| [I.] | Birth of Washington.—His Boyhood. |
| [II.] | Washington's Youth.—First Surveying Expedition. |
| [III.] | Rival Claims of the English and the French.—Preparations for Hostilities. |
| [IV.] | Washington's Mission to the French Commander. |
| [V.] | Military Expedition to the Frontier. |
| [VI.] | Misfortunes.—Capitulation of Fort Necessity. |
| [VII.] | A Campaign under General Braddock. |
| [VIII.] | Braddock's Advance.—His Defeat. |
| [IX.] | Washington in Command.—Panics on the Frontier. |
| [X.] | Frontier Service. |
| [XI.] | Operations against the French.—Washington's Marriage. |
| [XII.] | Campaigns in the North.—Washington at Mount Vernon. |
| [XIII.] | Colonial Discontents. |
| [XIV.] | Expedition to the Ohio.—Tea Tax. |
| [XV.] | The First General Congress. |
| [XVI.] | Military Measures.—Affairs at Lexington. |
| [XVII.] | Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point.—Washington appointed Commander-in-Chief. |
| [XVIII.] | Battle of Bunker Hill. |
| [XIX.] | Washington on his Way to the Camp. |
| [XX.] | Siege of Boston. |
| [XXI.] | Projects for the Invasion of Canada. |
| [XXII.] | War along the Coast.—Progress of the Siege. |
| [XXIII.] | Affairs in Canada. |
| [XXIV.] | Incidents of the Camp.—Arnold before Quebec. |
| [XXV.] | Washington's Perplexities.—New York in Danger. |
| [XXVI.] | Attack on Quebec.—Affairs in New York. |
| [XXVII.] | Movements before Boston.—Its Evacuation. |
| [XXVIII.] | Reverses in Canada.—The Highlands.—Close of the Invasion of Canada. |
| [XXIX.] | The Army in New York. |
| [XXX.] | Proceedings of Lord Howe.—Gates and Schuyler. |
| [XXXI.] | The War in the South.—Affairs in the Highlands. |
| [XXXII.] | Battle of Long Island.—Retreat. |
| [XXXIII.] | Retreat from New York Island. |
| [XXXIV.] | Retreat through Westchester County.—Battle of White Plains. |
| [XXXV.] | Washington at Peekskill.—The Northern Army. |
| [XXXVI.] | Capture of Fort Washington and Garrison.—Retreat through New Jersey. |
| [XXXVII.] | Retreat across the Delaware.—Battle of Trenton. |
| [XXXVIII.] | Washington recrosses the Delaware.—Battle of Princeton. |
| [XXXIX.] | The Army at Morristown.—Attack on Peekskill. |
| [XL.] | The Northern Army.—British Expedition to Connecticut. |
| [XLI.] | The Highlands.—Movements of the Army. |
| [XLII.] | Invasion from Canada. |
| [XLIII.] | Exploits and Movements.—Howe in the Chesapeake. |
| [XLIV.] | Advance of Burgoyne.—Battle of Oriskany.—Battle of Bennington. |
| [XLV.] | Battle of the Brandywine.—Fall of Philadelphia. |
| [XLVI.] | The Northern Invasion.—Fall of the Highland Forts.—Defeat and Surrender of Burgoyne. |
| [XLVII.] | Battle of Germantown.—Hostilities on the Delaware. |
| [XLVIII.] | The Army on the Schuylkill.—At Valley Forge.—The Conway Cabal. |
| [XLIX.] | Exploits of Lee and Lafayette.—British Commissioners. |
| [L.] | Evacuation of Philadelphia.—Battle of Monmouth Court House. |
| [LI.] | Arrival of a French Fleet.—Massacre at Wyoming Valley.—Capture of Savannah. |
| [LII.] | Washington in Philadelphia.—Indian Warfare.—Capture of Stony Point.—Ravages in Connecticut.—Repulse at Savannah. |
| [LIII.] | Army at Morristown.—Arnold in Philadelphia.—Charleston Besieged. |
| [LIV.] | Discontents in the Army.—Fall of Charleston. |
| [LV.] | Marauds in the Jerseys.—The French Fleet at Newport. |
| [LVI.] | Battle of Camden. |
| [LVII.] | The Treason of Arnold.—Trial and Execution of André. |
| [LVIII.] | Plan to entrap Arnold.—Projects against New York. |
| [LIX.] | The War in the South.—Battle of King's Mountain. |
| [LX.] | Hostilities in the South.—Mutiny. |
| [LXI.] | Battle of the Cowpens.—Battle of Guilford Court-house. |
| [LXII.] | The War in Virginia.—Demonstrations against New York. |
| [LXIII.] | Ravages in Virginia.—Operations in Carolina.—Attack on New London. |
| [LXIV.] | Operations before Yorktown.—Greene in the South. |
| [LXV.] | Siege and Surrender of Yorktown. |
| [LXVI.] | Dissolution of the Combined Armies.—Discontents in the Army. |
| [LXVII.] | News of Peace.—Washington's Farewell to the Army, and Resignation of his Commission. |
| [LXVIII.] | Washington at Mount Vernon. |
| [LXIX.] | The Constitutional Convention.—Washington elected President. |
| [LXX.] | Organization of the New Government. |
| [LXXI.] | Financial Difficulties.—Party Jealousies.—Operations against the Indians. |
| [LXXII.] | Tour Southward.—Defeat of St. Clair.—Dissensions in the Cabinet. |
| [LXXIII.] | Washington's Second Term.—Difficulties with the French Ambassador. |
| [LXXIV.] | Neutrality.—Whiskey Insurrection.—Wayne's Success against the Indians. |
| [LXXV.] | Jay's Treaty.—Party Claims.—Difficulties with France.—Farewell Address. |
| [LXXVI.] | Washington's Retirement and Death. |
WASHINGTON
AND THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
CHAPTER I.
BIRTH OF WASHINGTON.—HIS BOYHOOD.
The Washington family is of an ancient English stock, the genealogy of which has been traced up to the century immediately succeeding the Conquest. Among the knights and barons who served under the Count Palatine, Bishop of Durham, to whom William the Conqueror had granted that important See, was WILLIAM DE HERTBURN. At that period surnames were commonly derived from castles or estates; and de Hertburn, in 1183, in exchanging the village of Hertburn for the manor of Wessyngton, assumed the name of DE WESSYNGTON. From this period the family has been traced through successive generations, until the name, first dropping the de, varied from Wessyngton to Wassington, Wasshington, and finally to Washington. The head of the family to which our Washington immediately belongs sprang from Lawrence Washington, Esq., of Gray's Inn. He was mayor of Northampton, and received a grant of the manor of Sulgrave from Henry VIII. [Sir William Washington of Packington, was his direct descendant. The Washingtons were attached to the Stuart dynasty. Lieut.-Col. James Washington perished in defence of that cause. Sir Henry Washington, son of Sir William, distinguished himself under Prince Rupert, in 1643, at the storming of Bristol; and still more, in 1646, in the defence of Worcester against the arms of Fairfax. We hear little of the Washingtons after the death of Charles I. England, during the protectorate, was an uncomfortable residence for those who had adhered to the Stuarts, and many sought refuge in other lands. Among many who emigrated to the western wilds were John and Andrew Washington, great-grandsons of the grantee of Sulgrave.]
The brothers arrived in Virginia in 1657, and purchased lands in Westmoreland County, on the northern neck, between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers. John married a Miss Anna Pope, of the same county, and took up his residence on Bridges Creek, near where it falls into the Potomac. He became an extensive planter, and, in process of time, a magistrate and member of the House of Burgesses. Having a spark of the old military fire of the family, we find him, as Colonel Washington, leading the Virginia forces, in co-operation with those of Maryland, against a band of Seneca Indians, who were ravaging the settlements along the Potomac.
The estate continued in the family. His grandson Augustine, the father of our Washington, was born there in 1694. He was twice married; first (April 20th, 1715), to Jane, daughter of Caleb Butler, Esq., of Westmoreland County, by whom he had four children, of whom only two, Lawrence and Augustine, survived the years of childhood; their mother died November 24th, 1728, and was buried in the family vault. On the 6th of March, 1730, he married in second nuptials, Mary, the daughter of Colonel Ball, a young and beautiful girl, said to be the belle of the northern neck. By her he had four sons, George, Samuel, John Augustine, and Charles; and two daughters, Elizabeth, or Betty, as she was commonly called, and Mildred, who died in infancy.