The American Indian in the United States, Period 1850-1914 / ... The Present Condition of the American Indian; His Political History and Other Topics; A Plea for Justice

by Warren K. Moorehead

TABLE OF STATISTICS

Correspondent	Is there more tuberculosis and trachoma among your Indians now than ten years ago?	Are children discharged from the schools because of diseases, properly treated at home?	Have many children the past ten years, been dismissed from the schools?	In your opinion, has there been a high percentage of deaths among the children, suffering from tuberculosis, sent from the schools to their homes the past ten years?	Are the Indians holding their allotments, or are the white people procuring the same?	Is the general condition of the Indians as a body more satisfactory than ten years ago?
Alaska
No. 1. Nulato	Tuberculosis not very much increased, but ten times as much trachoma.	Not generally, but occasionally, seldom properly treated at home.	Very few, if any.	No.	Indians ready to sell regardless of consequences.	Rather less so.
No. 2 St. Michaels	No.	Not one.	Not one.		No white men here.	Much better.
No. 3	Yes.	No.	Yes.	Uncertain.	None here.	No.
Arizona
No. 1 Ft. Defiance	Less tuberculosis and trachoma.	No. (No diseases treated properly at home).	Few, government regulation.	Yes.	Holding their allotments.	Yes, much better.
No. 2 Parker	Records do not show it.	No.	Eight, in last three years.	Yes.	Keeping their allotments.	Decidedly so.
No. 3 Phoenix	Increased, I think.
No. 4 Sacaton	No reliable statistics.	Not generally.	Not able to state.	Do not know.	No allotments made.	Need water to improve.
No. 5 St. Michaels	No.	No diseases treated at home.	Few; tuberculosis cases.	Yes.	Holding allotments.	Yes.
No. 6 Tucson	Cannot answer.	Yes and No.	Very few.	Cannot answer.	Holding their allotments.	Cannot answer.
No. 7	There is.	Tuberculosis, discharged. Trachoma, treated in schools.	Many.	Yes.	Allotments held by the Government.	It is.
California
No. 1 Banning	No.	Yes, sent home to die.	Not many.	There has not.	No allotments.	Decidedly better.
No. 2 Campo	No.	No proper treatment at home.	One case on account of sickness.	No children sent home.	No allotments.	Fifty per cent better.
No. 3 Covelo	No.	No. No treatment at home.	Comparatively few.	Only healthy children enrolled.	No allotment held by white men.	More farming, morals very little improved.
No. 4 El Cujon	No.	No.	No.	No.	No allotments.	Yes.
No. 5 Greenville	I think not.	No.	Probably about twenty.	Yes.	Few allotments sold to best interest of Indian.	Yes.
No. 6 Likely	Yes, much more.	No.	No.	No.	Holding them.	No, much worse.
No. 7 Pala	There is much more than five years ago.		Percentage very small.	All sent home have died (seven).	Holding them by law.	Much better.
No. 8 Ukiah	Not to my knowledge.
No. 9 Yuma Yuma	No.	No.	No.	No.	Holding them.	No.
No. 10 N. California	I would say not so prevalent.	By law, must be sent home. Necessary in few cases.	Not many.	No.	Just received allotments.	Yes, decidedly.
Colorado
No. 1 Navaho Springs	No data.	No treatment at home.	No data.	Yes.	No allotments.	Yes.
No. Dakota
No. 1 Elbowoods	We have looked into the condition more, that is all, I think.	No.	No tuberculosis or trachoma cases admitted.	Yes.	Holding most of them.	Yes.
No. 2 Elbowoods	Yes, I believe there is.		None of late.	Yes, from non-reservation schools.	Indian holds land.	Yes.
No. 3 Ft. Yates	Less frequent now.	No.	Few.	About 2%.	Holding them.	No.
No. 4 Standing Rock	Greatly increased.	Not sent home soon enough.			Holding them.
So. Dakota
No. 1 Cheyenne	I think so, at least more of it is known.	I think not.	Not a great many.	No.	Some are, others want to sell.	No.
No. 2 Crow Creek	I do not think so.	No.		Percentage high.	Cannot dispose of lands.	No.
No. 3 Flandreau	More satisfactory.
No. 4 Greenwood	About the same.	No treatment at home.	Not many.	No.	Two-thirds of land now in hands of white people.	In some respects yes.
No. 5 McLaughlin	Yes.	Only when case is hopeless.	Yes.	Very high.	Very few sales.	Not much.
No. 6 Mission	Both very bad.	In some cases.		High.	Some sell.	Yes and No.
No. 7 Oahe	I think not.	Not as a rule.	Yes.	Yes.	Holding allotments.	Yes.
No. 8 Pine Ridge	No.	Few given proper care.	Twenty-three from non-res’n schools none from reservat’n.	One hundred percent from enteric tuber’s, none from other tuber.	In most cases.	Much better.
No. 9 Pine Ridge	So it seems to me.		Few.	Per cent. not so high.	Holding allotments.	Poorer.
No. 10 Rosebud	Less.	Not allowed to attend.	Few.		Very slow sale.	Better.
No. 11 Rosebud Ag.	Not so much.	Yes.	None except for infectious diseases.	No.	Holding own, but selling heirship lands.	Yes.
No. 12 Sisseton	No.	No.	Sick children, because of lack of room.	Not a high percent.	Indians want to sell.	Some improvement.
No. 13 Sisseton	No.	Some are.	Scarcely any.	Two percent.	Forty percent holding own.	Yes, great improvement.
No. 14 Sisseton	Probably less tuberculosis, more trachoma.	No.	Diseased ones not taken.	Yes.	Whites, as soon as they can.	No.
No. 15 St. Francis	Tuberculosis same, Trachoma better.		Not so very many.	No data.	Not allowed to sell.	Yes, in some respects.
Idaho
No. 1 Fort Hall	Yes.	No.	Aver. 31 per year.	Almost 100%.	None sold yet.	I think so.
No. 2 Ft. Lapwai	I think there is more.	No.	Yes, but taken to hospital.	Do not know.	Whites are buying heirship lands.	Yes.
No. 3 Lapwai	Less, it has been stated.	Examined before admitted.	Few.	Many deaths.	Largest percent held by Indians.	Better.
No. 4 Slickpoo	Yes, more tuberculosis.	Yes, for contagious diseases.	Yes.	Yes.	Whites buying from half-breeds.	I think not.
Iowa
No. 1 Toledo	Not on the increase.	They are not.	No data.	No.	Unallotted.	Yes.
Kansas
No. 1 Baxter Springs	Yes, among some families.	No.	No.	No.	Yes, until restriction is removed.	Yes.
No. 2 Powhattan	No.	Not well cared for at home.	Comparatively few.	Yes.	Majority are.	Yes, except for morals.
Minnesota
No. 1 Winnebago	No, not so much.	No.	None from our school.	Not from our school.	White people rent or buy fast.	No.
No. 2 Beaulieu	More tuberculosis, less trachoma.	None.			Only 15% will hold allotments in 6 years.	No.
No. 3 Cass Lake	I should judge so.	No.	Not many, they are examined before admitted.	Percentage high.	Whites get all they can.	No.
No. 4 Cloquet	Not more than ten years ago.	Very few.	Few.	Thirty percent.	Holding their allotments.	No.
Montana
No. 1 Browning	No.	In many cases.	No data.	High percent.	No allotments made.	Yes.
No. 2 Crow Ag’cy	No.	Not a great many.	No.	High percent.	Sell patents in fee and heirship lands.	Yes, decidedly.
No. 3 Poplar	Tuberculosis same, more trachoma.		About ten a year.	Percentage is above the average.	Indians just received them.	Far better.
No. 4 Jocko	No.	No.	No boarding-school.	No.	Full-bloods are, the others sell.	Yes.
No. 5 Lame Deer	Yes, more.	Not properly treated at home.	Not many.	High percent.	No allotments.	Yes.
No. 6 Lodge Grass	No.	No.	Two in ten years.	No, the reverse is true.	Prefer to sell when they can.	Yes, decidedly.
No. 7 St. Ignatius	At least as much.	Tuberculosis cases sent home, trachoma treated at home.	Twenty-five in ten years.	Very high percent.	Holding them.	No.
No. 8 Wolf Point	I do not think so.	No.	No.	No.	Holding allotments.	Yes, much.
Nebraska
No. 1 Santee	Less tuberculosis but possibly more trachoma.	Very few.	No.	Very high percent.	Holding them fairly well.	Yes.
No. 2 Santee	I think not. More notice is made of it.		Cannot say.	Cannot say.	Many pass into white hands.	Yes.
Nevada
No. 1 Nixon	No.	No.	Four.	No.	No allotments made.	Yes, very much.
No. 2 Schurz	Yes.	No.	Twenty to thirty.	Yes.	Holding allotments.	Yes.
New Mexico
No. 1 Albuquerque	Apparently there is more.	No.	Yes.	Yes.	Holding allotments.	Yes, slowly.
No. 2 Gallup	I do not think so.	No.	No record.	No.	Holding allotments.	Yes.
Oklahoma
No. 1 Anadarko	Probably more is known.	Not as a rule.	Do not know of many.	Yes.	Some Indians sell.	Yes.
No. 2 Anadarko	About the same.	No.	No, not very many.	Yes.	Those who can, sell.	Yes.
No. 3 Anadarko	On the increase.	Not as a rule.	Ninety-six not admitted, 25 dismissed from 1300 this year.	No.	Dispose of them whenever they can.	Yes.
No. 4 Atoka	I think so.	No.	Do not know.	Yes.	Whites getting many.	No.
No. 5 Bacone	No data.	No.		Yes.	Whites getting many.
No. 6 Carnegie	Less tuberculosis, trachoma same.		Not many.	Yes.	Whites getting many.	No.
No. 7 Checotah	Yes.	No.	A good number.	Yes.	All unrestricted are sold.	No.
No. 8 Darlington	Less tuberculosis, trachoma unknown ten years ago.	Not here.	Yes.	Very high, but reducing.	Both are true.	Yes.
No. 9 Durant	Considerably less.	Are not admitted.			Selling as fast as they can.	Yes.
No. 10 Durant	No increase.	No.	No.	Nearly all die.	Whites getting them.	Indian says, no. I say, yes and no.
No. 11 Eufaula	Not increasing.	No.	Six this year.	Not high.	Whites try to.	Yes.
No. 12 Hobart	No.	Yes and no.	No.		Holding allotments.	Yes.
No. 13 Holdenville	There is.	No.	I do not know.		They sell all they can.	Yes.
No. 14 Hugo	More.	Discharged for outdoor exercise.	Not many.		Holding allotments.	Indian not satisfied.
No. 15 Hugo	Less tuberculosis, trachoma same.	Very few.	Do not know.	High percentage.	Few Indians hold all their allotments.	Yes.
No. 16 Lawton	Less tuberculosis, more trachoma.	Cared for in the schools.	Very few.	High percentage.	Very few sell their lands.	Yes.
No. 17 Mountain View	Less tuberculosis, more trachoma.	Not treated at home.	A good many, I think.	No.	Holding them.	Yes.
No. 18 Muskogee	More satisfactory conditions.					Yes.
No. 19 Pawhuska	Less tuberculosis, more trachoma.		None.	No.	Whites buying all they can.	No. Decidedly.
No. 20 Pawhuska	No, I think not.	In most cases, no.	I think not.	Nearly all have died.	Very few sales made.	Yes.
No. 21 Sapulpa	Tuberculosis more, trachoma common 10 years ago.	Not treated at home.	Not as many as should have been.	Yes.	Whites hold large per cent.	Yes.
No. 22 Shawnee	We think not.	One or two cases.	Very few.	Three fatal cases.	Holding allotments.	Marked improvement.
No. 23 Watanga	Less tuberculosis.	Not given proper care.	Allowed to go home if diseased.		Little demand for land.	Better.
No. 24 White Eagle	I do not think so.	Not as a rule.	Very small percent.	Very low.	Nearly all holding lands.	Better.
No. 25 Wyandotte	I do not think so.	Few.	Three.	One has died, there has not been.	Whites hold a little less than one-half.	Better.
Oregon
No. 1 Klamath	About the same.	Not given proper treatment.	Yes.	Yes.	Sales just beginning.	Yes.
No. 2 Pendleton	More tuberculosis.	Few.			Full-bloods hold, mixed-bloods sell.
No. 3 Roseburg	No data.					Yes.
No. 4 Warm Spring	More trachoma.	No.	No record.	Yes.	Holding them.	Yes.
Utah
No. 1 Salt Lake City	No data.
New York
No. 1 Gowanda	No.	No.	No.	No.	Holding them.	Yes.
Washington
No. 1 Bellingham	No.	Yes.	Five.	All die.	Indians hold lands.	Yes.
No. 2 Bellingham	No.	Never treated properly at home.	A good many.		Whites getting lands.	Yes.
No. 3 Marysville						Naturally better on account of selling land.
No. 4 Neah Bay	More tuberculosis, less trachoma.	Yes.	Do not know.	No.	Sold lands off reservation only.	Yes.
No. 5 No. Yakima	Perhaps not.	Not treated properly at home.	Cannot say.		Whites swindle lands.	Yes, but losing lands.
No. 6 Nespelem	More prevalent, I think.	Not as a rule.	Cannot tell.	No.	Not over 10% have passed into white hands.	Yes.
No. 7 St. Mary’s	No.	Never properly treated at home.	Quite a few.	Some have.	Just now.	Worse on account of whiskey which they get all the time.
No. 8 Takoma	More tuberculosis, less trachoma.	We discharge only when very sick, and take charge of them.	Twenty from our school.	Seven died.	Only few hold lands after reservation is opened.	Yes.
No. 9 Tulalip	No.	Occasionally.	Five percent or less.	Yes.	Whites encroaching.	Generally, yes.
No. 10 Wheeler	I think there is more.	No.	Taken to government hospital.	Do not know.	White people buying heirship lands.	Yes.
Wisconsin
No. 1 Adanah	No.	No.		No.	Cannot sell.	Yes.
No. 2 Ashland	No record of, ten years ago. Plenty now.	No, children not cared for at home.	Some.	Yes.	Indians holding them.	Hardly.
No. 3 Bayfield	I think not.	They get better treatment at the schools.			Whites not getting much.	Yes.
No. 4 Carter	There is some here.	No school at Agency.	No dismissals.	Cannot answer.	Indians hold no allotments.	Conditions improved since Agency was established.
No. 5 Kesbena	No.	Yes.	Thirty, but some have been transferred.	No.	Yes, whites buy when they can.	No.
No. 6 Kesbena	No.	Yes, or not admitted.	No record.	No.	Large number at Stockridge have. Menominees not allotted.	Very much so.
No. 7 Tomah	I think there is more.	No.	About fifteen.	No.	Indians holding them.	More satisfactory.

Correspondent	Is immorality, in your opinion, due to the presence of low whites, or because of the Indian himself?	Which of the two classes are in the better condition, the mixed-blood or full-blood Indian?	Are the white people crowding your Indians and taking advantage of them?	Do the Indians who are trained near their homes do better than Indians who are educated at a distance and return?	Is the population increasing or decreasing?	Are white men marrying Indian women in order to secure property?	Is the Government properly protecting the Indians?
Alaska
No. 1 Nolato	Both, former about five times as much as latter.	Not much difference.	Yes, to some extent, but Indian retaliates.	There is no difference.	Slightly decreasing.	No.	Bureau of Education, yes; laws very bad.
No. 2 St. Michaels	Low whites.			Better, (Yes).	Slightly increasing.
No. 3	Low whites.	Both in poor shape.	Not much.		Decreasing.		Not enough protecting.
Arizona
No. 1 Ft. Defiance	Indian himself.	Mixed-bloods.	A little off the reservation.	Yes.	Slightly increasing.	No.	No.
No. 2 Parker	Due to old customs.	Few mixed-bloods same condition.	They are not.	Yes.	Decreasing among the full-bloods.	No.	It is.
No. 3 Phoenix
No. 4 Sacaton	Cases due to Indian.	Few mixed-bloods, these not impr’v’d.	Yes, in regard to water.	Yes.	Slight increase, I think.	No.	Yes, but hampered by law and politics.
No. 5 St. Michaels	Due to Indian, because of customs.	Mixed-bloods, only a few, however.	Yes, off the reservation.	Yes.	Slightly increasing.	No.	No.
No. 6 Tucson	To Indians.	Very few mixed-bloods.	Among the Papagos but not the Pimas.	I think so.	Increasing.	No.	Not as regards land and water.
No. 7	Low whites.	No mixed bloods.	Yes, if possible.	Most assuredly.	Increasing.	Law forbids inter-marriages.	No.
California
No. 1 Banning	Little immorality.	Mixed-bloods.	No.	About same.	Just holding its own.	No.	Yes.
No. 2 Campo	Indian himself.	Few mixed-bloods, these are better.	No.	About same.	Slowly decreasing.	No.	Yes.
No. 3 Covelo	Both.	Mixed-bloods.	Not crowding, but taking advantage of necessities.	Yes.	About same.	Only reprobates.	Yes.
No. 4 El Cujon	Very few cases.		No.	Few of them.	Increasing.	No.	Yes.
No. 5 Greenville	To both.	The mixed-bloods.	To no great extent.	No.	Holding its own.	No.	Yes.
No. 6 Likely	Low whites.	Full-bloods.	No.	Yes.	Decreasing.	No.	No.
No. 7 Pala	Little immorality.	Very few full-bloods here.	No.	Yes, much better.	Very slight increase.	No.	Yes, all it can.
No. 8 Ukiah				Yes.			No.
No. 9 Yuma, Yuma	Indian himself.	Very few mixed-bloods here.	No.	Same.	Same.	No.	Yes.
No. 10 N. California	Low whites.	Full-bloods.	No.		Seems to be on the increase now.	No.	Government has done very little.
Colorado
No. 1 Navaho Springs	No whites here.	No mixed-bloods here.	No.	Yes.	Increasing three percent per year.	No.	Yes.
No. Dakota
No. 1 Elbowoods	Indian himself.	No difference.	No not much.	No difference noted.	Slightly increasing.	No.	More energy needed.
No. 2 Elbowoods	Indian himself.	Full bloods.	No.	Yes.	Decreasing.	Law forbids it.	Yes.
No. 3 Ft. Yates	Low whites and mixed-bloods.	Mixed-bloods financially.	No.	Home training seems best.	Increasing.	Very seldom.	Intentions good, officials bad.
No. 4 Standing Rock	To Government, because Indian cannot marry until eighteen.	Full-bloods.	Yes.	Yes.	Increasing.	No.	No.
So. Dakota
No. 1 Cheyenne	Both.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.	Yes.	Holding its own.	Yes.
No. 2 Crow Creek	Indian nature (himself).	Mixed-bloods.	No.	Little difference.	Vacillating.	No.	Yes.
No. 3 Flandreau		Mixed-bloods a little.	No.			No.	What is necessary.
No. 4 Greenwood	Both.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.	Yes.	Increasing.	No.	Yes.
No. 5 McLaughlin	Both.	Mixed, materially, otherwise full-blood.	Only a large cattle company.	Yes.	Slight increase.	Very few.	No, in many respects.
No. 6 Mission	Low whites.	Same.	Often.	Yes.		Not often.	Failure.
No. 7 Oahe	Low whites.	Not much difference.	Not to any extent.	Yes.	Increasing.	Not to any extent.	Yes.
No. 8 Pine Ridge	Indian (Mixed-blood).	Mixed-blood.	No.	Yes.	Increasing.	Some.	Yes .
No. 9 Pine Ridge	Low whites.	Mixed-blood.	No.	Yes.	Mixed-bloods increasing, full-bloods decreasing.	Some.
No. 10 Rosebud	Both.	Both in some respects.	No.	Yes.	Increasing 1%.	Some.	In some ways.
No. 11 Rosebud Ag.	Indian himself.	Mixed-blood.	Not much.	Yes.	4500 to 5490.		Yes.
No. 12 Sisseton	Indian himself.	Hard to say, full-blood in health.	Yes, when they can.	Cannot tell.	Increasing slowly.	Few.	Indians say no.
No. 13 Sisseton	Low whites.	Little difference.	Some try to.	Yes.	Increasing.	Some cases.	Indians are citizens.
No. 13 Sisseton	Indian mostly.	Little difference.	When they can.	Little difference. full-bloods decreasing.	Mixed-bloods increasing, cases.	Not now, few.	To some extent.
No. 15 St. Francis		Mixed-blood.	Some.	Yes.	Slight increase.		Dealt honestly with them.
Idaho
No. 1 Ft. Hall	Indian on sex, Low whites on liquor.	Not much difference.	No but would like to.	Yes.	Decreasing.	Not many.	Yes.
No. 2 Ft. Lapwai	Low whites.	Full-bloods.	Yes.	Yes.	Don’t know.	Rarely.	Yes and No.
No. 3 Lapwai	Indian customs.	Mixed-bloods.	Not generally.	Yes.	Increase slightly.	No.	Yes, here.
No. 4 Slickpoo	Both.	Mixed-bloods little better.	Yes, as much as they can.	Much better.	Decreasing.	A few.	Not as regards morality and religion.
Iowa
No. 1 Toledo	They keep aloof from whites. Indians themselves.	No noticeable difference.	Whites encourage them, but few prey on them. No.		Increasing slowly.	No.
Kansas
No. 1 Baxter Springs	Indian himself.	Mixed-bloods.	When they get a chance.	Yes.	Decreasing.	No.	Yes.
No. 2 Powhattan	Indian himself.	Mixed-bloods, except morally.	Yes.	No.	Increasing some.	No. (Some Indians marry low white women.)	Yes, could be improved.
Minnesota
No. 1 Winnebago	Low whites.	Not much difference.	Yes, to a great extent.	Yes.	Stationary.	Not much now.	Indians dissatisfied.
No. 2 Beaulieu	Low whites.			Yes.		75% increase.
No. 3 Cass Lake	White man 90%.	Full-blood.	Yes.	Yes.	Full-blood decreasing, Mixed-blood increasing.		Government ineffective.
No. 4 Cloquet	Low whites.	Mixed-blood financially; full-blood morally.	No.	Yes.	Full-blood decreasing, mixed-bloods on the increase.	Yes, but not many.	Yes.
Montana
No. 1 Browning	Low whites.	Mixed-blood as a rule.	No whites here.	Cannot say.	Increasing for two years.	Few.	Yes.
No. 2 Crow Ag.	Indian nature.	Full-blood, but little difference.	No.	No difference.	Slowly decreasing.	Two, but do not know the incentive.	Yes, all possible.
No. 3 Poplar	Early low whites.	Mixed-blood.	Few whites here.	Yes.	Increasing, Indian blood.	Few cases.	Yes.
No. 4 Jocko	Indian himself.	Mixed-blood.	Some trying to.	Yes.	Increasing slightly.	Not to any extent.	Yes, all it can.
No. 5 Lame Deer	What little there is, is due to Indian.	Both the same.	No.	Same.	Standstill.	Three marriages to whites in eight years.	Yes.
No. 6 Lodge Grass	Low whites helped.		No.	No.	Slight increase.	Very few whites marry Indians.	Yes, but system wrong.
No. 7 St. Ignatius	Low whites.	Mixed-bloods materially, full-bloods morally.	Trying to.	Yes.	Full-bloods decreasing, but the population increasing.	Yes.	To some extent.
No. 8 Wolf Point	Both.	Full-bloods.	No.	Yes.	Increasing.	No.	Trying to.
Nebraska
No. 1 Santee	Indian himself.	Mixed-bloods.	No, not to any extent.	Yes.	Standstill.	No.	Yes.
No. 2 Santee	Both.	Full-bloods generally.	Yes, when they can.	Yes.	Increasing.	No.	Not in some cases.
Nevada
No. 1 Nixon	No whites here.	Full-bloods.	No.	Yes.	Increasing.	No.	Yes.
No. 2 Schurz	Both.	Full-bloods.	Not on the reservation.	Yes.	Decreasing.	No.	Yes, on reservation.
New Mexico
No. 1 Albuquerque	Indian himself.	Mixed-bloods.	A certain class does.	No.	Increasing.	No.	Yes.
No. 2 Gallup	Indian himself.	No mixed-bloods.	No.	No.	Standstill.	No.	Yes.
Oklahoma
No. 1 Anadarko	Both.	Same.	Some whites are.	Same.	Increasing.	In a few cases.	Yes and No.
No. 2 Anadarko	Largely to low whites.	Same.	Yes, when they can.	Yes, as a rule.	Increasing slightly.	Not to any extent.
No. 3 Anadarko	Indian himself.	Full-bloods.	No.	Yes.	Increasing.	A few.	Everything it can do.
No. 4 Atoka	To low whites.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.	No.	Full-bloods decreasing.	Not much now.	No.
No. 5 Bacone	Both, mostly to whites.		Very much.	Yes.		Yes.	Partially so.
No. 6 Carnegie	Low whites.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.	Yes.	Increasing.	Some, few.	No.
No. 7 Checotah	Low whites.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.	No difference.	Full-bloods decreasing.	Not now.	Trying to.
No. 8 Darlington	Low whites.	Full-bloods, exceptions favor mixed.	No.	Cannot say.	Increasing slightly.	Not here.	Not doing all it can, or should.
No. 9 Durant	Both.	Mixed-bloods.	Many try to.	No.	Full-bloods decreasing, mixed increasing.	Not as much now.	Doing a great deal.
No. 10 Durant	Low whites.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.	No difference.	Decreasing.	Yes, low whites are.	Do not think so.
No. 11 Eufaula	Early low whites, now Indian.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.		Full bloods decreasing.	Yes.	It is now.
No. 12 Hobart	Both.		When they can.	Yes.	Increasing.		As far as Indian will let it.
No. 13 Holdenville	Low whites.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.	I don’t know.	Decreasing.	Not now.	No.
No. 14 Hugo	Both.	Mixed-bloods.	When they can.	Same.	Decreasing.	Yes.	Government does not understand.
No. 15 Hugo	Low whites.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.	Yes.	Decreasing.	Not as much now.	Yes, but it makes mistakes.
No. 16 Lawton	Low whites.	Little difference.	A certain class do.	Yes.	Increasing 15% in ten years.	A few have.	Yes.
No. 17 Mountain View	Both.	No difference.	Many do.	No difference.	Increase.	No.	As well as Indian lets it.
No. 18 Muskogee	Indian himself.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.	No.		Not as a rule.	Making a conscientious effort.
No. 19 Pawhuska	Low whites.	Full-bloods.	Yes.	Yes.	Full-bloods decreasing, population increasing.	Nearly every time.	All it can.
No. 20 Pawhuska	Low whites and colored people.	Mixed-bloods.	Yes.	Yes.	Increasing.	Yes.	As far as possible.
No. 21 Sapulpa	Both.	Full-bloods.	Yes.	Not if those trained away are well advanced.		Yes.
No. 22 Shawnee	Both.	Mixed-bloods.	Some try to.	Young children do.	Increasing.		Doing efficient work.
No. 23 Watanga	Early whites.	Same.	Some try to.	No difference.	Mixed-bloods increased. Full-bloods, standstill.	Two cases in 15 years.	All it can.
No. 24 White Eagle	Both.	Same.	They cannot.	Yes.	Increase.	No.	Yes, but needs changes.
No. 25 Wyandotte	Low whites.	Same.	All they can.	No difference.	Slight increase.	Not markedly true.	All it can.
Oregon
No. 1 Klamath	Indian himself.	Mixed-blood.	No.	I think so.	Standstill.	Not yet.	I think so.
No. 2 Pendleton					Full-blood decreasing, mixed-blood increasing.	No.	Yes.
No. 3 Roseburg	Both.	Mixed-blood.	Yes.	Yes.		Yes.	Yes.
No. 4 Warm Sp.	Indian (no whites here.)	Same.	Some do.	No.	Decreasing.	No.	Yes.
Utah
No. 1 Salt Lake City.
Washington
No. 1 Bellingham	No low whites here.	Same.	They cannot.	Yes.	Increasing.	None.	Yes, could be improved.
No. 2 Bellingham	Low whites.	Same.	No, except gamblers.	I think so.	Standstill.	They try.	Yes, but need police.
No. 3 Marysville		Materially the mixed-bloods. Morally the full-bloods.	Few.		Slowly decreasing.	Very few.	Yes, at least theoretically.
No. 4 Neah Bay	Indian nature.	All mixed-blood.	No, they assist them.	In my opinion, no.	Some tribes increase, others decrease.	No.	Yes.
No. 5 No. Yakima	Low whites and colored people.	Mixed-blood.	Yes, in every way possible.	Do not know.	Holding own.	Yes.	No.
No. 6 Nespelem	Low whites.	Mixed-blood.	Yes, in places.	Yes, as a rule.	Mixed-bloods increasing. Full-bloods decreasing.	Not very much.	Doing very well.
No. 7 St. Mary’s	Whiskey.	About the same.	No.	I think so.	About the same.	They try.	Yes. Lack of police is bad.
No. 8 Tacoma		Mixed, temporally; full-blood otherwise.	As soon as they can.	Little difference.	Increasing.	Hardly ever.	Only on the reservation.
No. 9 Tulalip	Both.	Mixed-blood.	When they can.	Yes.	Increasing slightly.	Not to any extent.	Not sure it has.
No. 10 Wheeler	Low whites.	Full-blood.	Yes.	Yes.		Rare.	Yes and no.
Wisconsin
No. 1 Adanah	Low whites.	All mixed-bloods.	No.	Yes.	Standing still.	Now and then.	Too much red tape.
No. 2 Ashland	Both.	Mixed-bloods.	No.	Yes.	Decreasing.	No.	Yes.
No. 3 Bayfield	Low whites mostly.	Full-bloods, morally. Mixed financially and intellectually.	Treated as whites.	About same.	Full-bloods decreasing. Population increasing.	Occasionally.	Yes.
No. 4 Carter	Very little immorality.	Only full-bloods.	To a small degree.	None have gone away.	Increasing.	No inter-marriages.	Done a great deal.
No. 5 Kesbena	Both.	Mixed-bloods.	No whites here.	Yes.	Small increase.	No.
No. 6 Kesbena	Both.	Full-bloods.	Traders, outside, do.	Same.	Increasing.	Not yet.	Here it is.
No. 7 Tomah	Only to whites when they sell liquor.	What few mixed-breeds we have are better.	Not here.	Yes, perhaps.	Increased a little.	Indians have no property.	Yes. Mistakes are made.
New York
No. 1 Gowanda	Indian himself.	No full-bloods.	Only hotels and saloons.	No.		No.	Not in some cases.

CHAPTER XXXIII. FARMING AND STOCK-RAISING INDIAN FAIRS

Commissioner Sells has made the “gospel of work” the chief aim of his administration. That is, he has emphasized and encouraged farming and stock-raising. Before quoting from the Commissioner’s reports and circulars on this subject, it should not be taken amiss if the statement is made that during the administrations of Commissioners Morgan and Jones, this important feature of Indian education was not sufficiently emphasized. Many of the central, northern and mountain Indians took naturally to stock-raising. With the care of the horse, they were familiar. It was but a step from horse-raising to cattle-raising, as has been illustrated in the case of the Sioux (page [309]). Truly, a number of tribes possessed more cattle a generation ago than at the present time.

From information received, I take it that under the administrations of Messrs. Leupp and Valentine, a serious effort was made to encourage farming and stock-raising, on a larger scale. While this new movement may have been inaugurated by either Mr. Leupp or Mr. Valentine, when Mr. Abbott became acting Commissioner, he encouraged and expanded efforts in this direction. Orders were issued to Superintendents, giving greater discretion in supervising individual Indian moneys; the leasing policy was simplified and self-supporting Indians permitted to lease their surplus lands and to a greater extent handle their own funds; a higher standard with larger salary was established for the Indian Service farmer, who was expected to do house to house work among the Indians under his supervision, giving practical advice and securing definite results in the way of increased production from Indian land; active cooperation between the Bureaus of Plant and Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture was promoted; the Civil Service Commission provided tests for farmers intended to secure men with more experience and practical equipment, and the United States was divided into four Civil Service districts in order that eligible farmers might be secured for that part of the Indian country where their farming experience had been obtained. The possibilities of the working out of this policy in all its phases was demonstrated particularly on the Winnebago reservation in Nebraska, where in three years while Albert H. Kneale was Superintendent, this tribe of Indians was practically transformed into one of the most sober and industrious groups of Indians to be found on any allotted Indian reservation in the United States. From 3000 acres of Indian-farmed land, in the first year, under the new program, which gave the Superintendent freedom to act without discouraging delays in Washington, there were 12,000 acres farmed by Indians at the end of three years, and so many of the Indians had moved to their allotments that the Dutch Reformed Church had to build a new church and locate an additional missionary out in the heart of the reservation in order to reach its Indian adherents.

With the advent of Mr. Sells, as has been stated, the Department realized that if the Indian is to be saved, much more should be done than the mere issuance of instructions to Superintendents. Assistant Commissioner, Edgar B. Meritt has, the past few years, been very active in advocating reimbursable appropriations for Indians in order that they might purchase live stock and farming implements to improve their large areas of agricultural lands.

Mr. Sells’ official instructions, under date of September 2, 1914, to all Superintendents are as follows:—

“I am not satisfied that we are making the greatest use of our school farms. They usually consist of large tracts of fertile land capable of raising every crop that the climate in which the school is located will permit. In some cases these farms are well irrigated.

“In every case the schools have been or can be furnished with all the equipment necessary to till their farms to the fullest extent, and they can be furnished with stock with which to make a substantial showing in stock-raising.