[CHAPTER XX.]

REVIEW AND REVISION.

The object of the speaker or singer—The idea of co-ordination—The study of vocalization may be considered a study of movements—The psychic condition—The instrument which is played upon—How is this instrument played upon?—Vibration of the air—Breathing—The aim of all training—The whole subject of breathing—Breathing exercises—The resonance chambers—The formation of vowels—Muscular efforts for the production of consonants—The pronunciation of words—General health of great importance [276]

[Index]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE
Appearance of the larynx during phonation in two special cases (in colors) [Frontispiece]
1. Muscle-fibres from the heart, much magnified[34]
2. Small portion of muscle, moderately magnified[34]
3. Muscle-cells from coats of intestine[35]
4. Body of a nerve-cell of the spinal cord[38]
5. Large nerve-cell from spinal cord of an ox[38]
6. Cell from the cortex cerebri[38]-39
7. Nerve terminating in a muscle[38]-39
8. Muscle-fibres with capillaries around and between them[39]
9. Parts of the respiratory apparatus[44]
10. Trachea and bronchial tubes[45]
11. Heart, lungs, and diaphragm[45]
12. Diagram showing changes in shape of chest during inspiration[49]
13. Diagram showing depression of the diaphragm during inspiration[50]
14. Position of diaphragm, abdominal walls, etc., during expiration[56]
15. Diagram illustrating reflex action[58]
16. A well-developed, healthy chest[62]
17. A chest deformed by corsets[62]
18. Normal position of diaphragm and vital organs[63]
19. Vital organs misplaced by compression of the chest[63]
20. Thyroid and cricoid cartilages, side view[76]
21. Thyroid and cricoid cartilages, front view[ 76]
22. Back surface of cricoid cartilage[77]
23. Cricoid cartilage, side view.[77]
24. Arytenoid cartilages[77]
25. A view of the larynx from behind[78]
26. Epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilages, etc.[78]-79
27. Hyoid bone, crico-thyroid muscle, etc.[78]-79
28. Posterior view of the larynx[79]
29. Diagram showing relation of parts to the thyroid cartilage[80]
30. Diagram showing the action of crico-thyroid muscle[82]
31. View of larynx from above[83]
32. Transverse section of larynx[83]
33. False and true vocal bands, etc.[86]
34. Inner surface of the larynx[87]
35. Diagram to show the action of the laryngeal muscles[96]
36. Registering the vibrations of a tuning-fork[100]
37. Illustrating the transmission of vibrations[101]
38. Illustrating the theory and practice of laryngoscopic examination[105]
39. Illustrating the practice of laryngoscopic examination[106]
40. Laryngoscopic picture of male larynx[112]
41. Laryngoscopic picture of female larynx[112]
42. Larynx during an attack of a common "cold"[113]
43. The vocal bands as seen with laryngoscope during deep inspiration[113]
44. Diagram showing form of chest and abdomen in forced abdominal breathing[122]
45. The vocal bands during the production of a high-pitched tone[138]
46. Water being poured into a tube until the remaining air-space becomes a resonator of a tuning-fork[142]
47. Soft palate, fauces, and tonsils[142]-143
48. Nares and soft palate, from behind[142]-143
49. Turbinated bones of the nose[143]
50. Madame Seiler's division of the registers[155]
51. Appearance of the vocal bands when sounding first E and then F sharp[165]
52. Diagram to show the nature of registers and breaks[166]
53. Diagram of the processes involved in singing[186]
54. Highly magnified diagramatic representation of a section through the superficial part of the great brain[188]
55. Nerve-cell from the outer rind of the great brain, much magnified[189]
56. Position of parts in sounding the vowel A[219]
57. Position of the parts in sounding I[220]
58. Position of the parts in sounding OU[223]
59. Position of the parts in sounding T, K, F, R, N, and P[227]
60. Vertical section of the auditory apparatus[237]
61. Diagram of the auditory apparatus[238]
62. Two of the ear-bones (malleus and incus), enlarged[240]
63. The complete chain of auditory ossicles[240]