1. Curved-base mound pipe. Fig. 452. 2. Heavy bird or animal pipe. Figs. 477 and 481. 3. Tubular pipe. Figs. 428 and 446. 4. Iroquoian clay pipe. Upper specimen, Fig. 465. 5. Iroquoian grotesque bird-pipe. Fig. 470. 6. Iroquoian rectangular pipe. Central specimen, Fig. 465. 7. Disc or jewsharp pipe. Fig. 447. 8. Biconical pipe. Right specimen, Fig. 489. 9. Micmacs, keel-base pipes. One in Fig. 453; left specimen in Fig. 464. 10. Siouan and catlinite type. Fig. 437. 11. Southern mound type. Specimen K in Fig. 463. 12. Pueblo pipes. (No figures presented, but they resemble those in Figs. 428, 446.) 13. Rectangular pipes, birds and animals on bowls. Fig. 496, specimen in the lower left-hand corner. 14. Monitor pipe. Figs. 451, 449. 15. Bowl and vase-shaped pipes. Fig. 458, central specimen, Fig. 464.
Certain areas are characterized by particular forms of pipes, and in regions where the population was more dense, several types of pipes are usually found, thus indicating that they were taken from one region to another.
Fig. 433. (S. 1–2.) Collection of S. Van Rensselaer, Newark, New Jersey.
Fig. 434. (S. 1–2.) Pottery pipes from Simcoe and Durham counties, Ontario, Canada. Toronto University collection. Characteristic of northern central Ontario.
One fact stands out prominently with reference to these pipes, and it is that any one who is familiar with conditions under which pipes are found can distinguish the prehistoric from the modern in most instances. Of course there are exceptions. Many modern pipes show the marks of steel tools, whereas the ancient forms do not. Certain specimens appear to those who have done a great deal of field work as ancient, whereas others do not. This is not merely a matter of opinion. I have found it very difficult, during my lifetime, to make those observers who have no intimate knowledge of field conditions realize the importance of this statement. There is no convenient formula whereby one may explain to a skeptic, how one specimen appears old and another does not. I shall consider this subject at greater length in the Conclusions.
Fig. 435. Peculiar tube pipes. Collection of G. A. West, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Tubular and trumpet-like pipes are shown in Figs. 427–28, and 430. These are considered to be earliest forms. More complicated tubes are observed in Fig. 435. Mr. West described these in his paper, previously cited.
Various remarks offered here and there on the pages of this chapter may be taken to represent my conclusions as to pipes. I have not offered a summary at the end of the chapter, preferring to state pertinent observations, suggested by the figures illustrating pipes, as they occur.