The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom: A comprehensive history

by Wilbur Henry Siebert

[INDEX]

Abbot, Major J. B., host of John Brown, [164].
Abbot, Rev. J. S. C., on effect of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, on family of fugitives, [247], [248].
Abduction, Harriet Tubman, a practitioner in, [6];
of slaves from Missouri by John Brown, [8], [9], [338];
Rufus King on, [29] n.;
of abolitionists, rewards for, [52], [53];
of slaves from Covington, Ky., by Fairbank, [61];
of slaves by John Fairfield, the Virginian, [66], [67];
methods of, employed by Dr. A. M. Ross, [104];
Still on abductions through agency of the U. G. R. R., [118] n.;
sentiment of abolitionists against, [150];
by negroes, [151];
by refugees of Canada, [152], [153];
by Southern whites, [153], [154];
by Northern whites, [154], [155];
by Burr, Work and Thompson, [155], [156];
by Joseph Sider, [157];
by Calvin Fairbank, [157]-160;
by Seth Concklin, [160]-162;
by John Brown, [162]-165;
in Brown's plan of liberation, [166], [167];
by Charles T. Torrey, [168]-170;
by Capt. Jonathan Walker, [170], [171];
by Laura S. Haviland, [171], [172];
by Capt. Daniel Drayton, [172], [173];
by Richard Dillingham, [174], [175];
by Wm. L. Chaplin, [175], [176];
by Josiah Henson, [176]-178;
by Rial Cheadle, [178], [179];
by Dr. A. M. Ross, [179]-182;
by Elijah Anderson, [183];
by John Mason, [183], [184];
by Harriet Tubman, [185]-189;
of friends from the South planned by Canadian exiles, [231], [232];
of a free negro from New York in 1850, [269];
of negroes from southeastern Pennsylvania, [280];
of free negroes from Northern state under law of 1793, [295];
failure of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 to recompense South for losses through, [341];
disappearance of slavery from District of Columbia attributed to the U. G. R. R. and, [341], [342].
Abolition, gradual, [17];
boats, [148];
in Canada, [190], [191];
sentiment of, in Northern states prevents reclamation of fugitives, [241]-243;
immediate, before Garrison, advocated by Bourne in 1816, [303], [304];
immediate, advocated by Duncan in 1824, [304]-306;
immediate, advocated by Rankin in 1824, [306]-308;
immediate, germination of idea of, [307];
immediate, formulation of the principle of, in U. G. R. R. neighborhoods, [357].
Abolitionists, hidden methods of, [2];
recollections of, main source of history of Underground Railroad, [11];
characterization of, [12];
convictions of, [17];
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 detested by, [24];
in Iowa, [43];
testimony of, regarding activity of the U. G. R. R. (1830-1840), [44], [308];
social disdain borne by, [48]-50;
espionage endured by, [50]-54;
rewards for abduction of, [52], [53];
known as "conductors," [60];
destitution of fugitives relieved by expenditures of, [76]-78;
waterway extensions of U. G. R. R. established by, [82];
temper of, shown in rescue of fugitives under arrest, [86];
political affiliations of, [99]-101;
United States Constitution burned at meeting of, [101];
treated with justice in history, [101];
penalties paid by, [102], [103];
settlements of, in Maryland, [119];
Brown Thurston of Portland, Me., a veteran, [133];
on number of U. G. R. R. lines in Ohio, [135];
devices of, to secure safety of fugitives, [141];
sentiment of, against abduction, [150];
dine with Fairfield the abductor, [154] n.;
risks taken by an, in abducting a slave, [155];
abductions by, along the borders of slave territory, [155];
appeals of fugitives to, for aid for friends in bondage, [168];
arrest of Charles T. Torrey for being an, [169];
number of fugitives early aided by, in southern Ohio, [192];
testimony of, on the effects of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, [193];
underground work in Iowa and Illinois by, [194], [195];
Canadian refugees visited by, [199]-201; refuge found by runaway slaves among, in Northern states, [212], [213], [275];
visitation of communities of, by slave hunters, [239], [240];
prevent reclamation of fugitives, [241], [242];
irritated by mode of arrests under Slave Law of 1793, [259];
efforts to use Northwest Ordinance in defeat of law of 1793, [262], [263];
law of 1850 objectionable to, [267]-273;
possibility of abduction of free negroes from the North under law of 1850, declared by, [268], [269];
on commissioners' fees under law of 1850, [271], [272];
secrecy observed by, [272];
characteristics of pre-Garrisonian, [307];
grateful employment of, in helping slaves, [310];
societies of, criticised by Webster, [314];
information about, among slaves, [316];
exultation of, over rescue of Jerry McHenry, [320];
residence of Harriet Beecher Stowe among, in Cincinnati, O., [321];
various activities of, [326];
increasing number of fugitives aided by, [327];
restiveness of, under jurisdiction of United States Courts in fugitive slave cases, [335];
of Lawrence, Kan., abused by Missourians, [347];
aid rendered fugitives by, at Lawrence, Kan., [348];
efficiency of underground work of, compared with work of American Colonization Society, [350], [351];
support of U. G. R. R. by, alleged, [351];
multiplication of, due to the U. G. R. R., [357].
Adams, Robert, [130].
Agents of the U. G. R. R., significance of the name, [67];
in Baltimore, [68];
employment of regular, [69], [70];
number of, [87];
hospitality of, [87]-89;
admitted principles of, [89], [90];
nationality of, [90]-92;
church connections of, [93]-98;
churches of Massachusetts appealed to by, [99];
political affiliations of, [99]-101;
character of, [101];
penalties suffered by, [102], [103];
Defensive League of Freedom for payment of fines of, proposed in Boston, [103], [104];
notable persons among, [104]-112;
limited area of operation of, [113];
in Pennsylvania, [121];
in New York, [122]-127;
in New Jersey, [123], [124];
in Massachusetts, [129], [130];
in Vermont, [130], [131];
devices of, [137];
work of abduction by Seth Concklin as one of the, [160];
fearless work of, at Sandusky, O., [276], [277];
Harriet B. Stowe and John Brown as, [290];
Rev. John Rankin, active in ranks of, [307];
J. R. Giddings one of the most enthusiastic of, [315];
appealed to by Canadian refugees for abduction of friends, [231], [232];
among fugitive settlers in the North, [251]-253.
Alabama, purchase of slaves by, [26];
underground line from northern, [119];
Canadian refugees from, [195];
attempted abduction of Peter Still's family from, [160];
operations in, planned by Brown, [167].
Alcott, A. B., friend of Harriet Tubman, [186];
part of, in the Burns case, [331].
Alleghanies, the use to be made of, in Brown's plan of liberation, [166].
Allen, Abram, special conveyance of, for fugitives, [59], [60];
visit of, to Canada, [199].
Alum Creek Quaker Settlement,
leaf from diary of station-keeper in, [10];
activity of station in, [76], [77];
facsimile of record kept by Daniel Osborn of, [344], [345].
American Baptist Free Mission Society, ministrations to refugees in Toronto, Canada, [3], [183].
American Colonization Society, objects and work of, compared with those of U. G. R. R., [350], [351].
American Historical Review, on Underground Railroad, [5].
Amherstburg, Canada West as a receiving depot for fugitives, [194];
visit of Levi Coffin to, [200];
supplies for Canadian refugees in, [214];
congregation of fugitives in, [225];
negro mechanics in, [226];
Dr. Howe on condition of colored people in, [226] n;
Drew on condition of refugees in, [227];
separate schools for negroes in, [229];
first "True Band" organized in, [230];
comparison of amounts of property owned by whites and blacks in, and in other places, [232].
Anderson, Elijah, abductor, [183].
Anderson, William, extradition of the fugitive, from Canada refused, [352], [353].
Andrew, Bishop James O., church proceedings against, [95].
Andrew, John A., [103];
appreciation of Harriet Tubman, [189].
Andrews, Ex-Pres. E. Benjamin, on route in Massachusetts, [129].
"Anti-Slavery Days, History of," in Illinois, [6].
Anti-Slavery in the State and Nation, on refugees forwarded to Brunswick, [219].
Anti-slavery men, Theodore Parker on the first duty of, [109];
meetings of, in New England, [171]. See Abolitionists.
Anti-slavery movement, Chas. T. Torrey engages in, [168], [169];
humane motives of, [286];
U. G. R. R., a causal factor in development of, [290], [302];
character of pre-Garrisonian, [307];
continuity of development of, [307], [308];
failure of Uncle Tom's Cabin to produce election gains for, [323].
Anti-slavery sentiment, among people from the Southern states, [31], [32], [41];
revenge on Mission Institute for, [156];
in Congress, [173];
settlement of fugitives in communities characterized by, [212], [242];
proof of early, in free states, [300];
influence of U. G. R. R. in spreading, [302];
in the North, [309], [310].
Anti-Slavery Society, of Philadelphia, of New York, Harriet Tubman a well-known visitor of the, [189];
of Massachusetts, [193];
of Canada, [204];
benefactions of, for fugitive slaves, [222], [223];
persons of respectability in societies, [308];
encouragement given by, to bondmen to flee, [310];
reports of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts societies on increasing number of fugitives after 1850, [327];
of New England, meeting of, at time of rendition of Burns, [332].
Appalachian route of escape for slaves, [118].
Appleby, Capt., master of lake boat carrying fugitives, [82].
Arkansas, abducting trip of Fairbank into, [65].
Armstrong, abductor, [153].
Armstrong, J. H. B., operator, [42], [43].
Arnold, Hon. Isaac N., counsel in fugitive slave case, [284].
Arrest, of abductor Calvin Fairbank, [158], [159];
of abductor Charles T. Torrey, [169];
of abductor Capt. Walker, [170];
of abductors Drayton and Sayres, [173];
of abductor Dillingham, [174];
of abductor Chaplin, [176];
of fugitive slaves in the North between 1850-1856, [240], [241];
mode of, under law of 1793, [257]-259;
right of private, under law of 1850, [267];
of fugitive slave, penalties for hindering, [279];
of operators, [283];
of negroes in the South during the War, [287];
of free negro in Philadelphia, [317];
of Jerry McHenry in Syracuse, [318];
of rescuers in Christiana case, [319];
of Burns in Boston, [331].
Articles of Confederation (1643), clause for rendition of fugitives quoted, [19];
absence of provision for return of fugitives in, [293].
Ashburton Treaty, extradition of the fugitive Anderson from Canada sought under, [352], [353].
Ashley, Congressman James M., operator, [92], [106].
Association for the Education and Elevation of the Colored People of Canada, [233].
Atchison, of Kentucky, on loss sustained by slave-owners of border states, [341].
Baine, Patrick, owner of Harriet Hayden, [158].
Bains, Eliza, operator in Portsmouth, Va., [118].
Baird, Thomas D., [96].
Baltimore, fugitive shipped in a box from, [60];
agents in, [68], [91], [117], [151];
anti-slavery sentiment in Friends' Yearly Meeting of, [93];
abductions of Harriet Tubman from, [186];
petition of Quakers of, against kidnapping, [296].
Baptist Church, appeal to societies of, in Massachusetts, [99].
Barbour, American Minister, on negotiations with England concerning fugitive slaves, [300].
Baxter and Grant, owners of Lewis Hayden, [158].
Bayliss, James, on canal route, [142].
Beacon, the, reminiscences of "Early Settlement and Growth of Western Iowa," in, [7].
Beard, William, visit of, to Canadian refugees, [199].
Bearse, Capt. Austin, doorkeeper of Boston Vigilance Committee, [73];
rescues from vessels by, [81];
on stowaways from the South, [144].
Beck, Dr. Isaac M., brief mention of, [32] n.;
reward for abduction of, [53].
Beecher, Henry Ward, counterpart of, in Uncle Tom's Cabin, [322].
Benedict, Aaron, reminiscences of U. G. R. R., [6].
Benedict, Aaron L., runaways entertained by, [76], [77].
Benezet, Anthony, precepts of, [49].
Benton, Thomas H., [159];
on passage of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, [311] n.
Berrien, Col., conductor, [144].
Bibb, Henry,
projector of Refugees' Home, [209];
stock of supplies maintained by, [214];
passenger on U. G. R. R., [340].
Bibb, Mrs. Mary E., school-teacher among Canadian refugees, [215].
Bigelow, Jacob, operator, [117].
Bigelow, L. H., [130].
Bingey, Anthony,
on escape of his family to Canada, [76];
on increase of fugitives arriving in Canada, [194];
desire for freedom of, [196];
on refugee population of Ontario, [221];
on effects of Slave Law of 1850, [249].
Bingham, Dr. J. A., [89].
Blake, Capt., fugitives carried by boat of, [83].
Blake, of Ohio, bill of, for repeal of Fugitive Slave laws, [286].
Boat service for transportation of absconding slaves, [81]-83, [118], [145]-148, [219], [252].
Bolding, John, seizure of, under Slave Law of 1850, [241].
Booth, Sherman M., power of commissioners questioned in case of, [270];
penalty imposed in case of, [279];
case of, before the courts in Wisconsin, [329];
limits of state authority defined in case of, [330];
protest against Douglas legislation in case of,
Borden, Nathaniel P., [130].
Boston, conveyance of fugitives by William I. Bowditch of, [61];
Vigilance Committee of, [71]-73;
escapes by vessel to, [81];
early rescue in, [83], [84];
rescue of Shadrach in, [86];
appeal of Vigilance Committee of, for aid, [98], [99];
attempted rescue of Burns in, [103], [330]-332;
aid rendered fugitives by Theodore Parker in, [109], [110];
slaves sent to New Bedford and, from Virginia, [118];
James Freeman Clarke on protection of fugitives in, [132];
refugees sent from New York to, [145];
to England from, [145];
estimate of fugitives in, [235];
law of 1850 denounced by meeting in, [244];
consternation among fugitives in, [246]-248;
continued residence of refugees in, after 1850, [250], [251];
Lewis Hayden in, [251], [252];
early pursuit of fugitives in, [302];
Shadrach, Sims, and Craft cases in, [317].
Boston and Worcester Railroad, [80].
Boston Public Library, scrap-book of Theodore Parker in, [8].
Bourne, Rev. George, early advocate of immediate abolition, [303], [304], [306];
political action against slavery proposed by, [305] n.
Bowditch, William I., [61], [132].
Bowles, Col. J., letter of, on U. G. R. R. depot at Lawrence, Kan., [347]-350.
Brace, Avery, [16].
Bragdon, George C., on stations on the St. Lawrence, [127] n.
Brainerd, Hon. Lawrence, [107];
fugitives shipped by rail by, [145].
Bramlette, Gov. Thomas E., opposed to pardon of Fairbank, [159], [160].
Brant, Chief, fugitives received by people of, [92], [203].
Brennan, Mr., escape of slave from, [65].
Brisbane, W. H., hiding-places provided by, [64].
British and American Manual Labor Institute, colored children, [200];
origin of Dawn Settlement, [205];
work of, for Canadian refugees, [214];
visited by Levi Coffin, [220];
lumber industry established at, [223];
colored settlers attracted by, [229], [230].
Brooks, Prof. W. M., on stations in southwestern Iowa, [33], [98].
Brooks family, of Concord, Mass., friends of Harriet Tubman, [186].
Brown, David Paul, counsel for fugitive slaves, [284], [285].
Brown, Eli F., hiding-place provided by, [64].
Brown, Henry Box, shipment of, in a box, [60].
Brown, John, notes of, relating to his raid, [8];
father of, a friend of fugitives, [37];
League of Gileadites organized by, [73], [74];
transportation of party of, through Iowa, [79];
entertained by J. B. Grinnell, [108];
strategy of, [118];
North Elba home of, a terminus of the U. G. R. R., [127];
route followed by, with his abducted slaves, [136], [164], [165];
Missouri raid of, [162], [163];
effect of his raid, [165];
plan of liberation of, [166]-168, [357];
Dr. A. M. Ross, a friend of, [183] n.;
on Harriet Tubman, [185];
concern of, for fugitive settlers in Canada, [199];
influence of U. G. R. R. upon, [290], [301], [338], [339];
Col. J. Bowles on, [349], [350].
Brown, Mary, owner of James Hamlet, [269].
Brown, Owen, father of John Brown, early operations of, [37],

[301].
Brown, Wells, befriends the fugitive William Wells Brown, [77].
Brown, William Wells, befriended, [77];
conveyance of fugitives to Canada by, [83], [252];
qualities of leadership in, [340].
Buchanan, James, amendments to Constitution in regard to fugitive slaves recommended by, [286];
Booth pardoned by, [331];
appealed to in Addison White case, [334];
on enforcement of Fugitive Slave law during his administration, [353].
Bucknel and Taylor, slave-owners, [196].
Buffalo,
boat service to, [83];
release of alleged fugitives in, [317].
Burns, Anthony,
Theodore Parker's memoranda on rendition of, [8];
Vigilance Committee fails to rescue, [73];
attempt to rescue, [103];
case of, [251], [271], [283];
rendition of, [331]-333.
Burr, James E., one of abducting party of, Work and Thompson, [155], [156].
Burroughes, George L., agent of Underground Road, [70].
Bushnell, Simeon, case of, [270];
penalty paid by, [279].
Buswell, N. C., on abduction by Canadian refugee, [152].
Butler, of South Carolina, on loss sustained by slave-owners, [341].
Buxton Settlement in Canada. See Elgin Association.
Buxton, Thomas Fowell, [207].
Cabot, Samuel, Jr., [103].
Calhoun, on Drayton's expedition with the Pearl, [173], [174];
on an enactment making it unlawful to aid fugitives, [309];
on the need of a new fugitive slave law, [313]; championship of the Slave Law of 1850, [314].
California, sanction of, to Slave Law of 1850, [246].
Calvinists. See Presbyterian Church.
Campbell, C. B., [58].
Campbell, Dr. Alexander, reward for abduction of, [53].
Canada, escapes from the American colonies to, [20], [292];
Clay's negotiations for extradition of fugitive slaves from, [22], [299], [300];
knowledge of, among slaves, [27]-30, [180], [182], [197], [198];
underground routes through New York to, [35];
early arrival of fugitives in, [43], [44];
entered from Detroit, [66];
number of fugitives forwarded to, by one abolitionist neighborhood before 1817, [87];
number sent to, by Chas. T. Torrey before 1844, [88];
fugitives received by people of Chief Brant in, [92];
terminals in, [127], [133], [134];
route to, via Portland, Me., [133];
Ontario, the goal of the great majority of runaways, [140], [148];
extent of the region in, settled by refugees, [148], [149];
hospitality of, [149];
abductions by refugees of, [152];
excursions of the abductor Fairfield to, [153], [154];
reception given Fairfield and his protégés on their arrival in, [154];
enthusiasm in, over John Brown's Missouri raid, [165];
part to be taken by refugees of, in Brown's plan of liberation, [167];
Dawn Institute in, [168];
delight of fugitives on reaching, [178], [196], [197];
ministrations of American Baptist Free Mission Society among refugees at Toronto, [183];
number assisted to, by abductor John Mason, [184];
trips of abductor Harriet Tubman to, [187], [189];
position of Canada on slavery question, [190], [191];
early arrival of fugitive slaves in, [192];
increased influx of fugitives, [193], [194];
refugees in, a representative body of the slave class, [195], [196];
severity of conditions in, [198];
treatment of refugee settlers in, [199], [200];
attitude of government of, toward refugees, [201]-203;
conditions favorable to settlement of fugitives in, [203]-205;
fugitive aid societies in, [204], [205];
Dawn Settlement, [205]-207;
Elgin Settlement, [207]-209;
Refugees' Home Settlement, [209], [210];
objects of the colonies, [210], [211];
Dr. Howe's criticism of the colonies, [211], [212];
defence of the colonies, [212], [213];
services of the colonization societies, [213]-215;
conclusions concerning the colonies, [216], [217];
fugitive settlers in towns of, [217], [218];
movement of fugitives to the interior of, [218], [219];
refugees in the eastern provinces of, [219];
refugee population in, [220]-224, [313];
occupations of refugees in, [223];
congregation of refugees in towns of, [225], [226];
prosperity of refugees in, [226], [227];
their domestic life in, [227], [228];
their school opportunities in, [228], [229];
their societies for self-improvement in, [230], [231];
their efforts for the rescue of friends from slavery, [231], [232];
their taxable property in, [232];
their political privileges in, [232];
their value as citizens, [233], [234];
return of many from, [235];
increased influx of fugitives into, after passage of law of 1850, [246]-250, [316];
escape of Shadrach and Jerry McHenry to, [317], [318];
Glover forwarded to, [328];
escape of Addison White to, [334];
extradition of Anderson refused by, [352], [353].
Canadian Anti-Slavery Society, on employment for Canadian refugees, [204];
on refugee population in Canada West, [221];
on congregation of Canadian refugees in towns, [225].
Canadian Magazine of Politics, Science, Art, and Literature, on Underground Railroad, [5].
Canal routes, [142].
Cape Breton Island, sea routes to, [219].
Capron, Effingham L., operator, [131], [132].
Capture, of fugitive slaves thwarted, [83]-86;
under Slave Law of 1850, [240]-242;
of fugitive settlers in the North, [316];
of Sims in Boston, [317];
of boy John near Oberlin, [335], [336].
Carpenter, Philo, operator, [88], [147].
Carpenter, slave-hunter, [53], [54].
Cass, Gen., Secretary of State, appealed to in the Addison White case, [334].
Caton, Judge, [283].
Cavins, E. C. H., on route through Indiana, [142].
Censor, the, containing "Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad," [4].
Census reports of Canada, on refugee population, [220].
Census reports of United States, on fugitive slaves, [26], [44], [342], [343].
Chace, Mrs. Elizabeth Buffum, [49]; on New Bedford route, [130].
Chamberlain, Hon. Mellen, [36].
Channing, Dr. Walter, [170].
Channing, Prof. Edward, on prosecutions of anti-slavery men, [317] n.
Chaplin, William L., abductor, [168], [175], [176].
Chapman, Capt., on delight of slaves reaching Canada, [196], [197].
Charles, John, [53].
Chase, Salmon P., on the Ordinance of 1787, [262];
on the fugitive slave clause in the Constitution, [263], [264];
in the Van Zandt case, [282];
counsel for fugitive slaves, [308], [309];
in the Addison White case, [334], [335].
Cheadle, Rial, abductor, [178], [179].
Cheney, Rev. O. B., [37], [134].
Chicago, a place of deportation, [83], [88], [147];
terminus for line through Livingston and La Salle counties, Ill., [139];
multiple routes of, [141];
hostility of, to law of 1850, [333].
Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, [79], [144], [165].
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, [79], [144].
Child, E., receiver of goods for Canadian refugees at Toronto, [202].
Chittenden, subscription of, for release of W. L. Chaplin, [176].
Christiana case, [280], [281], [317];
Thaddeus Stevens in, [282];
effort of the government to enforce the law of 1850 in, [319].
Church connection of U. G. R. R. helpers or agents, [93]-99;
of Canadian refugees, [216].
Church of fugitives, in Boston, [246];
in Buffalo, Rochester, Detroit, and Boston, [250].
Cincinnati Enquirer, the, on contention over Addison White case, [335] n.
Cincinnati, supplies for fugitives provided by Woman's Anti-Slavery Sewing Society of, [77];
Dr. N. S. Townshend conductor in, [104];
home of Harriet Beecher Stowe a station in, [105];
work of Levi Coffin in, [110]-112;
multiple routes in, [135], [141];
appeal of colored people in, to Mr. Dillingham, [174];
seizure of McQuerry in, [241];
counsel for fugitive slave cases in, [282];
effect of the Margaret Garner case in, [302], [303];
observations used in Uncle Tom's Cabin made in, [321].
Civil War. See War of Rebellion.
Claiborne, on loss sustained by slave-owners from 1810-1850, [341].
Clark, George W., coöperation of, with Capt. Walker in anti-slavery work, [171];
on the abductor Wm. L. Chaplin, [176].
Clark, Lewis, [171].
Clark, Milton, [171].
Clark, Wm. Penn, friend of John Brown, [164].
Clark, Woodson, informed against slaves, [278].
Clarke, Rev. James Freeman, on northern opposition to rendition, [25], [103];
on extent of U. G. R. R. system, [113], [114];
on protection of fugitives in Boston, [132] n.
Clay, Henry, negotiations of, with England for extradition of fugitives, [22], [44], [299];
flight of slave of, [27];
on the execution of the law of 1850 in Indiana, [48];
on the escape of slaves to Canada, [192];
on the Canadian refugees, [201];
on the difficulty of recapturing fugitives, [242];
championship of new Fugitive Slave Law by, [312], [314];
compromise of, [315];
proposition of, that the President be invested with power to enforce the law of 1850, [319].
Cleveland, boat service for fugitives from, [83], [252];
deportation station, [146];
eminent attorneys of, in Oberlin-Wellington case, [282];
trial of Oberlin-Wellington rescuers at, [336];
celebration in, over victory of abolitionists in Oberlin-Wellington case, [337].
Cleveland and Canton Railroad, [79].
Cleveland and Western Railroad, [79], [143].
Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, [79], [183].
Cleveland Plain Dealer, on results in Oberlin-Wellington case, [337].
Clingman, of North Carolina, on value of fugitive settlers in Northern states, [341].
Coffin, Addison, early operator in North Carolina, [40], [117].
Coffin, Levi, author of The Reminiscences of, [2], [4];
early service in North Carolina and Indiana, [40], [117];
methods of, [61], [64];
reputed president of the U. G. R. R., [69];
largest company of fugitives entertained by, [76];
devotee of underground work, [78], [110]-112;
on John Fairfield the abductor, [153];
visit of, to Canadian refugees, [199]-201, [218]-220;
on acquisition of land by Canadian refugees, [201], [202];
on the number of Canadian refugees, [221];
association of, with R. B. Hayes, [282].
Coffin, Vestal, organizer of U. G. R. R. near Guilford College, N.C., 1819, [117].
Coleman, family of refugees near Detroit, [236].
Collins, James H., counsel in defence of Owen Lovejoy, [283].
Colonies, fugitive slave clause in treaties between Indian tribes and, [91], [92];
of fugitive slaves in Canada, [205];
Dawn Settlement, [205]-207;
Elgin Settlement, [207]-209;
Refugees' Home Settlement, [209], [210];
Dr. S. G. Howe on refugee, [211], [212];
his criticism of, answered, [213], [214], [217];
services of, [215], [216];
conclusions concerning, [217];
question of extradition between American, [290].
Commissioners, duties of, under the second Fugitive Slave Law, [265];
creation of, due to decision in Prigg's case, [266];
surrender of James Hamlet by one of, [269];
power of, questioned, [269]-271;
observations of, regarding their own authority, [271];
remuneration of, [271].
Committees of Vigilance. See Vigilance Committees.
Communication, methods of, [56];
facsimile and other illustrations of messages, [10], [57], [58], [59], [79] n.;
use of signals across Delaware River, [125];
ease of, contributes to swell number of fugitives, [316].
Compromise of 1850, relation of second Fugitive Slave Law to, [265], [311];
repetition of, with modifications, proposed in 1860, [285], [286];
not a finality, [320];
how regarded by Northern people, [324];
failure of, [357].
Concklin, Seth, abductor, [157], [160]-162.
Conductors,
methods of, [60], [61], [64];
significance of the title, [67];
regularly employed, [69], [70];
number of, [87];
their hospitality, [88], [89];
their principles, [89], [90];
their nationality, [90], [91];
their church connections, [93]-98;
political affiliations of, [99]-101;
character of, [101];
penalties suffered by, [102];
proposed Defensive League of Freedom in behalf of, [103], [104];
notable persons among, [105]-112.
Confederation, New England (1643), provision in, for delivery of fugitives, [19];
Articles of, quoted, [19].
Congregational Church, operators among members of, [96]-98, [168];
abductor Charles T. Torrey, clergyman of, [168].
Congress, speech of J. R. Giddings in lower House on fugitive slaves, [105];
speech of Owen Lovejoy in lower House on fugitive slaves, [107];
the expedition of the Pearl subject of debate in, [173], [174];
resolution of 1838 in, providing for punishment of persons aiding fugitives, [193];
petitions presented by Kentuckians in upper House declaring danger of slave-hunting in Ohio, [242];
Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 in, [254];
power of, to legislate on subject of fugitive slaves, [255], [263], [264], [268];
cases growing out of differences between slave laws of the state and of, [260], [261];
counsel for fugitives elected to, [282];
excitement in, caused by last case under law of 1850, [285];
agitation in, for new slave law in 1860, memorials to, praying for repeal of law of 1850, attacks on slavery in, [286];
repeal of fugitive slave legislation by, [288], [289], [358];
Continental, incorporation of fugitive slave clause in Northwest Ordinance by, [293];
attempts at amendment of law of 1793 in lower House, [295];
in both Houses, [296];
agitation for new slave law (1817), [296], [297], [301], [309]-311;
Kentucky resolutions against admission of fugitives to Canada, presented to, [299];
Slave Law of 1850 adopted by, [311], [312], [314], [315];
message of President Fillmore to, December, 1850, [318];
Senate supports the President in enforcing Fugitive Slave Law, [319];
Gerrit Smith, member of, [320];
Sumner in Senate, on execution of, [325];
Racine mass-meeting declares null and void the law of, [327], [328];
charged with improper assumption of powers by convention in Cleveland, [336];
complaints of Southern members of, on account of loss of slaves, [340]-342;
Southern members of, on existence of Underground Railroads, [351], [352];
argument in, to prevent secession of border states, [355];
caution of, in dealing with fugitive slave question in crisis of the War, [355];
inexpediency of return of fugitives by the army, recognized by, [356];
acts of, leading up to repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, [356];
agitation in and out of, for rigorous Fugitive Slave Law, [357].
Congressmen, operators among, [92], [105]-108;
anti-slavery champions among, [173];
pro-slavery champions among, [173].
Conlisk, James, [92].
Connecticut, colony of, [19];
underground work of Samuel J. May in, [36], [109];
anti-slavery men from, organize Scioto Company, [38];
reward offered Indians by, for apprehending fugitives, [92];
personal liberty law of, [245], [246], [309];
law of colony of, against aiding fugitives, [292];
emancipation by, [293].
Conservative party, affiliation of negro voters in Canada with, [233].
Constitution of United States, fugitive slave clause in, quoted, [20];
effect of incorporation of fugitive slave clause in, [30];
burned at meeting of abolitionists, [101];
Giddings on relation of the law of 1850 to, [105];
quoted in support of immediatism, [206];
ineffectiveness of the fugitive slave clause in, [255];
trial by jury provided for in amendments of, [257];
amendment of, quoted against Fugitive Slave Law, [258];
slaves not parties to, [259]; slave-owner's rights under, [259], [261];
paramount to Ordinance of 1787, [263];
legislative warrant of Congress under, [264];
effect on execution of, due to Prigg decision, [265];
Prigg decision on language of, [267];
amendments to, proposed by Buchanan in 1860, [286], [353], [354];
adoption of Thirteenth Amendment to, [289], [356];
fugitive slave clause embodied in, [293];
disavowal of fugitive recovery clause of, by Liberty party, [310];
Webster on disregard of the slave clause in, [314];
limitations of state courts under, [330];
Ohio urges repeal of laws injuring efficiency of, [354].
Contemporaneous documents, rarity of, [7];

Still's collection of, [7], [8];
Parker's memoranda, [8];
notes left by John Brown, [8], [9], [165];
records of Jirch Platt, [9];
leaf from diary of Daniel Osborn, [9], [10];
extant letters, [10];
letter of William Steel, [51], [52];
memorandum of David Putnam, Jr., [55];
facsimile of message of John Stone, other messages, [57], [58];
letter of Thomas Lee, [58], [59];
letters of E. F. Pennypacker, [79] n., [143] n.;
letter of Francis Jackson, [99];
item from Theodore Parker's Journal, [109];
letter of Parker, [110];
letter of Rev. N. R. Johnston, [161];
letter of McKiernon, [161], [162];
letters relating to Harriet Tubman, [185], [186], [188], [189];
certificate of clerk of court in Sloane's case, [277] n.;
advertisement of runaway slave, [287];
facsimile of Osborn's record, [344], [345];
letter of Col. J. Bowles, [347]-350.
Continental Congress, incorporation of slave clause in Northwest Ordinance by, [293].
Contributing members, significance of name, [67].
Conveyance of fugitive slaves, schedule of "trains," [55];
variety of methods of, [59];
by vehicle, [60], [61];
as freight, [60], [155];
by rail, [78]-80, [142]-145;
by water, [81]-84, [144], [145];
methods employed by abductor Fairbank, [158], [160];
in Brown's raid, [164], [165];
in Drayton's expeditions, [172], [173].
Conway, Judge, [347].
Cook, Hon. B. C., counsel in fugitive slave cases, [283], [284].
Cornell, Cornelius, [124].
Corwin, R. C., [39].
Cotton-gin, effect of invention of, [26].
Counsel for fugitive slaves, [281]-285, [308], [309], [353].
Court, decisions terminate slavery in Canada, [191]-193;
provision in state Fugitive Slave laws for action by, [237], [238];
Wright vs. Deacon in, [256], [257];
Peter alias Lewis Martin in, [257];
Commonwealth vs. Griffith in, [258];
Prigg vs. Pennsylvania in, [259]-261, [264];
State vs. Hoppess in, [262];
Vaughan vs. Williams in, [262];
Jones vs. Van Zandt in, [262];
various courts on irreconcilability between law of 1793 and Ordinance of 1787, [262], [264];
authority of United States commissioners, [265], [271];
case of Sims in, [269], [270];
Scott's case in, [269], [270];
Miller vs. McQuerry, [269], [270];
Booth's case in, [270], [279], [329], [330];
case of ex parte Robinson in, [270];
case of ex parte Simeon Bushnell in, [270];
speech of Justice Nelson to grand jury in, [272];
action for penalty under law of 1798 in, [273];
prosecution in, [274];
prosecution of John Van Zandt in, [274];
Norris vs. Newton in, [276];
Oliver vs. Weakley in, [276];
case of Sloane in, [276], [277];
case of F. D. Parish in, [277];
Oberlin-Wellington rescue case in, [279], [336];
arguments of Chase and Seward in, [282];
hearing of fugitive Jim Gray in, [283], [284];
provision for appeal to United States Circuit in proposed Fugitive Slave Law of 1860, [286];
provision in House fugitive slave bill of 1817 in regard to proof of title before, [296], [297];
constitutionality of law of 1850 contested in, [327];
constitutional limitation of state, [330];
clash between federal and state, [334], [335];
effect of jurisdiction of United States, on abolitionists, [335];
trial of the fugitive Anderson before the Canadian, [353].
Covenanters, friends of fugitives, [13]-15, [32], [90], [115], [235].
See Presbyterian Church.
Cowgill, Dr. Thomas, [38].
Craft, Ellen and William, [82], [252];
rescue of, [317].
Crittenden, Gov. John J., pardons abductor Fairbank, [159].
Crocker, Mrs. Mary E., operator, [132].
Cross, Rev. John, prosecution of, [50], [51].
Crosswhite family, seizure of, [102].
Crothers, Rev. Samuel, [32].
Cruse, David, victim of Brown's raid, [163].
Cummings, Jacob, [154].
Curtis, George T., on the power of a commissioner, [271].
Cushing, Deacon, arrest of, [283].
Dalby, Mr., fugitive slave of, [33].
Dana, Richard H., visit of, to Brown's farm at North Elba, [127];
counsel for runaways, [283];
counsel for Burns, [331].
Dane, Nathan, on rendition of slaves in Northwest Territory, [293].
Daniels, Jim, appeal of, to John Brown, [162].
Danvers Historical Society, report of, on route of U. G. R. R., [133].
Davis, Charles G., counsel for fugitives, [283].
Davis, Jefferson, on escape of slaves from Mississippi, [82], [312], [313];
on prospects of non-execution of law of 1850, [315].
Davis, Joel P., map by, [140].
Dawes, Gen. R. R., on communication in underground service, [56] n.
Day, Dr., capture and incarceration of, [349].
Deacon, case of Wright vs., [256], [257].
Dean, John, counsel for fugitive slave, [285].
De Baptiste, George, agent, [70].
Declaration of Independence, quoted by abolitionists, [24];
principles of, [30];
as an "abolition tract," [31];
preamble of, [89];
quoted in support of immediatism, [306].
Defensive League of Freedom, proposed, [103], [104].
Delaware, reminiscences relating to, [11];
anti-slavery Quakers in, [31];
Joseph G. Walker of Wilmington, [67];
Thomas Garrett, of Wilmington, [110], [111], [117], [322];
route in, [117], [118];
refugee from, [195];
loss of slaves by, [312].
Democratic party, legislative action against Oberlin College proposed by, [97];
character of, [100];
congressional vote of, on Slave Law of 1850, [315];
Compromise of 1850 regarded as a finality by, [320];
governors belonging to, on personal liberty laws, [354].
Dennett, Mrs. Oliver, operator, [133].
Deportation, places of, for fugitive slaves, [36], [66], [82], [83], [145]-148.
Destitution, among fugitives, [76]-78, [109], [222], [223].
Detroit, crossing-place for runaways, [66], [147];
agents in, [70];
J. M. Howard, operator at, [106];
secret paths leading to, [135], [138];
arrival of John Brown and his abducted slaves in, [165];
supplies for Canadian refugees shipped to, [203];
fugitive settlers near, [236];
loss of colored members from church of, [250].
Detroit River, escape of thousands across, [147].
Devices for secrecy, [14];
need of, [47];
midnight service one of the, [54]-56;
guarded communications one of the, [56]-59;
hidden methods of conveyance one of the, [59]-61;
zigzag routes one of the, [61], [62], [302];
concealment of fugitives one of the, [62]-64;
use of disguises one of the, [64]-67;
multiple routes and switch connections one of the, [70], [137], [141];
employed by abductor Rial Cheadle, [179];
employed by Dr. A. M. Ross, [181], [182], [187];
employed by Harriet Tubman, [187], [188];
often neglected during period 1840-1860, [337].
Dewey, Rev. Dr., loyalty to Slave Law of, [238].
Dickey, Rev. William, [32].
Dickey family, [87].
Dillingham, Richard, charged with belonging to organized band of abductors, [30];
attempted abduction by, [174], [175].
Disguises, used in helping fugitives, [64]-67;
employed by Fairbank, [160];
kept by Joseph Sider for use in abductions, [157].
Dismal Swamp, place of refuge, [25].
District of Columbia, abduction from, [155];
disappearance of slavery from, attributed to U. G. R. R., [341], [342].
Dixon, Richard, [38].
Dobbins, Rev. Robert B., [32].
Dodge, Hon. Simeon, on U. G. R. R. from 1840 to 1860, [36], [37];
on route in New Hampshire, [132];
an operator, [133].
Dodge, of Indiana, vote on Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, [314].
Doherty, Fisher, [65], [66].
Dolarson, George, agent, [70].
Donnell and Hamilton, Ray vs., case of, [278].
Dorsey, Basil, rescue of, [84], [85].
Douglas Bill, U. G. R. R. work before and after, [194].
Douglass, Frederick, aided in New York City, [35];
collections made for fugitives by, [78];
refugees shipped over New York Central by, [80];
as agent in the South before his escape, [91], [118];
on excitement involved in his secret work, [104];
on Albany route, [125], [126];
on Brown's plan of liberation, [166];
on Harriet Tubman, [185];
many runaways assisted by, [251], [253];
a noted passenger of the U. G. R. R., [340].
Doyle, Dr., host of John Brown, [164].
Drayton, Capt. Daniel, abduction of slave family by, [172];
expedition of, with steamer Pearl, [172]-174.
Drayton, Hon. William, fugitive slave of, [33].
Dred Scott decision, denounced in eastern Ohio, [336].
Drew, Benjamin, on employments of Canadian refugees, [204];
on Dresden and Dawn Colonies in Canada, [207];
on effect of Slave Bill of 1850 on fugitive settlers in Northern states, [213];
on morality in Dawn Settlement, [216];
on early arrival of refugees in Canada, [218];
list of refugee communities mentioned by, [219];
on thrift of colored settlers in Canada, [227];
on schools for refugees, [229].
Duncan, Rev. James, on immediate abolition, [304]-306;
political action against slavery early advocated by, [305] n.
Durkee, Chauncey, [278].
Dutch, agreement of New Haven with the, for surrender of fugitive slaves, [19].
Dutton, A. P., runaways sent by boat to Canada by, [82], [83].
Dyer, Dr. C. V., conductor, [144].
"Early Settlement and Growth of Western Iowa," chapters of, valuable for history of U. G. R. R., [7].
Eastern states, hidden routes leading to, [120].
Edgerton, Hon. Sidney, operator, [106].
Edwards, William, cause of flight of, [27].
Eells, Dr. Richard, case of, [278], [282].
Elgin Association, formation and purpose of, [202], [207];
growth of, [208];
improvement of, [209];
Dr. Howe on, [212];
regulations of, [215]-217;
new settlers, of, [218];
special schools for negroes of, [229].
Elgin, Lord, participation of, in securing lands for Canadian refugees, [202], [207];
on extradition of fugitive Anderson, [353].
Eliza, escape of, in Uncle Tom's Cabin, [322].
Emancipation, celebration of West Indian, by Canadian refugees, [226], [227];
gradual, criticised by Rev. James Duncan, [305].
Emancipation Proclamation, Philadelphia Vigilance Committee terminated by, [75];
restricted operation of, [287], [356].
Emerson, R. W., friend of Harriet Tubman, [186].
England, Rev. W. M. Mitchell in, his book entitled Underground Railroad published in, [3];
fugitive slaves shipped to, [82], [133], [145];
Cowper's stanza on hospitality of, to slaves, quoted, [149];
act abolishing slavery in colonies of, [190];
refuses extradition, [192];
Clay on England's admission of fugitives to Canada, [201];
money collected in, for benefit of refugees, [206];
escape of fugitives to, after passage of law of 1850, [249];
negotiations with, regarding extradition, [299], [300], [302];
escape of William and Ellen Craft to, [317].
English Colonial Church and School Society, schools for refugees maintained by, [215].
English settlers, underground work of, [92].
Episcopal Church, appeal to societies of, [99].
Estimate of fugitives escaping into Ohio, same for Philadelphia, [346].
Eustace, Hon. J. V., counsel in fugitive slave case, [284].
Evans, John, [197].
Evans, Philip, [70].
Everett, John, conductor, [124].
Experiment, the, on number of lines of escape in Ohio, [135].
Fairbank, Calvin, abductor, [28], [61], [150], [157]-159, [251];
devices of, [65], [160];
on refugee settlers near Detroit, [236].
Fairchild, James H., pamphlet on The Underground Railroad by, [5];
on Oberlin as an anti-slavery centre, [89], [97].
Fairfield, John, the abductor, devices of, [65]-67, [153], [178].
Falley, Lewis, map of underground routes in Indiana by, [137]-139.
Federal Convention, a concession of, to slavery, [20];
fugitive slave clause embodied in United States Constitution by, [293];
work of, ratified by state conventions, [294].
Fessenden, Gen. Samuel, operator, [106], [133];
address of, at funeral of Charles T. Torrey, [170].
Fifteenth Amendment, adoption of, celebrated in Cincinnati, [111].
Fillmore, Millard, pardon of Capt. Drayton by, [173];
signed Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, [314];
on the Fugitive Slave Law, [318];
attempt of, to enforce the law, [319];
connection of, with the Shadrach rescue and Christiana tragedy, [319].
Firelands Pioneer, on Underground Railroad, [5].
Fisher, Hon. M. M., on New Bedford route, [130].
Florida, a refuge for runaways, [25];
escape of slave from Jacksonville, [81], [145];
Capt. Walker's attempted abduction of slaves from, [170].
Foote, Mr., [173].
Forsyth, J. M., reminiscence of, [13].
Fort Malden, C.W. See Amherstburg.
Foster, Stephen and Abby Kelley, operators, [132].
Fountain, Capt., abduction by, from Virginia, [81].
Fountain City, Ind., work of Levi Coffin in, [111];
multiple routes of, [141].
Fox, George, anti-slavery principles of, [93].
Frances, Dr., [109], [110].
Frazee, John H., operator, [88].
Frazier, Wm. A., reward for abduction of, [53].
Free Presbyterian Church, formation of, [96].
Freedman's Bureau, establishment of, [111].
Freedom, slaves' love of, [14], [25], [178], [195]-197.
Free Soil party, [100], [306];
principles of, [321];
abolitionists' share in organization of, [326];
state convention of, at time of attempted rescue of Burns, [332].
From Dixie to Canada, by H. U. Johnson, [4].
Fry, Gen. Speed S., [159], [160].
Fugitive slaves, memoranda of, in transit, [9], [10];
hiding-places of, [13], [63], [64];
routes of, in southern Illinois, [14], [15], [135], [139], [141];
in eastern Indiana, [16], [137], [138], [141], [142];
rendition of, in the colonies, [19], [20];
refuges of, in the Southern states and adjoining regions, [25];
United States census reports on, [26], [342], [343];
by whom encouraged along the way, [32];
rescue of, [38], [39], [83]-86, [240], [273], [275], [276], [284], [336];
earliest arrivals of, in Canada, [43];
pursuit of, [51], [52];
methods of conveying, [59]-62;
transportation of, over steam railroads, [59], [78]-81, [122]-124, [128], [130], [132], [133], [142]-145, [164], [165];
disguises furnished, [64]-67;
destitution among, [76]-78, [109];
transportation of, by boat, [82], [83], [146]-148;
escapes of, to England, [82], [133], [145], [249], [317];
friends of, in Iowa, [95], [98], [194], [195];
Oberlin, a well-known refuge for, [97];
prosecutions for aiding, [102], [103], [254], [273]-281, [283]-285, [317];
notable friends of, [104]-112;
main routes of, [118], [119], [134];
routes of,

through Pennsylvania, [120]-123,
through New Jersey and New York, [123]-128,
through Massachusetts, [128]-133,
through Vermont, [130], [131];
James Freeman Clarke on protection given, in Boston, [132] n.;
routes of, through
New Hampshire and Maine, [133], [134],
Ohio, [134]-137, [140],
Western states, [134]-141;
Ontario the goal of the great majority of, [140], [147];
escapes of, by sea, [144], [145];
journey of John Brown and party of, through Iowa, [164];
use of, in Brown's plan of liberation, [167];
delight of, on reaching Canada, [178], [196], [197];
escape of, from Canada to United States, [190];
rumors of Canada among, [192];
numbers of, early forwarded to Canada, [192];
resolution in Congress regarding friends of, [193];
number of, arriving daily in Canada, [194];
character of Canadian refugees, states whence they came, [195];
general condition of, in Canada, [198];
treatment of, in Canada, [199]-201;
attitude of Canadian government toward, [201]-203;
befriended by Indians in Canada, [203];
colonies of, in Canada, [205];
Dawn Settlement of, [205]-207;
Elgin Settlement of, [207], [209];
occupation of, in the colonies, [207], [223], [224], [226];
progress of, in Canada, [208], [209], [224]-228;
Refugees' Home Settlement of, [209], [210];
purpose of the colonies, [210], [211];
Howe's criticism of the colonies, [211], [212];
defence of the colonies, [212]-217;
fugitive settlers in the towns of Canada, [217], [218], [225], [226];
spread of, in Ontario, [218], [219];
in the Eastern provinces, [219];
number of abiding places for, in Canada, [219], [220];
population of, in Canada, [220]-222;
destitute condition of, on arrival, [222], [223];
domestic relations of, [227], [228];
schools for, in Canada, [228]-230;
associations for self-improvement among, [230], [231];
taxable property of, [232];
political rights of, in Canada, [233];
their value as citizens, [233], [234];
numbers of, and risks of, settling in Northern states, [236]-238;
pursuit of, [240], [241], [317];
seizure of, under law of 1850, [241], [242];
increased difficulty of reclamation of, in Northern states, [242], [243];
mass-meetings in favor of, [244];
enactment of personal liberty laws in defence of, [245], [246];
consternation among, in the North, due to law of 1850, [246]-248, [316];
Boston a favorite resort for, [246];
exodus of, from the States, [249], [250];
continued residence of, in the States after passage of law of 1850, [250], [251];
underground men among, [251]-253;
question of state's power to legislate concerning, [260], [261];
first congressional enactment concerning, questioned, [263], [264];
effect of Prigg decision in Northern states, [265];
penalties under law of 1850 for aiding, [271];
fervor in aiding, after 1850, [273], [357];
penalties for aiding, [273]-281;
counsel for, [281]-285, [308], [309];
arrest of friends of, [283]-285;
army officers forbidden to restore, [287];
colonial laws against, [290]-293;
question of extradition of, in 1787, [293];
Kentucky's protest against admission of, to Canada, [299];
significance of diplomatic negotiations regarding, [300];
effect of appeal of, [301];
from the border and cotton states, [312];
non-delivery of, as a Southern grievance, [314];
as missionaries in the cause of freedom, [323], [348], [357];
Garrison on, as public speakers, [325] n.;
Sumner on the import of the appeal of, to Northern communities, [325];
increasing number after 1850, [338];
computation of number aided in Ohio and Philadelphia, [346];
letter regarding aid given to, at Lawrence, Kan., [347]-350;
significance of controversy in regard to, [356].
Fugitive slave cases, [102], [103], [254], [273]-281, [283]-285, [317];
during period 1840-1860, [337].
Fugitive Slave Law of 1793,
substance of, [21], [22];
inefficiency of, [22], [31], [47];
support of state laws given to, [22], [237], [238];
origin of demand for, [254];
analysis and characterization of, [254], [255];
appeal to Ordinance of 1787 for overthrow of, [262];
court decisions on irreconcilability between Ordinance of 1787 and, [263];
constitutionality of, [264], [265];
prosecutions and penalties under, [272]-281;
Josiah Quincy counsel in one of the earliest cases under, [283];
early resistance to, [294], [295];
attempts at amendment of, [295]-298;
effect of Prigg decision on effectiveness of, [309].
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,
reason for enactment of, [2];
destruction of records of fugitives aided, due to, [7], [10], [11];
Parker's memoranda of resistance to, in Boston, [8];
causes which led to enactment of, [22], [44], [173], [174], [265], [290], [309]-311, [357];
substance of, [23];
effect of, [24], [25], [40], [44], [48], [71]-76, [187], [193], [194], [213], [214], [240], [241], [249], [250], [316], [317], [321], [323], [337], [338];
insistence of lower Southern states on enactment of, [30];
penalties provided by, [48], [102];
vigilance committees a product of, [71]-76;
denunciation of, by Theodore Parker, [90];
appeal to churches evoked by, [98], [99];
Defensive League of Freedom for persons violating, [103], [104];
Congressman J. R. Giddings defies, [105];
members of Congress violating, [106]-108;
other notable persons among violators of, [109]-112;
abductions following the passage of, [153]-155, [159]-166, [175], [181]-183, [187]-189;
the U. G. R. R. and the, [193], [290];
Dr. Howe on effect of, [194] n.;
effect of, on the arrival of slaves in Canada, [194], [213], [214];
Benj. Drew on effect of, [213];
Josiah Henson on effect of, [214];
homage paid to, [238], [239];
resistance to, condemned by newspapers, [239];
slave-hunting after enactment of, [240], [241];
active resistance to, in the North, [243]-246;
object of, [243];
consternation among fugitives in the North over, [246]-248;
exodus of fugitives from, and continued residence in Northern states after passage of, [249]-251;
grounds of attack upon legality of, [255];
Prof. Eugene Wambaugh on the dilemma involved in, [256] n.;
question of trial by jury under, [256], [257];
Prigg decision leads to, [265];
supplementary to law of 1793, [265];
objectionable features of, [266]-273;
old and new arguments brought against, [268];
remuneration of commissioners under, [271];
prosecutions and penalties under, [272]-281;
public denunciation of, [272], [318], [327]-329, [333], [336];
failure of penalties under, to deter resistance to, [272], [273];
arguments against, by Chase and Seward, [282];
last case under, [285];
amendment proposed in 1860 recognizing validity of, [286];
after 1861, [287];
repeal of, [288];
efforts which led up to, [297], [298], [301];
Webster's, Clay's, and Calhoun's support of, [314];
enactment of, [314];
by whom passed, [315];
enforcement of, [316]-318;
open resistance to, [318]-320;
the law of 1850 and Uncle Tom's Cabin, [321];
Sumner's efforts in Senate to secure repeal of, [324]-326;
open defiance of, during decade 1850-1860, [326] et seq.;
penetrating criticism of, by able counsel, [327];
pronounced unconstitutional by Wisconsin convention, [329];
hostility to, in Illinois, [333];
open violation of, in Oberlin-Wellington rescue case, [335];
repeal of, demanded by Republican party, [337];
Claiborne on the failure of, to make compensation to the South for abducted slaves, [341];
violation of, charged against the North by Southern congressmen during sessions of 1860-1861, [351], [352];
Buchanan on enforcement of, during his administration, [353];
purpose of Lincoln to execute, [355];
question of obligation to restore fugitives, [356].
Fuller, James C., [206].
Fullerton, Rev. Hugh S., [32].
Furber, James, operator, [133].
Fyffe, W. B., reminiscences of, entitled "History of Anti-Slavery Days," [6];
map of route in Illinois, by, [139].
Galesburg, Ill., old First Church of, as U. G. R. R. station, [64];
anti-slavery Presbyterians in, [96];
importance of, as a centre, [97].
Gallatin, on negotiations with England regarding extradition of fugitives, [299], [300].
Gannett, Dr. E. S., loyalty of, to Slave Law, [238].
Gardner, Ozem, [89].
Garland, B. W., claimant of Joshua Glover, [327].
Garner, Margaret, case of, [302];
effect upon public opinion of case of, [302], [303].
Garretson, Joseph, [57].
Garrett, Thomas, reward for abduction of, [53];
disguises provided by, [64];
ships fugitives by boat, [82];
a devotee of U. G. R. R., [110], [111];
on Harriet Tubman, [188];
aid given to Harriet Tubman by, [189];
Mrs. H. B. Stowe on, [322].
Garrison, William Lloyd, abstinence from voting of, [100], [101];
predecessors of, in advocacy of immediate abolition, [303]-308;
acquaintance of, with Rankin's Letters on Slavery, [308];
address to Southern bondmen by, [310];
on fugitives as public speakers, [325] n.;
preparation of the way for, [357].
Garrisonian abolitionists, principles of, [100], [101].
Gay, Sydney Howard, an efficient agent, [108].
Geneva College, influence of, [115].
Geography of U. G. R. R., feasibility of representing the, [113];
extent of, [113], [114];
number and distribution of stations, [114], [115];
Southern routes, [116]-118;
main channels of flight of slaves, [118], [119];
lines of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, [119], [120];
routes of eastern Pennsylvania, [120]-122;
routes of western Pennsylvania, [122], [123];
outlets through New Jersey, [123]-125;
routes of New York, [125]-128;
routes of New England states, [128], [129];
lines of Massachusetts, [129], [130], [132];
routes of Vermont, [130], [131];
branches of Rhode Island and Connecticut, [131];
routes of New Hampshire, [132], [133];
routes of Maine, [133], [134];
secret paths in the Western states, [134];
lines in Ohio, [135];
routes of Illinois, Michigan, and Iowa, [135], [136];
examination of map of Morgan County, O., [136], [137];
study of Falley's map of Indiana and Michigan routes, [137]-139;
map of simple route in Illinois, noteworthy features of general map, [139];
trend of lines, [139]-141;
multiple and intricate trails, [141];
broken lines and isolated place names, [141], [142];
river routes, [142];
routes by rail, [142]-144;
routes by sea, [144], [145];
terminal stations, [145]-147;
lines of lake travel, [147], [148];
Canadian ports, [148], [149].
Georgia, route from northern, [119];
in Brown's plan of liberation, [167];
Canadian refugees from, [195];
William and Ellen Craft from, [317];
convention on execution of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, [318], [319];
charges of bad faith preferred against the North by Jones of, [351].
Germans, attitude of, toward fugitive slaves, [92], [93], [355], [356].
Gibbons, Daniel, number of fugitives aided by, [10], [87], [88].
Gibbs, Mr., agent, [126].
Gibbs, Jacob, assistant of Rev. Charles T. Torrey, [169].
Giddings, Joshua R., friend of bondmen, [7];
source of abolition ideas of, [31];
hiding-place in house of, [63];
on attitude of North toward enforcement of law of 1850, [105], [106], [315], [316];
champion of anti-slavery party in Congress, [173].
Gilliland, Rev. James, [32], [41], [95].
Giltner vs. Gorham, case of, [275].
Glover, Joshua, arrest of, as fugitive, [327];
rescue of, [328], [329].
Glover, J. O., counsel for runaways, [284].
Goens, Reuben, visit to Canada by, [199].
Goodnow, Lyman, [92].
Gorham, Giltner vs., case of, [275].
Gorsuch, in Christiana case, [280], [319].
Grand Trunk Railroad, [80], [81], [133].
Grant, of firm of Baxter and, owners of Lewis Hayden, [158].
"Grape-vine telegraph," used by abolitionists, [56].
Gray, Jim, fugitive from Missouri, [283].
Gray, Jonathan H., [88].
Gray, O. C., counsel for runaways, [284].
Gray, Thomas L., reminiscences of, [6];
number of slaves aided by, [89];
on abductor Rial Cheadle, [178], [179].
Grier, Justice, charge of, to jury in the Mitchell case, [279];
charge of, to jury in the Christiana case, [281].
Griffith, Commonwealth vs., case of, [258].
Grimes, Rev. Leonard B., organizer of Church of the Fugitive Slaves, [246], [250], [251].
Grinnell, Hon. J. B., receiver of fugitives, [58];
"liberty room" in house of, [108];
host of John Brown, [164].
Guilford College, N.C., organization of U. G. R. R. near, [40], [117].
Gunn, Erastus F., on route in Massachusetts.
Hale, John P., a champion of anti-slavery party in Congress, [173].
Halliday, Simeon, counterpart of, in real life known by Mrs. Stowe, [322].
Hamilton, Ray vs. Donnell and, case of, [278].
Hamlet, James, case of, first under Slave Law of 1850, [269].
Hanway, Castner, part of, in Christiana case, [280], [281].
Harper, Jean, one of party abducted by John Brown, [163].
Harper's Ferry, prelude to, [162];
plan of attack upon, reported by Hinton, [167];
effect of attack upon, on value of slave property, [339].
Harrod, Leonard, on slave's desire for freedom, [195].
Harvard University, scholarship in, founded by escaped slave, Harriet Hayden, [158];
action of overseers of, against Loring, [333].
Harwood, Edward, [64].
Haviland, Mrs. Laura S., on labors of abductor Fairfield, [153], [154];
attempted abduction by, [171], [172];
work of, in Refugees' Home, [210];
Sunday-school of, for fugitives, [230];
intercession of, for the runaway Anderson, [353].
Hayden, Harriet, bequest of, to Harvard University, [158].
Hayden, Lewis, abduction of, [158];
operator, [251], [252].
Hayes family, [15].
Hayes, Rutherford B., counsel in fugitive slave cases, [282];
on effect of Margaret Garner case, [303].
Haywood, William, on underground route in Indiana, [16].
Henson, Josiah, knowledge of Canada carried among slaves by, [28];
as abductor, [176]-178;
on condition of Canadian refugees, [198];
founder of school in Canada, [205];
on work of British and American Institute, [214];
on morality of Dawn Settlement, [216];
on refugee population, [220], [221];
lumber industry established by, [223];
lectures on farming by, [224];
list of towns where refugees settled according to, [225];
on number of fugitive settlers in Northern states, [237];
on effects of Slave Law of 1850, [249];
a notable passenger of U. G. R. R., [340].
Hiding-places, for fugitive slaves, [12], [13], [14], [25], [40], [62]-65, [131], [248], [251], [252], [276], [280], [302].

Higginson, Col. T. W., indictment of, [103];
connection with U. G. R. R., [105], [132];
on continued residence of fugitives in Massachusetts after passage of law of 1850, [250];
part of, in attempted rescue of Burns, [331], [332].
Hill vs. Low, case of, [273].
Hill, Leverett B., [88].
Hill, Milton, [88].
Hinton, Richard J., on escapes through Kansas, [114];
on John Brown's plan of liberation, [166], [167];
on Dr. A. M. Ross, [183] n.;
on refugee population in Canada West, [221], [222].
History of Anti-Slavery Days, reminiscences by W. B. Fyffe entitled, [6].
History of Springfield, Mass., account of Connecticut River route in, [127].
Hodge, D. B., on abduction by Canadian refugee, [152].
Holmes, of Massachusetts, objections of, to bill of 1817 as basis of
new Slave Law, [297].
Holt, Horace, special conveyance of, for fugitives, [60].
Hood family, [15].
Hood, John, [14].
Hooper, John H., agent, [253].
Hope, A. R., author of Heroes in Homespun, [2], [5].
Hopkins family, [87].
Hopkins, Capt. Amos, stowaway on brig of, [81].
Hopper, Isaac T., methods of secret emancipation early practised by, [34], [35], [346], [347];
fugitives sent by sea by, [145].
Hoppess, State vs., case of, [256], [257], [259], [262], [263].
Hossack, John, indicted for helping fugitives, [284].
Howard, Col. D. W. H., [37].
Howard, Edward, early operator, [37].
Howard, Senator Jacob M., [106].
Howe, Senator, of Wisconsin, bill for repeal of Fugitive Slave Law introduced by, [286].
Howe, Dr. S. G., on escape of slaves, [43], [44];
on abductions by Canadian refugees, [152];
on origin of U. G. R. R., [192];
on effect of Slave Law of 1850, [194];
on reception of fugitives in Canada, [201];
on Elgin Settlement, [208], [209];
criticism of refugee colonies by, [212]-214;
on organizations for relief of fugitives, [217];
on number of colonies in Canada, [219];
on refugee population of Canada, [220]-222;
on condition of farmers among Canadian refugees, [224], [225];
on their thrift, [226] n., [227];
on their morality, [228];
on their ability to read and write, [230];
on their taxable property, [232];
on their value as citizens, [234].
Hubbard, of Connecticut, on enlistment of colored soldiers, [288].
Hubbard and Company, fugitives shipped from warehouse of, [148].
Hudson, David, early operator, [37].
Hughes, Thomas, [49].
Hunn, Ezekiel, operator in Delaware, [117].
Hunn, John, operator in Delaware, [117].
Hunt, N. A., on abducting methods of Mission Institute, [155], [156].
Hurlburt, Chauncey, [16].
Hyde, Udney, agent of U. G. R. R., [69];
defender of fugitive Addison White, [334].
Illinois,
U. G. R. R. in southern, [14], [15];
prospect of organization of, as a slaveholding state, [18];
anti-slavery sentiment in, [31];
anti-slavery Southerners in, [32], [41], [91];
rise of U. G. R. R. in, [41], [42];
secret operations at Dwight, [61];
reputed president of U. G. R. R. in, [69];
underground helpers in, [70], [88], [92];
transportation for fugitives by rail in, [79];
emancipated slaves in, [93];
Owen Lovejoy of, declares in Congress his right to aid slaves, [107];
Rev. Asa Turner on hidden thoroughfares in, [114];
population of various parts of, [115];
favorable situation of, [134];
distribution of lines in, [135];
chart of route in, [139];
trend of lines in, broken lines and isolated place-names in, [141];
deportation of fugitives from Chicago, [147];
abductors at southern extremity of, [151];
abducting enterprises at Quincy, [155];
vigorous work by abolitionists of, [194], [195];
failure of, to pass full personal liberty law, [246];
arrest of Owen Lovejoy and others, for aiding fugitives, [283];
spirit of nullification in, [333].
Illinois Central Railroad, [79], [144].
Illinois River, a thoroughfare for fugitives, [82].
Immediate abolition,
early advocates of, [303]-306;
Garrisonian movement, [307];
early formulation of principle of, in underground neighborhoods, [357].
Independent, the, on escape of slaves from Missouri after 1850, [194];
on "Ohio Underground Line," [195].
Indiana, Levi Coffin in, [4], [40], [41];
newspaper contributions on routes of southern, [7];
Grant County route in, [15], [16];
prospect of organization of, as a slaveholding state, [18];
anti-slavery Quakers in, [31];
beginnings of the U. G. R. R. in, [40], [41], [117];
Clay on enforcement of law of 1850 in, [48];
slave-hunters in, [53], [54], [65];
aid rendered by Female Anti-Slavery Association in, [77];
transportation by rail in, [79], [144];
emancipated slaves in, important underground centres in, [93];
secret work of Quakers in eastern, [94];
favorable situation of, [134];
distribution of routes in, [135];
Falley's map of lines in, [137]-139;
direction of routes in, [140];
Fountain City route in, broken lines and isolated place-names in, [141];
abductors along southern boundary of, [151];
capture of abductor Concklin in, [161], [162];
personal liberty law of, [245], [246];
rescue in, [275], [276];
principles of Rev. James Duncan, of southeastern, [304]-306;
vote of United States senators from, on law of 1850, [314].
Indians, effect of removal from Gulf states, [26], [308];
aid given fugitives by, [37], [38], [91], [92];
hospitality of, in Canada, [203];
Dawn Institute attended by, [207].
Indian Territory, fugitives from, [284].
Insurrection of slaves, Brown's plan to arouse, [166]-168;
danger of, lessened by the U. G. R. R., [340].
Intelligencer, the, on "evil" of running off slaves, [194].
Iowa, reminiscences of the "Early Settlement and Growth of Western," [7];
John Brown's journey through, [8], [9], [164];
organized as free state, [18];
anti-slavery Quakers in, [31], [33];
rise of U. G. R. R. in, [42], [43];
escape of Nuckolls' slaves through, [52];
transportation by rail in, [79];
Methodist operators in, [95];
underground lines in, [98], [114], [135], [136];
direction of routes in, broken lines and isolated place-names in, [141];
abductors along frontier of, [151];
underground activity of abolitionists of, [194], [195];
failure of, to pass full personal liberty law, [246];
capture of operators in, [284].
Irdell, on fugitive slave clause in Constitution, [294].
Irish settlers, underground work among, [92].
Jack vs. Martin, case of, [256], [257], [260].
Jackson, Andrew, supported by Illinois on nullification question, [333].
Jackson, Francis, letter of, regarding church contributions for fugitives, [99].
Jackson, William, [132];
on settlement of Queen's Bush, Canada, [204], [205].
Jacksonville, escape from, [81], [145].
Jacob, Gov. Richard T., pardons abductor Fairbank, [159], [160].
Jefferson, Thomas, "abolition tract" by, [31].
Jerry rescue. See Rescue of Jerry McHenry.
Johnson, attorney-general of Pennsylvania, on unconstitutionality of Fugitive Slave Law, [264].
Johnson family, fugitive settlers near Detroit, [236].
Johnson, Gabe N., operator, [64].
Johnson, H. U., author of From Dixie to Canada, [2];
characterization of his book, [4].
Johnson vs. Tompkins, case of, [273], [274].
Johnson, William, incident given by, showing misinformation about Canada among slaves, [197].
Johnston, Rev. N. R., letter of, on capture of abductor Concklin, [161].
Johnston, William, cause of flight of, [27].
Johnston, William A., on beginnings of U. G. R. R. in Ohio, [39].
Jolliffe, Amos A., on routes in western Pennsylvania, [123].
Jolliffe, John, counsel for fugitives, [282].
Jones, John W., colored agent, [128], [143], [252], [253].
Jones, of Georgia, brings charges against the North on account of U. G. R. R., [351].
Jones, of Indiana, vote of, on the Fugitive Slave Law, [314].
Jones, Thomas, on dissatisfaction in Refugees' Home Settlement, [216].
Jones vs. Van Zandt, case of, [262], [274], [275].
Jones, William Box P., transportation of, as freight, [60].
Jury trial, denial of, to fugitives, [256], [257].
Kagi and Stephens, responsible for shooting of David Cruse on Brown's raid, [163];
arranges for eastern trip of Brown, [164], [165];
Brown's plan of liberation related by, [166], [167].
Kanawha River, a thoroughfare for fugitives, [82].
Kansas, Brown's journey through, [8], [9], [136], [162]-164;
R. J. Hinton on escape of slaves through, [114], [119];
personal liberty law of, [246];
Bowles' letter on work of underground station of Lawrence, [347]-350.
Kansas-Nebraska Act, appeal to the churches evoked by, [99];
mass-meetings in opposition to, [328];
relation of Glover and Burns cases to, [331].
Kauffman, Daniel, prosecution of, [102].
Kelly, Abby, disowned by Uxbridge monthly meeting, [49].
Kelsey, Capt., master of an "abolitionist" boat, [82].
Kenderdine, John, [274].
Kentucky, news of Canada early brought into, [27];
abducting trip of Dr. A. M. Ross into, [28];
knowledge of Canada among slaves in, [28], [29], [37];
negotiations of, with adjoining free states for extradition of fugitives, [47];
slave-hunters from, [53], [54];
abduction of slaves from Covington, [61];
fugitives from, [85], [109];
Rev. John Rankin in, [109], [306];
underground routes from, [119];
incident of rescue from plantation of, [153];
abduction of the Hayden family from Lexington, [158];
visit of Mrs. Haviland to, for purpose of abducting slaves, [171], [172];
Henson's abduction of slaves from, [177], [178];
Elijah Anderson, abductor, imprisoned in, [183];
abductions from, by John Mason, [184];
Canadian refugees from, [195];
effect of slave-breeding in, [228];
John Van Zandt, anti-slavery man from, [274], [275];
rescue of fugitives escaped from, [275], [276];
Mallory of, on repeal of law of 1850, [288];
resolution of, against admission of slaves to Canada, desirous of extradition of fugitives from, [299];
Margaret Garner, a fugitive from, [302];
petitions Congress for protection for slaveholder, [311];
complaint of, against the free states, [312];
residence of Harriet Beecher Stowe on borders of, [321];
Senator Atchison of, on loss sustained by slave-owners of border states, [341];
fugitives from, recorded by Osborn, [344], [345];
Senator Polk on losses of, through underground channels, [352];
reasons of, for remaining in the Union, [354], [356];
insistence of, on retention of Fugitive Slave Law by the government, [356].
Kidnapping, of free persons in the North between 1850 and 1856, [240];
along southern border of free states, [295];
petition of Baltimore Quakers for protection of free negroes against, [296], [318];
case of, [318].
Kightlinger, Jacob, informer, [50], [51].
Kilbourne, Col. James, aids in rescue of a fugitive, [38], [84].
King, on the proposition to prohibit slavery in the Northwest Territory, [293].
King, Rev. William, [207]-209, [212];
projector of Elgin Settlement, [202], [207];
testimony of, concerning the settlement, [208], [209];
on morality of Elgin Settlement, [216];
on the civil offices held by Canadian refugee settlers, [233].
Kinjeino, Chief, friend of fugitives, [37], [38], [92].
Kirkpatrick family, operators, [87].
Kirtland, Dr. Jared P., station-keeper, [104].
Knox College. See Galesburg, Ill.
Knox, Hon. Joseph, counsel in fugitive slave case, [284].
Knoxville, Ill., multiple routes of, [141].
Lake Shore Home Magazine, chapters of "Romances and Realities of the Underground Railroad" in, [4].
Lane Seminary, secession of students from, [97].
Langdon, Jervis, agent, [128], [252];
forwards fugitives by rail, [143].
Langston, fined for aiding fugitives, [279].
Larnard, Hon. E. C., counsel in fugitive slave case, [284].
Latimer case, [337].
Lawrence, James, [162].
Lee, Judge Thomas, letter of, concerning family of fugitives, [58], [59].
Leeper, H. B., on beginnings of U. G. R. R. in Illinois, [41], [42];
on number of negroes aided, [88].
Leeper, John, early operator, [41].
Leland, Judge E. S., counsel in fugitive slave cases, [283], [284].
Leonard, Mr., slave aided by, [154].
Letters of underground men, [10], [11]. See Correspondence.
Letters on Slavery, by Rev. John Rankin, [308].
Lewis, Elijah, part in Christiana case, [280], [281].
Liberator, the, hiding-place over office of, [63];
on flight of slaves after enactment of law of 1850, [249], [250].
Liberty party,
in national politics, [100];
Gen. Samuel Fessenden, nominee of, for governorship of Maine and for Congress, [106];
part of Gerrit Smith in organization of, in New York, [107];
motives of abolitionists for joining, [306];
disavowal of fugitive recovery clause in Constitution by, [310];
convention of, in Syracuse during Jerry rescue, [318], [320];
abolitionists' share in organization of, [326].
Lightfoot, James, befriended by Josiah Henson, [177], [178].
Lincoln, Abraham, intervention of, in behalf of the abductor C. Fairbank, [159], [160];
Proclamation of Emancipation by, [287];
signs bill repealing Fugitive Slave Law, [288];
mentioned, [330];
election of, signal for secession, [352];
efforts of, to preserve the Union, [355].
Linton, Seth, on an abduction by Canadian refugee, [152].
Livingston and La Salle counties, Ill., chart of simple line through, [139].
Lockhart, Rev. Jesse, [32].
Loguen, Rev. J. W., agent, [126], [251];
first experience in Canada, [198];
passenger on U. G. R. R., [340].
Loring, Edward G., on the power of a commissioner, [271];
Burns remanded to slavery by, [332];
removed from the office of judge of probate, [333].
Loring, Ellis Gray, [133];
counsel for fugitive slaves, [283].
Louis, escape of, from court-room in Cincinnati, [85].
Louisiana, effect of purchase of, [26];
abducting trip of A. M. Ross into, [28];
fugitives from, [109];
escape of abductor John Mason from New Orleans, [185];
Canadian refugees from, [195];
Elgin Settlement projected by Wm. King, former slaveholder of, [202], [207].
Louisville, Ky., agent in, [151].
Louisville, New Albany and Chicago Railroad, [79], [144].
Lovejoy, Elijah P., [107], [171].
Lovejoy, Hon. Owen, defies Fugitive Slave Law in Congress, [107];
arrested for aiding fugitives, [283].
Low, case of Hill vs., [273].
Lowell, poem of, read at the funeral of Charles T. Torrey, [170].
Lower Canada, underground route via Portland, Me., to, [133].
Lucas, Geo. W. S., colored agent of U. G. R. R., [70].
Lundy, Benjamin, [308].
McClurkin, Jas. B. and Thomas, [14], [15].
McCoy, William, reward for abduction of, [53].
McCrory, Robert, [38].
McHenry, Jerry, rescue of, [72], [86], [239], [318], [320], [326];
place of embarkation of, for Canada, [127].
McIntire, Gen., a Virginian operator, [88].
McKiernon, on fate of abductor Miller, [161], [162].
McKim, J. Miller, on organization of Philadelphia Vigilance Committee, [75].
McLean, Judge, on the power of a commissioner, [270]-272.
McQuerry, case of Miller vs., [269], [271].
McQuerry, George Washington, seizure of, [241].
Madison, on the fugitive slave clause in the Constitution, [294].
Mad River Railroad, [78], [143].
Magazine of Western History, on U. G. R. R., [5].
Magill, Dr. Edward H., on lines of travel in eastern Pennsylvania, [122].
Mahan, Rev. John B., reward for abduction of, [53];
on abduction of slaves from the South, [150].
Maine, rise of U. G. R. R, in, [37];
steam railroad transportation for fugitives in, [80], [81];
stowaways on vessels from Southern ports arrive in, [81];
Gen. Samuel Fessenden, an operator in, [106];
routes of, [133], [134];
personal liberty law of, [246].
Mallory, of Kentucky, on repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, [288].
Mann, Mrs. Horace, friend of Harriet Tubman,

[186].
Maps of U. G. R. R., method of preparation of, [113];
general map, facing [113];
map of lines of Chester and neighboring counties of Pennsylvania, facing [113];
lines in Morgan County, O., [136];
map of lines of Indiana and Michigan in 1848, [138];
map of simple route through Livingston and La Salle counties, Ill., [139];
map of network of routes through Greene, Warren and Clinton counties, O., [140].
Marsh, Gravner and Hannah, subjected to espionage, [50];
conveyance of fugitives in market wagon by the latter, [60], [61].
Martin, case of Jack vs., [256], [257], [260].
Martin, Lewis, case of, [256], [257], [259], [260], [263].
Maryland, abducting trip of A. M. Ross into, [28];
knowledge of Canada among slaves in, [28], [29];
fugitive shipped in a box from Baltimore, [60];
number of slaves abducted from, by Charles T. Torrey, [88];
reward offered to Indians for apprehending fugitives by, [91], [92];
underground routes in, [117];
steady loss from counties of, [119];
movement of fugitives to Wilmington, [121];
agents of U. G. R. R. in Baltimore, [151];
escape of, and abductions by Harriet Tubman from, [186]-189;
Canadian refugees from, [195];
fugitives from, in western Pennsylvania, [276];
law against hospitality to fugitive slaves in, [291];
resolution of legislature of, against harboring fugitives, [298];
Rev. Geo. Bourne, a resident of, [303];
Pratt of, on loss sustained by slave-owners of his state, [341].
Mason, John, abductor, [178], [183]-185.
Mason, Lewis, counsel in fugitive slave case, [284].
Mason, of Massachusetts, on trial by jury for fugitives, [297].
Mason, of Virginia, on difficulty of recapturing fugitives, [243];
on the Fugitive Slave Law, [311], [312];
on loss sustained by slave-owners of his state, [341].
Massachusetts, extinction of slavery in, [17];
anti-slavery Quakers in, [31];
rise of U. G. R. R. in, [36], [37];
steam railroad transportation for fugitives in, [80];
refusal of German companies from, to aid in restoration of runaways, [92];
underground centres in, [94];
Constitution burned at Framingham, [101];
Defensive League of Freedom proposed in, [103], [104];
Theodore Parker, spiritual counsellor for fugitives in, [110];
routes through, [128]-130, [132];
escape of slaves from Virginia to, [144];
estimates of fugitive settlers in Boston and New Bedford, [235];
indignation meetings in, against Slave Law of 1850, [244];
personal liberty law of, [245], [246], [309];
consternation among fugitive settlers in Boston caused by law of 1850, [246]-248;
continued residence of fugitives in, after enactment of law of 1850, [250];
removal of fugitives from Pennsylvania to, after passage of law of 1850, [250];
underground men among fugitives in, [251], [252];
case of Commonwealth vs. Griffith tried in, [258], [259];
emancipation by, [293];
Holmes of, on House Fugitive Slave Bill of 1817, [297];
Mason of, on House bill, [297];
early pursuit in Boston and New Bedford, [302];
anti-slavery societies of, [327];
spirit of resistance to law of 1850 in, [327];
public opinion in, after rendition of Burns, [333];
amendment of personal liberty law of, [354].
Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, report of, on evasion of slaves, [193].
Massachusetts Bay, law of, against aiding fugitives, [292].
Matchett, Dr., [16].
May, Rev. S. J., connection with U. G. R. R., [105], [109], [131], [132];
on Southern helpers of U. G. R. R., [116];
friend of Harriet Tubman, [186];
visits of, to Canadian refugees, [199];
on number of fugitive settlers in Northern states, [237];
on instances of regard paid to Fugitive Slave Law, [238];
on Rev. J. W. Loguen, [251];
one of leaders in the Jerry rescue case, [326].
Mechanicsburg, O., importance of stations at, [69], [70];
attempted seizure of Addison White in, [241].
Merritt, Wm. H., colored operator, [92].
Messages, underground, [56]-58.
Methodist Church, schism in, [40], [49];
action against slavery taken by, [94];
secession of the Church South, [95].
Methodists, Wesleyan, friends of fugitives, [32], [235];
separation of, from M. E. Church, [50].
Methods, employed by some abductors, [151], [171], [179], [181], [182], [187].
Mexico, a refuge for fugitive slaves, [25];
fugitive clause in treaty with United States of, [299].
Michigan, station in, [16];
organized as free state, [18];
anti-slavery Quakers in, [31];
steam railroad transportation in, [79];
number of fugitives forwarded through Schoolcraft, [88];
Senator J. M. Howard an operator at Detroit, [106];
stations in, [116];
number of routes in, [135];
Falley's map of lines in Indiana and, [137], [138], [139];
direction of routes in, [141];
steam railway branches of U. G. R. R. in, [144];
supplies for fugitives sent to Detroit, [203];
settlement of fugitives at Detroit, [236];
personal liberty law of, [246];
flight of slaves from Detroit, after enactment of law of 1850, [250].
Michigan Central Railroad, [79], [144].
Midland Monthly, the, on U. G. R. R., [5].
Miller, [318].
Miller, a depot agent for "fugitive goods," near Detroit, [203].
Miller, alias Seth Concklin, [161].
Miller, Col. Jonathan P., operator, [107].
Miller, Mrs. Elizabeth Smith, on use of a station on the St. Lawrence, [127] n.
Milligan, Rev. J. S. T., letter of, [13], [14].
Milligans, the, in southern Illinois, [15].
Miller vs. McQuerry, case of, [269].
Minnesota, failure to pass full liberty law in, [246].
Minnis, Wm., [65].
Mission for refugees in Canada, [194].
Mission Institute at Quincy, Ill., [155];
anti-slavery spirit of, [155], [156].
Mississippi, abducting trip of A. M. Ross into, [29], [30];
escape of slaves by boat from, [82];
involved in Brown's scheme of liberation, [167];
Jefferson Davis of, on escape of fugitives from cotton states, [312], [313];
fugitive from Vicksburg, recorded by Osborn, [344].
Mississippi River, a thoroughfare for fugitives, [82], [312], [313];
routes traced from, [134];
terminals along, [136].
Missouri, Brown's raid into, [8], [108], [162]-166;
knowledge of Canada among slaves in, [29];
Galesburg, Ill., a refuge for runaways from, [97];
Grinnell, Ia., a refuge for runaways from, [98];
egress of slaves from, [136];
Chicago, the deportation point for fugitives from, [147];
abductions from, [152];
abduction from, by Burr, Work and Thompson, [156];
effects of John Brown's raid in, [165];
number of slaves escaping from, [194];
escape of Wm. Wells Brown from, [252];
grievance of, on account of loss of slaves, [312];
Lawrence, Kan., as known in, [347];
Senator Polk of, on the U. G. R. R., [351], [352].
Missouri Compromise (1820), [100];
fugitive slave clause in, [298];
set aside by Kansas-Nebraska Act, [331];
together with law of 1850 produces crop of personal liberty bills, [245], [246], [338].
Mitchell, fined for aiding fugitives, [279].
Mitchell, Daniel, operator, [131].
Mitchell, Gethro and Anne, operators, [131].
Mitchell, Hon. Thomas, message sent by, [58].
Mitchell, Rev. W. M., author of The Underground Railroad, [2], [3];
account of naming of the U. G. R. R. given by, [45], [46];
on abductor John Mason, [183], [184];
on number of Canadian refugees, [222];
opinion of Canadian government on fugitives as settlers reported by, [233];
on slave-hunting in Northern states, [239].
Monroe, Prof. James, on effect on public sentiment of Margaret Garner case, [303].
Montreal, objective point of fugitives, [140].
Moore, Dr. J. Wilson, on progress made by refugee settlers in Canada, [226], [227];
on civil offices held by refugees, [233].
Moore, Eliakim H., on early assistance of fugitives, [38].
Moore, of Virginia, on loss sustained by slave-owners of his district, [341].
Moores, the, station-keepers, [15].
Morgan County, lines through portion of, [136], [137].
"Moses," name given to Harriet Tubman, [186].
Mott, Richard, M.C., operator, [92], [106].
Mullin, Job, on early operations, [38].
Multiple and intricate trails, [61], [62], [70], [121], [130], [141]-146.
Myers, Stephen, colored agent of U. G. R. R., [70], [126].
Nalle, Charles, forcible rescue of, [85].
Nashville Daily Gazette, on trial of Richard Dillingham, [174], [175].
Nationality of underground helpers, [91], [92].
Neall, Daniel, [68].
Nebraska, escape of Nuckolls' slaves from, [52];
egress of slaves from, [136].
Negroes, proposition to enslave free, [26];
settlements of, resorted to by fugitives, [32];
settlements of, in southern Ohio, [115];
in New Jersey, [125];
relative progress of colored people of Canada and free, of United States, [227];
affiliations of voters among Canadian, [233];
rights of, violated by Fugitive Slave Law, [261];
participation of, in rescue of fugitives, [276], [332];
petition against kidnapping of, [296];
increase in number of fleeing, after passage of law of 1850, [316];
arrest of free, [317], [318].
Nelson, Dr. David, [96]; abducting enterprises of, [155].
Nelson, Judge, in decision in case of Jack vs. Martin, [257];
on the Fugitive Slave Law, [272].
New Bedford, Mass., estimate of fugitive settlers in, [235], [236];
Frederick Douglass in, [251].
Newberne, N.C., agent in, [68], [81], [117];
escape of slaves from, [144].
New Brunswick, Canada, routes to, [133], [219].
New England, information secured concerning underground lines in, [11];
slavery extinguished in, [17];
anti-slavery settlement in, [31], [93], [171];
rise of U. G. R. R. in, [36], [37];
fugitives from the South landed on coast of, [81], [144];
extent of underground system in, [113];
settlers in Ohio from, [115];
fugitives sent to, [121], [125];
routes of, [128]-134, [219];
direction of routes in, [140], [195], [219];
terminal stations in, [145];
career of Lewis Hayden in, [158];
stipulation for return of fugitives in agreement of Confederation of 1643, [292];
memorial asking repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, from Quakers in, [324];
sentiment in, adverse to the South's treatment of the compromises, [331].
New England Anti-Slavery Society, annual meeting of, at time of attempted rescue of Burns, [382].
New England Magazine, on Underground Railroad, [5], [6].
New Garden, Ind. See Fountain City, Ind.
New Hampshire, rise of Underground Railroad in, [36], [37];
routes of, [132], [133];
failure to pass full personal liberty law in, [246];
early opposition to Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, [295].
New Haven, agreement of colony of, with New Netherlands for surrender of fugitives, [19].
New Jersey, slavery extinguished in, [17];
anti-slavery Quakers in, [31];
rise of Underground Railroad in, [34];
routes of, [120], [121], [123]-125;
abductors along southern boundaries of, [151];
settlement of fugitive slaves among Quakers at Greenwich, [236];
sanction to Fugitive Slave Law, [246];
slave-owner from, prosecuted, [274];
penalties in, for transporting fugitives, [291], [292].
New Netherlands,
agreement of colony of, with New Haven for surrender of fugitives, [19];
aid prohibited to fugitives in, [290], [291].
New Orleans, escape of abductor John Mason from, to Canada, [185].
Newspapers, accounts of Underground Railroad in, [6], [7];
anti-slavery, [168].
Newton, case of Norris vs., [275], [276].
New York, E. M. Pettit, conductor in southwestern, [4];
slavery extinguished in, [31];
rise of U. G. R. R. in, [34], [35];
special agent in Albany, [70];
effect of rescue of Jerry McHenry in central, [72];
supplies for fugitives provided by Women's Anti-Slavery Society of Ellington, [77];
steam railroad transportation in, [80];
anti-slavery sentiment among Friends in, [93];
favorable conditions for U. G. R. R. in western, [115];
character of population in, [115];
routes of, [120]-128;
direction of lines in, [140];
broken lines and isolated place-names in, [141];
terminal stations in, [145], [146];
in the Patriot War, [193];
settlement of fugitives in, [236];
condemnation of Jerry rescue by many newspapers, [239];
seizure of alleged fugitive in Poughkeepsie, [241];
indignation meetings at Syracuse against law of 1850, [244], [320];
personal liberty law of, [245], [246];
flight of slaves from, [250];
agents in, [251]-253;
abduction of free negroes from, [269];
colonial law of, to prevent escape of fugitives to Canada, [292];
address to slaves by liberty party convention in, [310];
address of Seward of, in behalf of fugitives, [313];
Jerry rescue in Syracuse, [318];
convention at Syracuse, sends congratulatory message to Wisconsin, [328], [329].
New York City, U. G. R. R. in, [35];
Vigilance Committee of, [71];
indignation meeting at Syracuse against Fugitive Slave Law, [244].
New York Central Railroad, [80].
New York Tribune, letter from John Brown to, [8], [9], [165], [166].
Niagara River, important crossing-places to Canada along, [146].
Nicholson, Valentine, method of disguise of fugitive employed by, [64], [65].
Nomenclature of stations in New Jersey, [124].
Norfolk, Va., escape by boat from, [81], [144], [145];
natural route for escape of slave from, [118].
Norris vs. Newton, case of, [275], [276].
North American Review, on reclamation of fugitives in the North, [243].
North Carolina, Levi Coffin in, [4], [111];
reminiscences relating to, [11];
organization of U. G. R. R. in, (1819,) by Vestal and Levi Coffin, [40];
escape of slaves from, [81], [144], [145];
anti-slavery sentiment among Quakers in, [93];
involved in Brown's plan of liberation, [167];
Canadian refugees from, [195];
law against aiding fugitives in colonial times, [292];
Iredell on slave clause in Constitution before state convention of, [294];
Clingman of, on value of fugitive settlers in Northern states, [341].
Northern Central Railroad, [80], [122], [128], [143], [252], [253].
Northern states, lack of formal organization in underground centres of, [69];
steam railroad transportation for fugitive slaves in, [78]-81;
denunciation of law of 1850 in, [90], [243], [244], [318];
list of, through which the underground system extended, [113], [114];
most used underground routes in, [119];
congested district in, [120], [121];
favorable situation of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois for underground work, [134];
sea routes to, [144];
reception of abductor Capt. Walker in, [170], [171];
effect of recital of Capt. Walker's experience upon, [171];
appeal of fugitives to anti-slavery people in, [191];
formation of lines of Underground Road in, during decade 1828-1838, [193];
Canadian refugees visited by abolitionists from, [199]-201;
effect of apprenticeship of colored refugees in, [204], [212], [213];
settlement of fugitives in, [235];
number of and risks of fugitive settlers in, [237]-240;
slave-hunting in, [240], [241];
effect of Fugitive Slave Law on fugitive slaves in, [241], [242], [246]-248;
increased difficulty of reclamation in, [242], [243];
personal liberty laws enacted by, [245], [246];
exodus of fugitives from, [249], [250];
continued residence of fugitive slaves in, after law of 1850, [250], [251];
underground men among fugitives in, [251]-253;
first Fugitive Slave Law stirs popular sense of justice in, [255];
antagonism between state and federal Fugitive Slave laws, [259]-260;
non-interference of law of 1793 with laws of, [263];
laws of, dealing with subject of fugitive slaves, [264];
disinclination of, to restore fugitives after Prigg decision, [265];
possibility of abduction of free negroes from, under law of 1850, [268], [269];
counsel for fugitives in, [281]-285;
attitude of people toward proposed Fugitive Slave Bill of 1860, [286];
object lessons in horrors of slavery in, [290];

abduction of free negroes from, under law of 1793, [295];
vote of members of Congress of, on proposed amendment to slave law of 1793, [296];
proof of early anti-slavery sentiment in, [300];
effect of fugitive slaves' appeal in, [300]-303;
effect of Garrisonian movement on resistance to Fugitive Slave Law in, [308], [309];
attitude of population toward fugitives, [313];
significance of vote on law of 1850, [314];
era of slave-hunting in, [316];
Webster's advocacy of obedience to law of 1850 throughout, [320];
brought face to face with slavery bylaw of 1850, [321];
effect of Uncle Tom's Cabin on people of, [323], [324];
Mrs. H. B. Stowe, champion of victims of slavery in, [323];
acceptance of Compromise of 1850 as a substantial political settlement in, [324];
Sumner on import of the appeal of fugitive slaves to communities in, [325];
open defiance to Fugitive Slave Law in, (1850-1860,) 326 et seq.;
confederacy among cities of, proposed to defend fugitives from rendition, [328], [329];
effect of Kansas-Nebraska Act on public feeling in, [331];
double effect of law of 1850 in, [337], [338];
charge of bad faith on part of, unsustained by statistics on fugitive slaves, [342], [343];
underground operations the basis of important charges against, in crisis of 1850, [351], [352];
efforts of Congress to appease spirit of secession, [354];
protest against employment of troops from, as slave catchers, [355];
effect of Underground Road in creating anti-slavery sentiment in, [357].
Northwest Ordinance,
slavery excluded by, [17], [18];
organization of states under, [18];
fugitive slave clause in, quoted, [20], [293];
alleged repugnancy of law of 1793 to, [255], [262], [263];
alleged hostility between law of 1850 and, [268];
protection afforded slave-owners by, [298].
Northwest Territory,
slavery excluded from, [17];
study of map of underground lines in, [120];
multitude of lines within, [134], [135];
appeal to Ordinance of, in effort to overthrow law of 1793, [262], [263];
obligations of a state carved from, [263].
Norton, Mr., [258].
Notable persons among underground helpers, [104]-112, [163]-189.
Nova Scotia, disappearance of slavery from, [191];
sea routes to, [219];
fugitives sent from Boston to Halifax in, [248].
Nuckolls, escape of slaves of, [52].
Nullification, spirit of, in the North, [326]-338.
Number, of underground helpers discovered, [87];
of fugitives befriended by various operators, [87]-89, [111];
of fugitives using the valley of the Alleghanies, [118] n.;
of fugitives sent over lines of southeastern Pennsylvania, [121];
of fugitives aided by E. F. Pennypacker in two months, [143] n.;
of terminal stations along northeastern boundary of Northern states, [145];
impossibility of estimating, of fugitives emigrating from any one port, [146];
of fugitives crossing Detroit River, [147];
of fugitives helped by one man to Canada-bound vessels, [147];
of deportation places along southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, [147];
of resorts for refugees in Canada, [148], [149];
of refugee abductors visiting the South annually, [152];
abducted by Fairfield on one trip, [154];
of slaves abducted by Fairbank, [160];
of slaves abducted by Charles T. Torrey, [169];
abducted by Drayton on the Pearl expedition, [172];
of a party rescued by Josiah Henson, [177];
total, abducted by Josiah Henson, [178];
freed by Elijah Anderson, [183];
freed by John Mason, [184];
freed by Harriet Tubman, [186];
forwarded by abolitionists in southern Ohio before the year 1817, [192];
of slaves arriving daily at Amherstburg, Ontario, both before and after enactment of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, [194];
flocking into Canada, [200];
of negro communities in Canada, [219], [220];
of refugee population in Canada, [220]-222, [313];
estimated, of refugee settlers in Boston and New Bedford, [235], [236];
of fugitive settlers in Northern states, [235]-237;
of arrests of fugitives between 1850 and 1856 recorded, [240], [241];
of fugitives taking flight from Northern states after law of 1850, [249], [250];
in companies transported by boat across Lake Erie by W. W. Brown, [252];
increase in, of fugitives after passage of the law of 1850, [316];
of slaves lost by the South through flight and abduction estimated, [341], [342];
of fugitives given in census reports for 1850 and 1860, [342];
aided by Osborn, as seen in record kept during five months, [344]-346;
of fugitives aided in Lawrence, Kan., during 1855-1859, [348];
of negroes transported by American Colonization Society, [350];
of underground operators in Ohio and other states, [351].
Oberlin, a station, [89], [97], [98], [150];
multiple routes of, [141];
sentiment against abductions in, [150].
Oberlin College, [5];
anti-slavery influence of, [33], [115];
denomination and work of, [97], [98];
C. Fairbank, abductor, student of, [157];
interest of, in Oberlin-Wellington rescue, [336], [337];
celebration at, over victory of abolitionists in Oberlin-Wellington case, [337].
Oberlin-Wellington rescue case, before United States District Court, [279];
penalties levied in, [279];
eminent attorneys in, [282];
account of, [335]-337.
Officers of the U. G. R. R., [67];
title of "President" borne by Peter Stewart, [69];
title of "President" bestowed upon Levi Coffin, [111], [112];
Jacob Bigelow called "general manager" of a route, [117];
a "general superintendent" mentioned, [125];
Elijah Anderson designated "general superintendent" of U. G. R. R. in northwestern Ohio, [183].
Ohio, computation of number of slaves escaping into, [10], [346];
special agents or conductors in, [13], [69], [70], [88], [89];
organized as free state, [18];
Fugitive Slave Law of, [22], [47], [48], [237], [238];
underground stations on Western Reserve in, 1815, [28];
anti-slavery sentiment in, [31], [32], [95], [96];
rise of the U. G. R. R. in, [37]-40;
Clay declares law of 1850 is enforced in, [48];
night service at stations in, [55], [56];
steam railroad transportation in, [78], [79];
underground operations in southern, [87], [184], [301];
underground helpers of Scotch and Scotch-Irish descent in, [92];
underground centres in, [93];
denominational relations of operators in, [93], [95]-98;
Van Zandt case in, [102];
prosecution of Rush R. Sloane of Sandusky, [102];
notable operators in, [104]-112;
U. G. R. R. routes through, [113], [119];
distribution of stations in, [114], [115];
favorable situation of, [134];
number of underground paths in, [135];
lines through Morgan County, [136], [137];
direction of routes in, [140], [141];
terminal stations in, [146], [252];
Detroit a receiving station for western routes of, [147];
abductors along the southern boundaries of, [151];
Independent, the, on increase in number of passengers of, [195];
seizure of McQuerry in, [241];
danger of slave-hunting in, [242];
Slave Law denounced by meeting of Ashtabula County, [244];
personal liberty law of, [246];
dismissal of fugitives from custody at Sandusky, [276];
Blake of, introduces bill praying for repeal of law of 1850, [286];
Seward's address in, advising hospitality to fugitives, [313];
Giddings on impossibility of enforcement of law of 1850 in, [315];
contests between state and federal authorities in, [334];
illustrated in Ad. White rescue case, [334], [335], and in Oberlin-Wellington case, [335]-337;
Oberlin-Wellington rescue commended by mass-meetings in eastern, [336];
number of underground operators in, [351];
states urged to repeal personal liberty laws by, [354].
Ohio River, a thoroughfare for fugitives, [82];
routes traced northward from, [134];
crossing-place on, [137];
initial stations along the, [139];
escape of Eliza across, at Ripley, [322].
Oliver, Rev. Thos. Clement, on routes of New Jersey, [123]-125;
on fugitive settlers in New Jersey, [236].
Oliver vs. Weakley, case of, [276].
Ontario,
surviving fugitives in, [11];
testimony of fugitives in, [27], [29], [76];
fugitives conveyed by boat to Collingwood, [83];
fugitives received by people of Chief Brant in, [92];
goal of the great majority of runaways, [140];
Clay on the admission of the refugee class by, [201];
unsettled condition of, at time of beginning of immigration of fugitives into, [203];
separate schools for negroes in, [229];
action of Parliament of, in encouragement of fugitives, [233].
Ordinance of 1787. See Northwest Ordinance.
Organization, of the U. G. R. R., [67]-70;
U. G. R. R. work by an alleged regular, [279];
league for self-protection among negroes in southeastern Pennsylvania, [280];
formal organization of U. G. R. R. in Philadelphia, [309].
Orton, Prof. Edward, [35].
Osborn, Daniel, record kept by, as operator at Alum Creek Settlement, O., [345], [346].
Ottawa, Ill., multiple routes of, [141].
Paine, Byron, political reward of, for defence of Booth, [330].
Parish, F. D., fined for assisting runaways, [277], [278].
Parker, Asbury, fugitive, [76].
Parker, Chief Justice, on searching a citizen's house without warrant for a slave, [258].
Parker, Prof. L. F., on underground work in Iowa, [33], [42], [43], [98].
Parker, Theodore, scrap-book of, relating to renditions of Burns and Sims, [8];
explanation of origin of vigilance committees given by, [71];
public denunciation of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 by, [90];
indictment of, for attempted rescue of Burns, [103];
journal and letter of, quoted, [109], [110];
supporter of Dr. A. M. Ross, [180];
on number of fugitives in Boston, [235];
aid given by, to William and Ellen Craft, [317];
part in the Burns rendition case, Boston, [331], [332].
Parker, William, leader in Christiana rescue case, [10];
leader in league among fugitives for self-protection, [280].
Parliament, action by Ontario, in encouragement of fugitives, [233].
Patriot, the, Charles T. Torrey, editor of, [169].
Patriot War, part taken by fugitive slaves in, [193].
Patterson, Isaac, operator, [13].
Payne, George J., operator, [89].
Pearl, the schooner, capture of, [172],173.
Peirce, I. Newton, message sent by, [57];
connection with the U. G. R. R., [105], [143].
Penalties, levied for breaking the Fugitive Slave laws, [102], [103], [110];
suffered by Burr, Work and Thompson, [156];
paid by Calvin Fairbank and Miss Delia Webster for abducting Hayden family, [158], [159];
suffered by Charles T. Torrey for abducting slaves, [169];
suffered by Capt. Jonathan Walker for abduction of slaves, [170];
fine and imprisonment of Capt. Drayton, [173];
suffered by Richard Dillingham, [174], [175];
imposed upon W. L. Chaplin for abduction of slaves, [176];
suffered by Elijah Anderson, [183];
created by Slave Law of 1850, [265], [266];
failure of, under law of 1850 to deter resistance to the law, [272], [273];
double penalty under law of 1793, [274], [275];
for hindering arrest of fugitive slaves, [279];
imposed on Booth for aiding in the Glover rescue, [329], [330].
Pennsylvania, slavery extinguished in, [17];
anti-slavery sentiment in, [31], [33];
rise of U. G. R. R. in, [37];
steam railroad transportation in, [79], [80];
operations in Lancaster County, [87];
in Chester County, [88];
protest of German Friends in, against slave-dealing, [93];
numerous underground centres among Quakers of southeastern, [94];
Presbytery of Mahoning, helps form a new church, [96];
Presbyterian operators in western, [97];
Unitarian centre at Meadville, [98];
prosecution of Daniel Kauffman of Cumberland County, [102];
Thomas Garrett, native of, [110];
extent of U. G. R. R. system through, [113];
favorable condition for U. G. R. R. in western, [115];
study of map of U. G. R. R. lines in New Jersey, New York and, [120];
routes of eastern, [121], [122];
routes of western, [123];
direction of lines in, [140];
multiple and intricate routes in southeastern, [141];
broken lines and isolated place-names in, [141];
terminal stations in, [144], [145];
abductors along southern boundaries of, [151];
fugitive settlers in northwestern, [236];
Fugitive Slave Law of, [237], [238], [260];
seizure of family of negroes at Uniontown in, [241];
liberty law of, [246], [309];
exodus of fugitives from, after enactment of law of 1850, [250];
Prigg case in, [260], [261];
law of, against aiding fugitives in colonial times, [292];
emancipation by, [293];
petition of Abolition Society of, for milder slave law, [296];
Sergeant of, on House Fugitive Slave Bill of 1817, [297];
complaints against people of, for harboring fugitives, [298];
early pursuit in eastern, [302];
Christiana case in, [317]-319;
kidnapping of free negro in, [318].
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, Wm. Still, clerk of, [3], [75];
Harriet Tubman, a visitor at office of, [187].
Pennsylvania Railroad, [30].
Pennypacker, Elijah F., letter of, relating to fugitives, [79] n., [143] n.;
station-keeper, [121].
Personal liberty laws, object of, [245], [357];
Buchanan's recommendations regarding, [286], [353], [354];
of Massachusetts and other states, [309];
enacted by Wisconsin, [330];
slave-catchers indicted under, [336];
characteristic of period 1840-1860, [337];
induced by Missouri Compromise and law of 1850, [338];
referred to as a grievance by Jones of Georgia, [351].
Peterboro, N.Y., station of Gerrit Smith in, [127], [128];
visited by abductor A. M. Ross, [180];
address to slaves issued from, [310].
Petersburg, Va., agent in, [118].
Pettijohn, Amos, reward for abduction of, [53].
Pettit, Eber M., author of Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, [2];
characterization of his book, [4];
on number of main routes in New York, [125].
Philadelphia, Vigilance Committee of, [3], [71], [75], [76], [80]-82, [121], [145], [232];
fugitives aided in, [10];
continuous record of, as an underground centre, [34];
anti-slavery sentiment among Friends in, [93];
outlet from, [122];
receives absconding chattels from Newberne, [144],
from Baltimore, [151];
trial of Christiana case in, [281], [319];
counsel for fugitives in, [317];
computation of fugitives aided in, [346], [347].
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, [79], [143].
Phillips, Wendell, indictment of, [103];
address in Faneuil Hall on the occasion of the Burns case, [332].
Piatt, slaves lost by family of, [283].
Pickard, S. T., on U. G. R. R. work in Portland, Me., [133].
Pickrell, Mahlon, on period of operations in Ohio, [39].
Pierce, Franklin, meaning of election of, [321].
Pierce, William S., counsel for fugitive slaves, [284].
Pinckney, on fugitive slave clause in the Constitution, [21], [294].
Pindall, of Virginia, on a bill for increased security of slave property, [296].
Pinkerton, Allen, friend of John Brown, [165].
Place, Maurice, [15], [16].
Platt, Jirch, diary of, [9];
hiding-place on farm of, [63].
Poindexter, James, [253].
Poindexter, a colored abductor of Jackson, O., [151].
Poland, Hon. Joseph, operator, [107], [130].
Politics, of underground workers, [99]-101;
Canadian refugees in, [232], [233].
Polk, of Missouri, accusations against the North on account of U. G. R. R., [351], [352].
Porter, Rev. J., hiding-place in church of, [63].
Portsmouth, Va., escape of slaves from, [81], [144]; agent in, [118].
Pratt, of Maryland, on Seward's speech advising hospitality to fugitives, [313];
on loss sustained by slave-owners of his state, [341].
Prentiss, Henry J., [103].
Presbyterian Church, anti-slavery sentiment in, [31], [32], [95]-97;
J. J. Rice, missionary among Canadian refugees, minister of, [200];
Rev. William King, minister of, [207];
support of Elgin Settlement in Canada by, [208];
Rev. John Rankin, pastor of a, [306].
Prigg vs. Pennsylvania, case of, [259], [260], [264]-267, [289], [297], [309];
new class of personal liberty laws following, [245], [246];
effect of decision of, [309].
Prosecutions, for aiding fugitives, [102], [103], [254];
cases of, under laws of 1793 and 1850, [273]-281;
for aiding fugitive slaves, [283]-285;
effect of prosecutions, [317];
Prof. Edward Channing on importance of, [317] n.;
of Booth for aiding in Glover rescue, [329], [330].
Pro-slavery sentiment in Congress, [173].
Providence and Worcester Railroad, [80], [130], [143].
Pursuit of fugitive slaves, [51], [52],

[59], [65], [164], [302];
increase in frequency of, [308];
effect of Prigg decision on, [309];
after passage of law of 1850, [316];
instances of, [317].
Purvis, Robert, record of number of fugitives helped by, [10], [346];
president of organized society of the U. G. R. R., [68], [309];
account of the organization by, [68];
chairman of the General Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia, [75];
in rescue of Basil Dorsey, [85];
New Jersey route described by, [125];
on abduction by son of a planter, [153].
Putnam, David, underground letters of, [10];
record of night service at station of, [55], [56];
secret signal used by, [56];
facsimile of message received by, [57].
Putnam, George W., on route in New Hampshire, [133].
Quakers, Levi Coffin one of the, [4];
underground centres in communities of, [6], [90], [115]-120, [125];
Alum Creek Settlement of, [10];
agents and operators among the, [31], [38], [39], [53], [92], [94], [98], [124], [131];
pro-slavery sentiment among, [49];
costume of, used as a disguise, [67];
Washington's comment on a society of Philadelphia, [68];
as conservators of abolition ideas, [93];
result of appeal to societies of, in Massachusetts, [99];
political affiliations of, [100];
devotees of U. G. R. R. work among, [110]-112;
John Brown's party entertained by, in Iowa, [164];
words of the Quaker poet, Whittier, quoted, [171];
Quaker abductor Richard Dillingham, [174];
at Richmond, Ind., befriend Josiah Henson, [177];
at Fountain City, Ind., [199];
visits of several, to Canadian refugees, [199];
safety sought by fugitive settlers among, [235], [236];
protection afforded fugitives by Quakers of New Bedford, Mass., [258];
defendants in case of rescue, [274];
in Christiana case, [280], [281];
petition of Baltimore, against kidnapping, [296];
memorial of, for repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, [324];
record of fugitives in Alum Creek Settlement of, [344]-346.
Quebec, early emigration of fugitive slaves to, [218].
Queen's Bush, early settlement of, by refugees, [204], [218].
Quincy, Ill., multiple routes of, [141].
Quincy, Josiah, his account of first known rescue of fugitive under arrest quoted, [83], [84];
opponent of fugitive slave legislation, [283].
Quitman, Gen. John A., [341].
Quixot, Stephen, fugitive from Virginia, [51].
Racine, Wis., Glover rescue in, [327].
Railroads, steam, use of, for transportation of fugitives, [35], [59], [78]-81, [122]-124, [128], [130], [132], [133], [142]-145, [164], [165], [183];
terminology of U. G. R. R. borrowed from vocabulary of, [67].
Railroad, Underground. See Underground Railroad.
Ramsey, Rev. R. G., on route in southern Illinois, [14].
Randolph, the slave, in case of Commonwealth vs. Griffith, [258].
Rankin, Rev. John, reward for abduction of, [53];
secret cellar in barn of, [63];
anti-slavery preaching and practice of, [96];
station of, at Ripley, O., [109];
on immediate abolition, [306], [307];
Letters on Slavery by, [308].
Rantoul, Robert, Jr., counsel for fugitive slaves, [283].
Rathbun, Levi, station-keeper, [69], [70].
Ratliff, Hon. John, [15], [16].
Ray, Rev. Chas. B., on New York routes, [126].
Ray vs. Donnell and Hamilton, case of, [278].
Reading Railroad, [122].
Rebellion, Lincoln's proclamation regarding states continuing in, [287].
Recollections of an Abolitionist, by Dr. A. M. Ross, [179]-183.
Redpath, James, on effects of John Brown's raid, [165].
Reed, Fitch, on arrival of abductor Fairfield and company of slaves in Canada, [154] n.
Reed, Gen., fugitives carried by boats of, [82].
Reed, John, on misinformation about Canada among slaves, [198].
Reform party, political affiliations of negro voters in Canada with, [233].
Refugees' Home Settlement, of Canadian refugees, [205], [209], [210];
regulations of, [215]-217;
dissatisfaction in, [216], [217].
Reminiscences, collection of, [11];
value of, [12]-16.
Rendition of escaped slaves, early Northern sentiment on, Southern sentiment regarding, [21];
question of, in crisis of 1851, [285];
of Sims in Boston, [317];
of Burns, [331]-333.
Republican Leader, the, articles on the U. G. R. R. in, [6].
Republican party, effect of Uncle Tom's Cabin on young voters in, [324];
forerunner of, in Wisconsin, [329];
chief reliance of freedom declared to be in, repeal of Fugitive Slave Law demanded by, [337];
organized U. G. R. R. said to be maintained by, [351];
four governors belonging to, advise repeal of personal liberty bills, [354].
Rescue, of fugitives, [38], [39], [83]-86, [240], [275], [276], [284], [336];
attempts at, after 1850, [240], [273];
provisions of law of 1850 to prevent, [266];
of slaves, an expensive undertaking, [277];
increase in frequency of, [308];
during era of slave-hunting in the North, [316];
of Shadrach, [317], [319];
of Jerry McHenry, [318], [320];
of Glover, [327]-330;
of Burns, attempted, [331]-333.
Reynolds, Hon. John, on spirit of nullification in Illinois, [333], [334].
Rhode Island, anti-slavery Quakers in, [31];
rise of U. G. R. R. in, [36];
steam railroad transportation for fugitives in, [80];
underground centres in, [94];
routes of, [131];
station at Valley Falls, [144];
reception to Capt. Walker at Providence, [171];
personal liberty law of, [245], [246], [309];
colonial law against aiding fugitives in, [292];
emancipation by, [293];
repeal of personal liberty law by, [354].
Rhodes, James Ford, on the U. G. R. R., [1];
on remote political effect of Uncle Tom's Cabin, [324];
on spirit of the personal liberty laws, [338] n.
Rice, Rev. Isaac J., mission in Canada kept by, [194], [200];
supplies kept for refugees by, [214].
Richardson, Lewis, cause of flight of, [27].
Richmond, Va., fugitive shipped from, in a box, [60];
fugitives escape by boat from, [145].
Riddle, Albert G., counsel in Oberlin-Wellington case, [282].
Ripley, O., John Rankin in, [109], [306];
abductor at, [153];
escape of Eliza across Ohio River at, [322].
River routes of U. G. R. R., [81], [82], [118], [123], [129], [134], [138], [142];
crossings on Detroit River, [147];
Jefferson Davis on escape of slaves by Mississippi River, [312], [313].
Robin case, slavery terminated in Lower Canada by decision in, [191].
Robinson, case of ex parte, [270], [282].
Robinson, Rowland E., on routes in Vermont, [130].
Ross, Dr. A. M., abductor, [28]-30, [178]-182;
as a naturalist, [183].
Ruggles, David, agent in New York City, [35], [126];
Frederick Douglass befriended by, [71] n.
Russell, Hon. A. J., operator, [107].
Rycraft, colleague of Booth in the Glover rescue case, [329].
Sabin, Hon. Alvah, operator, [107].
Salsburg family, [87].
Sanborn, F. B., on Harriet Tubman, [186];
on number of fugitive settlers in Northern states, [237];
letter to, on the U. G. R. R. depot at Lawrence, Kan., [347]-350.
San Domingo, servile insurrection in, [340].
Sandusky, Dayton and Cincinnati Railroad, [78].
Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark Railroad, [78].
Sandusky, O., first fugitive at, (1820,) 39;
arrival of company of fugitives at, [76];
boat service from, [83];
prosecution of Rush R. Sloane of, [210], [276];
as a terminal, [183], [185];
trial of F. D. Parish of, [277].
Saxton, Gen. Rufus, on work of Harriet Tubman, [189].
Sayres, indictment of, for attempted abduction, [173].
Schooley, W. D., operator, [88].
Schools, for refugees in Canada, [199], [200], [205]-208, [210], [214], [215], [228], [229];
Sunday-schools, [330].
Scioto Company, organized by anti-slavery men, [38].
Scotch-Irish, the, in underground service, [92].
Scotch, the, in underground service, [92].
Scott, Gen. Winfield, presidential candidate of Whigs, [321].
Scott, James, tried for aiding in rescue of Shadrach, [269], [270].
Scripture, quoted by the abolitionists, [150], [306], [307].
Sea routes of the U. G. R. R., [81], [82], [118], [129], [133], [144], [145], [148], [219].
Seceders, friends of runaways, [13].
Secession, begun, [352], [353];
efforts of the legislatures of the Northern states to appease the spirit of, [354];
North's refusal to surrender fugitives one of the chief reasons for, [357].
Sentinel, the, articles in, on the Underground Railroad, [6].
Sentinel, the, chapters of "A History of Anti-Slavery Days" in, [6].
Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, on new Fugitive Slave Bill, [297].
Seward, F. W., on places of deportation of fugitive slaves, [145] n.
Seward, Wm. H., gives bail for Gen. Chaplin, [176];
on Harriet Tubman, [185];
aid given to Harriet Tubman by, [189];
in the Van Zandt case, [282];
speech advising hospitality to fugitive slaves, [313];
signs the bond of rescuers of Jerry McHenry, [320].
Sewell, Samuel E., counsel for fugitive slaves, [283].
Shadrach, route taken by, after his rescue in Boston, [132];
counsel in case of, [283];
seizure of, [247];
rescue of, [317], [319].
Shaw, Chief Justice, on Slave Law of 1793, [270].
Sheldon, Edward, indicted for helping fugitives, [284].
Shotwell, A. L., claimant of slave Tamar, [159].
Sider, Joseph, abductor, [60], [157].
Sidney, Allen, on misinformation about Canada among slaves, [197].
Signals, employed in the U. G. R. R service, [125], [156].
Sims, Theodore Parker's memoranda on rendition of, [8];
case of, in court, [269]-271, [283];
returned to slavery, [317].
Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, by E. M. Pettit, [2], [4].
Skillgess, Joseph, on fugitives passing through Ross County, O., [39].
Slave-hunters, authors of Levi Coffin's title "President of the U. G. R. R.," [111];
at Detroit, [147];
difficulties met by, [242], [243];
imprisonment of, [273], [274];
number of, increased after passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, [316];
in the Oberlin-Wellington case, [335], [336];
protest against the employment of Northern troops as, [355].
Slave-hunting, engagement of shiftless class in, [239];
by Southern planters and their aids, [240];
uncertainty of, in anti-slavery communities, [242], [243];
Mr. Mason, of Virginia, on, [243];
agents of slave-owners employed in, [316].
Slavery, character of, at beginning of nineteenth century, [25];
changed character of later, [26];
John Brown's plan of abolition of, [168];
in Canada, [190], [191];
attacks on, in Congress, [286];
abolished in District of Columbia, [287];
King's proposition to prohibit, in Northwest Territory, [293];
conviction of sin of, in Northern states, [300], [301];
pursuit of fugitives creates opposition to, in the North, [302];
early advocacy of political action against, by Bourne and Duncan, Rev. John Rankin's hatred of, [306];
address of Liberty party convention touching on, [310];
effect of prosecution of U. G. R. R. workers on question of, [317];
nationalized by law of 1850, [321];
effects of, studied by Harriet Beecher Stowe, [321];
renewal of consideration of question of, caused by Uncle Tom's Cabin, [324];
U. G. R. R., the safety-valve of, [340];
disappearance of, in District of Columbia attributed to the U. G. R. R. by Claiborne, [341], [342];
extinction of, in the United States, [356], [358].
Slaves, desire for freedom among, [25], [195]-197;
purchase of, by Alabama, [26];
incentives to flight of, [26], [27], [296];
knowledge of Canada among, [28]-30, [197];
arrive as stowaways on the Maine coast, [133];
steady increase in the number of, fleeing into Ohio, [135];
from Virginia, [144];
movement of, to inter-lake portion of Ontario, [147];
abduction of, opposed by majority of abolitionists, [150];
abduction of, by negroes, [151];
abductions of, by Canadian refugees, [152];
abductions of, by Southern whites, [153];
abduction of, by Northern whites, [154], [155];
abduction of, in District of Columbia, [155];
abduction of, by Burr, Work and Thompson, [155], [156];
abduction of, by Joseph Sider and Calvin Fairbank, [157]-160;
abduction of, by Seth Concklin, [160]-162;
abduction of, by John Brown, [162]-165;
effect of John Brown's raid upon Missouri, [165];
Brown's plan for liberation of, [166]-168;
abductions of, in answer to appeal, [168],
by Charles T. Torrey, [168]-170,
by Capt. Jonathan Walker, [170], [171],
by Mrs. Laura S. Haviland, [171], [172];
capture and incarceration of the, escaping on the steamer Pearl, [172], [173];
abductions of, by Capt. Daniel Drayton, [172]-174,
by Richard Dillingham, [174], [175],
by Wm. L. Chaplin, [175], [176],
by Josiah Henson, [176]-178,
by Rial Cheadle, [178], [179],
by Dr. A. M. Ross, [179]-183,
by the fugitive Elijah Anderson, [183],
by the fugitive John Mason, [183]-185,
by the fugitive Harriet Tubman, [185]-189;
importation of, into Canada, [190], [191];
Elgin Settlement in Canada started by a band of manumitted, [202], [207];
Wilberforce Colony originally settled by group of emancipated, [218];
domestic relations of, in Southern states, [227], [228];
agents of U. G. R. R. appealed to for abduction of, [231], [232];
Northern states an unsafe refuge for, [238], [239];
purchase of, from their claimants, [241], [242];
causes of flight of, [308];
conditions favorable to escape of, 1840-1850, [309];
effect of flight of, on Northern sentiment, [310];
addresses to Southern, [310];
address of Cazenovia convention to, [313];
information about abolitionists among, [316];
danger of uprising of, lessened by the U. G. R. R., [340];
prospect of stampede of, from the border slave states, in case of secession, [355];
chances for escape of, multiplied during War, [355].
Slave trade, effect of prohibition of, (1807,) [301].
Sloane, Hon. Rush R.,
on the U. G. R. R. in northwestern Ohio, [39];
account given by, of the naming of the Road, [45];
prosecution of, [102];
incident of embarkation of company of refugees given by, [148] n.;
on Elijah Anderson, abductor, [183];
fined for assisting runaways, [276], [277].
Sloane, John, early operator, [37].
Sloane, J. R. W., [13].
Sloane, Prof. Wm. M., [13] n.
Sloane, Rev. William, [14], [15].
Smedley, R. C.,
author of The Underground Railroad in Chester and Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania, [2], [4];
account of naming of the U. G. R. R. by, [44], [45];
on loss of bondmen by Maryland counties, [119];
on numbers of fugitives sent to New England, [128], [129];
on transportation of fugitives by rail, [143].
Smith, Gerrit,
operator, [22], [27], [107];
generosity of, [176];
on Harriet Tubman, [185];
defiant speech of, after Jerry rescue, [320];
one of the leaders in the Jerry rescue, [326];
counsel for the fugitive Wm. Anderson in Canada, [353].
Smith, James, [154].
Smith, William R., work of, in behalf of Gen. Chaplin, [176].
Snediger family, operators, [87].
Society of Friends. See Quakers.
Sorrick, Rev. R. S. W.,
on the condition of refugees in Oro, Ontario, [218];
on the teachableness of the Canadian refugees, [224].
South Carolina,
abducting trip of A. M. Ross into, [29];
agent of U. G. R. R. in Newberne, [68];
involved in Brown's plan of liberation, [167];
Canadian refugees from, [195];
Pinckney on slave clause in United States Constitution before state convention of, [294];
doctrine of state sovereignty of, resisted by Wisconsin, [330];
servile insurrections in, [340];
Butler of, on loss sustained by slave-owners of Southern section, [341];
withdrawal from the Union, [352].