rule has differed deplorably from Nature’s social order in her communities of living competitive cells, [18], [19], [25].
• Clain, River, and its Bridge, see the illustration facing page [56].
• Clamps, Iron, said to have been used in the bridge at Babylon, [274];
• in Roman bridges, [172-3];
• Perronet used them sometimes, [283].
• Clapper Bridges, Dartmoor, [100-4];
• rather similar bridges in Lancashire, [60-4];
• in Spain at Fuentes de Oñoro, [104-5];
• in ancient Egypt, [126], and Babylon, [127];
• and in China, [126-7].
• Claptrap, the drum of controversy, [89];
• British claptrap and its dangers, [33] et seq., [360].
• Classic and Gothic, their rivalry, [336-7].
• Clifton Suspension Bridge, [346].
• Cluny, Abbey of, commissioned the Pontist Brothers to build the Pont St. Esprit, [297].
• Coalbrookdale Bridge, the earliest European bridge of cast iron, [348-9].
• Cobham, Sir John, in 1387, helped to build Rochester Bridge, [244].
• Coblentz, the Moselle Bridge, dating from 1344, [260].
• Cocles, Horatius, and the Pons Sublicius, [64], [355].
• Cofferdams, [251], [253];
• their structure described, [253 footnote].
• Colechurch, Peter, priest and chaplain, the first architect of Old London Bridge, [217], [280 footnote].
• Colne, near, a Roman bridge, [162].
• Cologne, Bridge of Boats at, [1];
• an absurd railway bridge there, [323].
• Comyn, John, his fight on the Ouse Bridge at York, [241].
• Conservatism, when carried to excess, turns most people into other people, see section iii, Chapter I, [53-84].
• Constantine, Algeria, Pont Sidi Rached at, [53].
• Constantine the Great, the Pons Sublicius was still extant in his time, [140].
• Constantino, the Roman Bridge of, in Spain, [285 footnote], [335].
• Constantinople, a bridge there in the fourth century A.D. was named after the Pons Sublicius, [140].
• Consuls, Pont des, at Montauban, [254-7];
• and the illustration facing page [256].
• Controversies, section iv, Chapter I, [85-106].
• Conventions among men are often inferior to the instincts of animals, [76];
• Acts of Parliament might force them to progress, [76-7];
• see also section iii, Chapter I, [53-84].
• Conway Castle, and its bad Suspension Bridge, [323].
• Cooke, John, in 1379, bequeathed twenty marks to the fortified bridge at Warkworth, [10].
• Córdova, its famous bridge, [188], and the [illustration].
• Corsica, a very curious military bridge, [238].
• Courtrai, the Pont de Broel at, a fortified bridge, [290], and [footnote].
• Covered Bridges, [195], [211], [291-2], [308], [358].
• Cox, the Rev. Dr., [232].
• Craigellachie, Telford’s Bridge at, [349].
• Crawford, Francis M., [64].
• Creeping Plants used in the Making of Primitive Bridges, [123].
• Creeping Progress of Mankind, [110];
• see also section iii, Chapter I, [53-84].
• Criss-cross Piers, [70], [71], [72], [73], [135].
• Criticism of Art, English, its pretty defects, [167-8].
• Croc, the Rook, King of the Alemans, may have regarded the Pont du Gard as a work of the devil, [170].
• Crockett, S. R., his book on Spain and his remarks on bridges, [180-1].
• Crofton, H. T., a student of bridges, [vi], also [footnote].
• Cromford Bridge had a chapel, [231].
• Cromlechs, [100];
• the clapper bridges over Dartmoor rivers are flat cromlechs built over water, [104];
• see also [“Iberians.”]
• Crosses and Crucifixes on Bridges, [96], [230], [246-7].
• Crossing, William, his remarks on Dartmoor bridges, [102-3].
• Crowland Bridge, [302-5].
• Crusades, their presumed effect on bridge-building, [88] et seq.
• Curzon, Lord, his excellent remarks on Persian bridges, [214], [268-70].
• Custom sends reason to sleep, [16], [39], [40];
• see also section iii, Chapter I, [53-84].

Cutwaters, [262], [316]. The French words for cutwaters, avant-bec and arrière-bec, would be very useful to us if we translated them as “forebeak” and “aftbeak.” British pontists need a good many technical terms.

• Cycloid Arches, in Ammanati’s great bridge over the Arno, [316].
• Cyclopean Style, so called, in the Porta dell’ Arco at Arpino, [157].
• Dalquié, his translation of Kircher’s book on China, [314], [345 footnote].
• Dam, Arcaded, Old London Bridge was an, [220].
• Danby, John, in 1444, left six and eightpence to Warleby Bridge, [10].
• Darby, Abraham, in 1779, bridged the Severn with an arch of cast-iron, the earliest in Europe, [348-9].
• Dartein, F. de, French architect and engineer, his books on bridges, [319], [320].
• Dartmoor, and its Clapper Bridges, [60], [100-4].
• Darwin, references to his teaching, [32], [69], [70], [106], [109], [111-12], [118].
• Dates in History, the Bronze Age, [21];
• Iron Age, [21];
• Palæolithic Art, [62];
• the inestimable value of dates to students, [119];
• approximate date of the Pliocene tools unearthed on the East Anglian coast, [120];
• approximate date for the Neolithic Period, [136];
• age of the Pont du Gard, [174];
• of the bridge at Saint-Chamas, [177];
• dates of some Lancashire bridges, [250 footnote].
• Death, Nature’s attitude to, [3], [4], [36], [37].
• Decoration of Bridges, [193-4], [195-6], [201], [215], [227], [286], [304], [305], [311], [312], [316], [318-28].
• Dee Bridge, Chester, the Jolly Miller’s Bridge, [258 footnote], [305 footnote].
• Defence, National, in its relation to Bridges, [vii], [14-16], [331-61];
• see also [“War-Bridges.”]
• Defenceless Bridges, their Evolution, [331-61];
• their frequent make-believe of defence shown in trumpery imitations of mediæval towers and machicolations, [275], [323], [349].
• Degrand, E., his book “Ponts en Maçonnerie,” [88];
• on the bridge at Espalion, [88-9];
• on Albi Bridge, [89], [90], [91];
• refers to primitive arches in Mexico, [157 footnote];
• on the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae, [159 footnote];
• other references to his views, [199 footnote], [212 footnote];
• and on Chinese bridges, [314-15].
• Derby, a chapelled bridge is extant there, [258].
• Derwent Packhorse Bridge, Derbyshire, on its parapet, a few years ago, the stump of a mediæval cross remained, [230-1].
• Descent of Man, in its relation to nature-made bridges, [3], [4], and [Chapter II].
• Desecration of Old Bridges, [225] et seq., [230-6];
• see also [“Highway Boards.”]

Devil’s Bridges, [66,] [67], [70,] [170], [184], [296]. Many other bridges have been attributed to the devil. In plate 58 of the treatise by Hann and Hosking, you will find the Devil’s Bridge over the Serchio near Lucca; there is also a very interesting account of it, p. cxxxv. It is a gabled bridge with one big arch and four smaller ones. The span of the big arch is 120 feet, and its height above low-water level is more than 60 feet. The roadway is very narrow, being only 9 feet wide, and it turns abruptly at the wings, as if to close the entrances against wheeled traffic. The quoins of the smaller arches and all the voussoirs of the wide arch are of dressed stone. Every other part of the bridge is rubble masonry bound together with most excellent mortar. The courses of stone in the wide arch vary from 8 inches to 21 inches deep, but only a few have the latter depth. Yet this slight bridge, which is nothing more than a broad arcaded wall, has withstood many centuries of floods. On October 2nd, 1836, for example, a head of water more than 30 feet deep swept roaring through the five round arches and against the four piers at the rate of 8 miles an hour; yet no harm was done. If this bridge was built about the year 1000 A.D., as Hann and Hosking say, it is somewhat older than the controversial date of Albi Bridge.

• Devorgilla’s Bridge at Dumfries, [94].
• Diable, Pont du, St. Gotthard Pass, [67].
• Diarbekr, on the Tigris, a Roman bridge at, [202].
• Dion Cassius, on Trajan’s bridge over the Danube, built before A.D. 106 by Apollodorus of Damascus, [129], [130].
• Dismantling Old London Bridge, [219], [220].
• Diverting the Thames from his bed when the old bridge was built, [253], [254].
• Dogs, offered as sacrifices to the evil spirits of rivers, [69].
• Don Antonio de Ulloa (1716-95), on the tree-bridges of South America, [135];
• on a Peruvian suspension bridge called the Tarabita, [146];
• on Capac Yupanqui’s bridge of rushes, [146-7];
• on large bujuco bridges, [147].
• Doncaster Bridge had a chapel on it, [231].
• Double and Triple Rings of Voussoirs, [305 footnote].
• Dragon, its use in the decorative art of Chinese bridges, [126].
• Drawbridge, one arch of mediæval bridges was often a drawbridge, [260].
• Droitwich, and its very curious chapelled bridge, now destroyed, [231].
• Dryopithecus, [113-14].
• Dunstan, Saint, Archbishop of Canterbury, b. 924—d. 988, from his time the Mediæval Church regarded the building and upkeep of bridges as a work of pious charity, [207].
• Durdle Door, on the coast at Lulworth, a natural archway, [151].
• Durham Bridges, [96], [97], [205], [231].
• Dutch, the, of the seventeenth century wished to bury a living child under the foundations of a dam, [69].
• Eads, Captain James B., engineer of the Illinois and St. Louis Bridge, [352-3].
• Eagle-Beaked Tools of the Pliocene Period, [119-22].
• Eamont Bridge, [94], [305 footnote].
• Earliest London Bridge, a timber structure destroyed by fire in 1136, [220], and [footnote].
• Earthquake at Ascoli in 1878, [201].
• Earthquakes and Volcanoes, the first armourers of the Stone Age, [110];
• they made some slab-bridges, [123-4];
• earthquakes in their relation to natural arches, [152], and to bridges of stepping-stones, [114].
• Ecclesiastical Workmanship in a few English bridges, [303], [305];
• see also [“Abbot’s Bridge, Bury St. Edmunds.”]
• Edward I came to the relief of Old London Bridge, [50].
• Egotism, or the Creed of Self, a motive-power behind the strife that bridges and roads circulate, [19] et seq., [22-6], [39-52].
• Egyptian Bridges, [126], [155], [166].
• Elephants, in Decorative Sculpture, on Chinese bridges, [312 footnote].
• Elizabeth, Queen, [332].
• Elliptical Arches, in Babylonian work, [275 footnote];
• in ancient Mexico, [157 footnote];
• in St. Bénézet’s great bridge, [81];
• in the vault of Chosroes’ great hall at Selucia-Ctesiphon, [275], and to some extent in the Pons Fabricius at Rome, [196].
• We know not whether Bénézet was acquainted with the Pons Fabricius, or with the great hall at Selucia-Ctesiphon, two forerunners of his elliptical arch. At Florence, in every arch of the Trinità, Ammanati achieved a cycloid rather than an ellipse, [316].
• Emigration, its influence on old types of society, [275].
• Emy, Colonel, a writer on timber bridges, [140], [143 footnote].
• Encyclopædia Britannica, on the High Level Bridge at Newcastle, [80];
• on Framwellgate Bridge at Durham, [96-7];
• on the Porta dell’ Arco at Arpino, [156];
• on the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae, [158];
• on Roman aqueducts and bridges, [167];
• on the Pul-i-Kaisar at Shushter, [202-4];
• on the Ouse Bridge at York, [243 footnote];
• on New London Bridge, [257];
• on the Tay Bridge Disaster, [339], [341].
• Engineers, Modern, their scorn for national defence, [15], [77-8], [79] et seq., [144 footnote], [221], [258], [295], [320], [323], [325], [339], [340], [346], [349].
• English Bridges, their inferiority, [9], [44];
• contrasted with French bridges, [281-2], [294-5];
• desecration of old English bridges, [225] et seq., [230-6].
• Erasmus, [52], [236].
• Ernulph, Bishop, and Rochester Bridge, [243].
• Espagne, Pont d’, famous modern bridge, beyond Cauterets, [278].
• Espalion, the Bridge at, the controversy concerning it, [84], [86], [87], [88], [92], [93];
• see also the colour plate facing page [88].
• Etruscan Round Arches, [160-1].
• Eudes, Count of Chartres, built an early communal bridge, [240].
• “Euphues and his England,” [220], [221].
• Evans, Sir John, on the date of the Bronze Period, [21].
• Eve of Evolution, [117] et seq.
• Evolution, in its relation to the strife that bridges and roads circulate, [1], [32], [39];
• see also [Chapter II].
• Evolution of Defenceless Bridges, see [Chapter V].
• Exceptional Bridges, [302], [305-6], [307], [308-10], [316].
• Extra-dossed Arches, Roman and Mediæval, [282-3].
• Fabricius, Pons, at Rome, [195], [196].
• Fact differs from Truth, [10], [11].
• Feats of Engineering, [323], [327], [341], [356].
• Fernworthy Bridge, Dartmoor, [60].
• Finance, as a phase of permanent war, [35], [36], [361].
• “Finds” in Research, [6].
• Fire, its discovery, [58].
• Firearms, [332-3].
• Fires on Old London Bridge, [218-19].
• Flambard, Bishop, before the year 1128, is said to have built Framwellgate Bridge at Durham, using ribbed arches. If so, then the ribbed arches in this bridge are about as old as those of the Pont de Vernay at Airvault: see the illustration facing page [96].
• Flaminian Way and the Pons Milvius, [197], and the bridge at Narni, [23].
• Flavien, Pont, a Roman bridge with two triumphal arches at Saint-Chamas, [176-7].
• Flemish Towns and their defensive bridges, [289-91].
• Flint Tools and Weapons prove the terrible slowness of human progress, [57];
• the earliest bridges of handicraft considered in their relation to the earliest hand-made tools and weapons, [56-7], [109], [110], [119], [120], [121], [122].
• Flodden Field and Twizel Bridge, [94], [355].
• Flood-water Bays cut through the piers of bridges, [284], as in the great military Roman bridge at Mérida, [181-2];
• the Pons Fabricius another Roman example, [196];
• later specimens, the Three-arched Bridge at Venice, colour plate facing page [224], the Pont des Consuls at Montauban, colour plate facing page [256], and the Pont St. Esprit over the Rhône, [293].
• Florence, the Ponte Vecchio, [211], [222];
• the Ponte della Trinità, Ammanati’s masterpiece, [316].
• Fo-Cheu, Pont De, a Chinese bridge described by Gauthey, [314-15].
• Footpaths, the earliest were made by quadrupeds, [3];
• human footpaths, their number, and what it has cost to make them, [17];
• they belong not to the illusion called peace but to the reality named strife, [17].
• Footways over Mediæval Bridges, usually they were narrow, very often they were steep, and sometimes, as in the Pont St. Esprit and the Pont St. Bénézet, they formed an elbow with the angle pointing up-stream. The Coa Bridge in Portugal, near Almeida, the scene of Crawfurd’s action in the Peninsular War, is also angular on plan; but its elbow points down-stream, and its line seems to have been dictated by the position of the rocks on which the piers are built. For other bridges of this angular sort see page [238].
• Narrow footways over bridges suggested the safety recesses for foot-passengers, which modern engineers have copied in many of their wide bridges, [258].
• Steep footways are dealt with under [“Gabled Bridges,”] and in Appendices [I] and [II].
• Footways over Roman Bridges, [82], [183], [199], [367-8].
• Fords, [207-8], [250-1].
• Forests, in their relation to Roman bridges, [139], to English bridges, [207], [208].
• Forth Bridge, [336], [344], [350-1].
• Add to the text the fact that in one of our naval manœuvres the Forth Bridge was “destroyed” by the small attacking fleet.
• Fortified Towers and Gateways on Bridges, Roman, at Mérida, [182];
• at Alcantarilla, [367];
• at Saint-Chamas, [176-7];
• mediæval, [254-5], [261], [276-301];
• See also the [Lists of Illustrations;]
• Nearly all the old attributes of defensive bridge-building have been copied by modern engineers in their defenceless bridges—an absurd affectation of learned research introduced by Telford in his cast-iron bridge at Craigellachie, [349];
• Even dummy machicolations have been used on make-believe towers guarding industrial bridges from the fresh air, [275];
• Every civilized country has bridges of this foolish sort. Surely medals ought to be granted to fools, and their public display ought to be enforced by law; then engineers and others would become ashamed of their bad public work.
• Founding Piers, [99], [197], [251-2], [341-2];
• See also [“Cofferdams,”] [253 footnote].
• Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, Bridges at, [96], [305].
• Framwellgate Bridge, Durham, [96-7].
• France, her administration of roads and bridges, [43], [44], [356];
• rich in remains of Roman bridges and aqueducts, [168-75], [176-81];
• her bridges are superior to the British examples, [9], [256-8], [294-5].
• Francis Stone, his book of “Norfolk Bridges,” [135].
• Fraser, G. M., on Scotch bridges, [94].
• Freakish Bridges, over the Tavignano in Corsica, [238];
• at Laroque, [300];
• at Bâle, [306].
• Fréjus, Remains of a Roman Aqueduct at, [176].
• French and English Bridges contrasted, [256], [281], [294-5].
• French Angular Bridges, [237-8], [297].
• French Genius, often more masculine than the English genius, [294-5].
• French Mill Bridges, [223-4];
• see also the colour plate facing page [352].
• Frères Pontifes, or Pontist Brothers, [296], and [footnote].
• St. Bénézet was one of the leaders of this order. It is worth noting that some lay brotherhoods in England, animated by the religious spirit, repaired roads and bridges, like the Gild of the Holy Cross in Birmingham, which was founded under Richard the Second. There were similar gilds at Rochester and Bristol and Ludlow, etc.
• For information on “English Gilds,” see Toulmin Smith.
• Froggall Bridge, its angular recesses for the safety of foot-passengers, [258 footnote].
• Fuentes de Oñoro, its slab-bridges akin to our Dartmoor “Clappers,” [104-5].
• Gabled Bridges, [27], [28], and [footnote];
• Chinese, [248], [312], [365-6].
• Gabriel, a French engineer, tried to revive the Roman and mediæval use of abutment piers, [339 footnote].
• Gaddi, Taddeo, the reputed designer of the Ponte Vecchio at Florence, [222].
• Galleries, Covered, in Persian Bridges, [214], [215], [270].
• Gaol, the chapel on the bridge at Bradford-on-Avon became a gaol, [232];
• also the one on Bedford Bridge, [231];
• a gaol stood at the east side of the Ouse Bridge at York, [243], and [footnote].
• Gard, Pont du, the famous Roman aqueduct, [83], [167-75], [321].
• Gardens, Some, on Old London Bridge, [219].
• Garibaldi, when he marched to Rome the Ponte Salaro was blown up, [192].
• Garstang Bridge, a steep Lancashire bridge built in 1490, [250 footnote].
• Gatehouse, on the defensive bridge at Sospel, [276];
• on the thirteenth-century bridge at Narni, [277].
• Gateways, Defensive, [208], [315].
• Gateway Towers, [97], [272], [278], [280], [286], [289], [323];
• see also the [Lists of Illustrations].
• Gaulish Bridges, [70], [71].
• Gauthey, Emiland, historian of bridges, [126-7], [191], [197], [199], [314], [322].
• Gebel Barkel, two Pyramids at, have arched porticoes built with voussoirs, [160].
• Genius, the motive-power of progress, [56], [59];
• her work usually weakened by the opposition of custom and convention, [59];
• she is a single creative agent with a double sex, [58];
• ordinary men have been of but little worth until genius has taken control of them, [239];
• her warfare against the stupidity of mankind, [110] et seq.;
• see also [“Mother-Ideas.”]
• Genius, the English, is often inferior to the French genius in architecture, [294-5].
• Genius, the Roman, [167-204].
• Germany, some of her old bridges, [259], [260];
• her creed of aggressive war, [33 footnote], [350], [359], [360], [361].
• Gerona, Famous Gabled Bridge at, [28], [29].
• Ghent, the Rabot at, a fortified bridge and lock, [289], [290], [291].
• Gignac, Pont de, famous bridge of the 18th century, [310].
• Gipsy’s Caravan, how it stuck fast under the low tower at the entrance of Warkworth Bridge, [261], [262].

Girders, there are three types or classes of bridge: the girder, the arched, and the suspended. Girders may be of various materials; wrought iron, cast iron, and wood are chiefly used. Professor Fleeming Jenkin describes with apt brevity the essential difference between the three classes of bridge. “In all forms of the suspension bridge the supporting structure is extended by the stress due to the load; in all forms of the arch the supporting structure (i.e. the ring of voussoirs) is compressed by the stress due to the load; and in all forms of the beam or girder the material is partly extended and partly compressed by the flexure which it undergoes as it bends under the load. Thus when a beam of wood carrying a load bends, the upper side of the beam is thereby shortened and the fibres compressed, while the lower side of the beam is lengthened and the fibres extended.” So, too, in a girder of metal. In some bridges, as in the High Level Bridge at Newcastle, the girder principle is united to bowstring arches of metal, but a true girder is less expensive and lighter, [80].

• Gizeh, at, in the Great Pyramid of Menkaura, there is a very early pointed arch, [155-6].
• Glaciers, in their relation to rock-basins and rock-bridges, [152].
• Glanville, Gilbert de, Bishop of Rochester, 1185-1215, built a small chapel at the Strood end of Rochester Bridge, [245].
• Glastonbury, its lake-village a good example of prehistoric bridge-building, [21], [137] et seq.
• Gothic Architecture, her genius described, [152-3].
• Grandison, Bishop of Exeter, granted indulgences to those who helped in the building of Bideford Bridge, Devon, [305 footnote];
• See also [“Indulgences.”]
• Gratianus, Pons, another name for the Pons Cestius, [196].
• Gray, Walter de, Archbishop of York, between 1215 and 1256, rebuilt the Ouse Bridge, preserving some portions of the Norman Chapel, [242].
• Hadrian, destroyed Trajan’s Bridge over the Danube, [129];
• and built the Pons Ælius at Rome, [194].
• Hall, Lady Jane, in 1566, contributed a hundred pounds to repair the Ouse Bridge at York, [242].
• Hamburg Merchants, the York Society of, after the Reformation, used the chapel on the Ouse Bridge as an exchange, [242].
• Hand-guns, [333].
• Handicraft, the first public school, [118];
• has never had a standard of uniform merit, [121];
• its indebtedness to Nature’s models, [3], [4], [6], and [Chapter II].
• Hand-made Weapons preceded hand-made bridges, probably, [110].
• Harold’s Bridge at Waltham Abbey, [162].
• Haunches of a Bridge, [265 footnote].
• Henri IV, Pont, at Châtellerault, [331-2];
• see also the illustration facing page [332].
• Henry III, of England, and his wife, rob Old London Bridge of her revenues, [49-51].
• Henry V, of England, in the fourth year of his reign Abingdon Bridge was built, [251].
• Henry VIII, during and after his reign bridge chapels were desecrated, [225-6], [230-3].
• Heralds of Man, [113] et seq.
• Herodotus, on the canal begun by Necho II, [17 footnote];
• mentions the bridge at Babylon over the Euphrates, [274].
• Hexham, Smeaton’s Bridge at, [339].
• High Bridge, Lincoln, [221-2].
• Higherford Bridge, near Colne, attributed to the Romans, [305 footnote].
• High Level Bridge at Newcastle, a “scientific” adventure with an amusing history, [79-80].
• Highway Boards, their inefficiency in England, [43], [230].
• Hindrances to Bridge-building, [250-1], [254-5], [264].
• Hoen-ho, the River, and the bridge at Pulisangan, [310-13].
• Hoogesluis, the, at Amsterdam, a strumpet of a bridge, [323].
• Horace mentions the Pons Fabricius as attractive to suicides, [195-6].
• Hosking, writer on bridges, [143 footnote], [309], [317], [325-6].
• Housed Bridges, [208], [213-15], [216-24], [225].
• Houtum-Schindler, Sir A., on the Pul-i-Kaisar at Shushter in Persia, [202-4].
• Howell’s “Londinopolis,” [216-17].
• Human Beings offered as sacrifices to rivers, [64], [65] et seq.
• Human Gunpowder, [23], [352].
• Human Initiative, nothing else in Nature is less uncommon, [123].
• Humboldt used the pendulous bridges in Peru, [148].
• Iberians, their stonecraft, [100], [102], [104];
• their cult of ancestors, [104];
• the world-wide influence of their genius, [125] et seq.
• Icononzo, Rock-Bridges of, [151].
• Iguanodon, asleep on a Nature-made bridge, [3].
• Illinois and St. Louis Bridge, [352-3].
• Imitation among men in societies, [55];
• stimulated by Nature-made bridges, [55];
• its dead routine, [110];
• see [Chapter II].
• Indulgences granted by the mediæval Church to aid the upkeep of roads and bridges, [40], [305 footnote].
• Industrial Bridges, [46].
• Industrialism, To-day’s, is a very complex phase of war, [35], [36], [46], [48], [333], [352].
• Industrial Warfare, [33], [34], [35], [36], [46], [48], [333], [352].
• Inferiority of Old English Bridges, [9], [44], [256-8], [281], [294-5].
• Inigo Jones, his bridge at Llanrwst, [282], and [footnote].
• Invasions of England, [20];
• the influence of invasions in the rise and fall of nations, [22].
• Iremonger, Richard Fannande, writer of the Ballad of Abingdon Bridge, [251].
• Irish Bridges, [45].
• Iron Age, its approximate date in England, [21].
• Iron Bars in Chinese bridges, [314].
• Iron Bridges, Chinese, [344-5];
• European, [144] footnote, [348] et seq.;
• American, [352] et seq.
• Iron Cramps used in bridges, Roman, [172-3];
• Babylonian, [274-5];
• modern, [283].