CONTENTS
| XXV. | Ground Stone | [1] |
| Effigies in stone and wood—bird-stones | [1] | |
| Animal and human effigies | [20] | |
| XXVI. | Ground Stone | [29] |
| Stone pipes | [29] | |
| The classification of pipes | [32] | |
| XXVII. | Ground Stone | [95] |
| Mortars and pestles | [95] | |
| XXVIII. | Objects of Shell | [117] |
| XXIX. | Objects of Bone | [134] |
| Mandan bone implements | [149] | |
| XXX. | Objects of Copper | [161] |
| The native copper implements of Wisconsin | [161] | |
| Fabrication | [172] | |
| Distribution | [174] | |
| Classes and functions | [178] | |
| Axes | [180] | |
| Chisels | [184] | |
| Spuds | [186] | |
| Gouges | [188] | |
| Adzes | [189] | |
| Spatulas | [192] | |
| Knives | [196] | |
| Arrow- and spear-points | [198] | |
| Harpoon-points | [214] | |
| Pikes and punches | [216] | |
| Awls and drills | [219] | |
| Spikes | [220] | |
| Needles | [221] | |
| Fish-hooks—peculiar implements | [222] | |
| Banner-stones—beads | [224] | |
| Bangles | [225] | |
| Finger-rings—ear-rings | [226] | |
| Ear-spools or ear-plugs—gorgets and pendants | [227] | |
| Crescents | [228] | |
| Other ornaments | [230] | |
| XXXI. | Textile Fabrics | [235] |
| XXXII. | Pottery of the United States | [247] |
| XXXIII. | Hematite Objects | [295] |
| XXXIV. | Miscellaneous Objects | [308] |
| XXXV. | The Stone Age in Eastern Canada, Utah, and Dakota | [330] |
| Eastern Canada | [330] | |
| The Plains of western and central Canada | [333] | |
| The stone age in Utah | [336] | |
| Objects made of wood | [336] | |
| Textiles; feather objects; bone objects | [337] | |
| Objects made from teeth; shell objects; stone objects; pottery objects | [338] | |
| The stone age in Dakota | [339] | |
| Hide and bark | [339] | |
| Objects made from deer antlers; bone objects; shell objects | [340] | |
| Stone objects | [341] | |
| Objects of copper; of pottery; of unbaked clay | [342] | |
| XXXVI. | Conclusions | [344] |
| The population in prehistoric times | [344] | |
| The stone age in historic times | [348] | |
| The antiquity of man in America | [350] | |
| Adaptation to conditions | [354] | |
| Art in ancient times and modern art | [355] | |
| XXXVII. | Conclusions | [357] |
| The ancient culture-groups | [357] | |
| The stone-age point of view | [363] | |
| Field study needed | [365] | |
| Bibliography | [369] | |
| Index | [411] |
THE STONE AGE IN NORTH AMERICA
CHAPTER XXV
GROUND STONE
EFFIGIES IN STONE AND WOOD—BIRD-STONES
Aboriginal man traced all sorts of figures on the rocks and occasionally on the surfaces of flat ornaments and ceremonials. Not only did he make pictures on shell gorgets and on birch bark, but he also carved complete figures.
I have not made a special chapter for pictographs and picture writings, but have dismissed them from this work, save with here and there a reference. However, they represent stone-age pictorial art. Dr. Fewkes, Mr. Cushing, Dr. Garrick Mallory and others have given us numerous papers on picture writings, pictographs, painted and sculptured symbols. Garrick Mallory’s report on the sign language among the American Indians was published in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology and covers four hundred pages. This treats extensively of picture writings and pictographs. He portrayed the attempts of stone-age man at expressing his thoughts. He had not arrived at a written language save in Mexico and Central America. In North America he was in the advanced stone age. But he was very skillful in his pictographs and in his carvings of human, animal, bird, reptile, and fish figures. It has occurred to me that he first made rude scratches on flat surfaces, on wigwam sides, on trees, on rocks near trails.
Fig. 399. (S. 2–3.) Unfinished bird-stones. Localities: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan. Phillips Academy collection.
