Natural Philosophy

by Wilhelm Ostwald

[INDEX]

• Above and below, distinction between, [121]
• Abstract, concrete and, [16] ff.
• Abstraction, [20]
• Action, conscious, [174];
• instinctive, [174]
• Adaptation, [172] ff.
• Aeromechanics, [147]
• Algebra, [80]
• Alikeness, definition of, [51] ff.
• Allotropic changes, [161]
• Analysis, infinitesimal, [111]
• Analytic geometry, [122] ff.
• Analytic judgments, [66]
• Anthropology, [57]
• Ants, specialization of, [181]
• Applied sciences, [57] ff.
• A priori judgments, [44]
• Aristotle, [38], [66]
• Aristotle's logic, [22]
• Arithmetic, [79] ff.
• Assertions, never absolutely correct, [53]
• Association, [63] ff., [81]
• Astronomic objective, [6]
• Astronomy as an applied science, [58]
• Atomic hypothesis in chemistry, [142]
• Atoms, [141]
• Bees, specialization of, [181]
• Biological sciences, [55];
• life most general concept in, [56]
• Botany, [56]
• Cæsar, Julius, [76]
• Capillary phenomena, [146]
• Capillary theory, [147]
• Carbon, its circulation through plants and animals, [171];
• life based on the energy of, [168]
• Carbonic acid, [171]
• Carnot, Sadi, [151]
• Causal relation, purification of, [34] ff.
• Causation, the law of, [31] ff.
• Chemical combinations, [71] ff.;
• quantitative relations in, [74]
• Chemical energy, [159] ff.;
• capable of powerful concentration, [161];
• different forms of, [159]
• Chemical formulas represent concepts not sounds, [95]
• Chemistry, [20], [47], [55];
• significance of, [160] ff.
• Chinese script based on direct co-ordination, [93]
• Civilization, [184] ff.
• Classification, not definite, [2];
• purpose of, [2-4]
• Classification of the sciences, [53] ff.
• Collective activity, [181]
• Combination, sequence in, [73] ff.
• Combinations, theory of, [71]
• Combinatory schematization, [73];
• in chemistry, [71] ff.;
• in physics, [72]
• Communication, [181]
• Community among plants and animals, [179]
• Comparison, [82]
• Comte, Auguste, [54]
• Concept, the most general, [61] ff.
• Concepts, arbitrary, [23];
• complex, [23];
• complex empirical, [23];
• definition of, [16];
• empirical, [18];
• formation of, [19];
• general, [26];
• in ceaseless flux, [88];
• science of, [15] ff., [122];
• simple, [20];
• simple and complex, [19] ff.
• Conclusion, the, [24] ff.;
• analytic, [66];
• scientific, [27], [30], [66] ff.
• Concrete and abstract, [16] ff.
• Conjugacy, most general concept in formal sciences, [56]
• Conscious action, [174]
• Conscious thinking, willing, and acting, [178]
• Conservation of energy, the law of the, [135] ff.
• Conservation of matter, [138]
• Conservation of the sum of work and kinetic energy, the law of the, [134]
• Conservation of work, the law of the, [130]
• Conservation, quantitative, [131]
• Continuity, [101] ff.;
• the law of, [113] ff.
• Co-ordinated signs, change in, [88] ff.
• Co-ordination, [80] ff.;
• a means of obtaining facts without dealing directly with the corresponding realities, [87];
• between concept and word not unambiguous, [89];
• between concept and written sign, direct and indirect, [92] ff.;
• identity the limit case in, [82];
• integral numbers the best basis of, [85];
• in use among primitive men and higher animals, [87];
• its importance, [85];
• methodology of the sciences based upon, [85];
• of numbers with signs, [90] ff.;
• possibility of unambiguous, [88]
• Copernican theory, [117] ff.
• Copernicus, [117], [141]
• Corpuscular theory of light, [5], [157]
• Counting, [85] ff.;
• defined, [85];
• purpose of, [86]
• Culture, see Civilization
• Darwin, his fundamental theory, [173]
• Deduction, [40] ff.;
• the process of, [41] ff.
• Deductive sciences, [38]
• Determinateness, absolute, only in ideal world, [50]
• Determinateness of things, the, [47] ff.
• Determinism, [48], [51]
• Differential Calculus, see Differentials
• Differentials, [112]
• Double numbers or double points in a group, [82]
• Dynamics, [128] ff.;
• definition of, [139]
• Elasticity, [145]
• Elastic undulatory theory of light, see Wave theory of light
• Electricity, principal source of, [156]
• Electricity and magnetism, [154] ff.
• Electromagnetic theory of light, [157] ff.
• Electrotechnics, [156]
• Empirical sciences, [38]
• Energetic mechanics, [138] ff.
• Energy, a substance, [136];
• at rest, [154];
• free, [154];
• importance of concept of, [128];
• in nerves, [177];
• the most general concept in the physical sciences, [56];
• of form, [145];
• of volume, [145]
• Energy intensity, [153]
• Erg, definition of, [150]
• Esperanto, 183, [note]
• Euclid, [44], [140]
• European-American scripts based on indirect co-ordination, [93]
• Experience, incompleteness of, [27];
• more limited than the conceivable, [118]
• Experiences, distinguished by being familiar, [31];
• limited knowledge of, [31]
• Experiential sciences, see Empirical sciences
• Extrapolation, [46], [50], [104]
• Familiarity due to recalling former similar experiences, [11]
• Fechner, [102]
• Feeling, thinking, acting, [174] ff.
• Force, [129] ff., [153]
• Formal sciences, [54];
• are empirical sciences, [55];
• order most general concept in, [56]
• Foucault's pendulum experiment, [121]
• Freedom of the will, [50] ff.
• Frequency of process facilitates repetition, [11] ff.
• Function, [109] ff.;
• continuous and discontinuous, [110];
• most general concept in formal sciences, [56]
• Functional relation, the application of the, [112] ff.
• Functions, the theory of, [111]
• Fundamental principle, the second, [150] ff.
• Gases, [145]
• Generalization, suitable place for, in text-books, [9] ff.
• Geometry, [47], [54], [119], [127];
• ancient and modern methods of, [110] ff.
• Goethe, [99]
• Good usage in language, [100]
• Grammatical correctness, importance attached to, [99]
• Grammatical rules, [97]
• Gravitation potential, the, [112]
• Group, the, [65] ff.;
• double members or double points in, [82];
• linear arrangement of members of, [75] ff.
• Groups, artificial and natural, [69] ff.;
• closed, among animals, [179];
• infinite, equality of, [84];
• related, [69] ff.;
• unequivocal order of, [83]
• Heat, mechanical equivalent of, [149];
• theory of, [147] ff.
• Heat energy, [148] ff.
• Heat engine, [151];
• ideal, [151] ff.
• Heat quantity, [148] ff.
• Heliotrope, [90]
• Herbart, [102]
• Heredity, [180]
• Higher analysis, [111]
• Homonym, [89]
• Hydromechanics, [147]
• Ideal cases, [44] ff.
• Ideal machines, [132]
• Identity, the limit case in co-ordination, [82]
• Ido, 183, [note]
• Imperfection, indestructible quality of science, [4]
• Incompleteness, no hindrance to efficiency of science, [5]
• Indestructibility of matter, see Conservation of matter
• Indo-Arabic notation, [91]
• Induction, [38];
• the complete and the incomplete, [39]
• Inductive sciences, [38]
• Inference, by induction, [38];
• from analogy, [140]
• Infinitesimal analysis, [111]
• Inorganic world, lack of memory and foresight in, [33]
• Insoluble problems, [142]
• Instinctive action, [174]
• Intercourse, language and, [182] ff.
• Isolation among plants and animals, [179]
• Isomeric, [74]
• Isomeric changes, [161]
• Judgments, analytic, [66]
• Kant, [44], [66], [105]
• Kepler, [141]
• Kinetic energy, [132];
• and work, their sum constant, [133] ff.;
• transformed into work and vice versa, [134]
• Knowledge, aim of, [19];
• individual, compared to telephone, [7] ff.;
• limited, [31];
• possibility of error in, ineradicable, [40];
• social character of, [183]
• Language, beginnings of, [88];
• defective in co-ordination, [96];
• distinction between science and knowledge of, [98];
• good usage in, [100];
• and intercourse, [182] ff.;
• needless inflections in, [99] ff.;
• of words more imperfect than written language, [92];
• purpose of its cultivation, [99];
• the science of, [97] ff.;
• unambiguity the ideal of, [89];
• a universal auxiliary, [100];
• written, [89] ff.
• Leibnitz, [88];
• his doctrine of pre-established harmony, [143];
• inventor of differentials, [112]
• Life, [163] ff.;
• the most general concept in the biological sciences, [56]
• Light, [5], [156] ff.
• Liquids, [145]
• Locke, John, [21] ff., [88];
• his elaboration of the notion of simple and complex "ideas," [21];
• his secondary qualities, [127]
• Logic, [54], [67] ff.;
• content of, [19];
• definition of, [15] ff.
• Luther, [99]
• Magnetism, electricity and, [154] ff.
• Man, compared to pair of sieves, [34];
• his capacity for perfection, [180]
• Manifold, the science of the, [54]
• Mass, [132] ff., [136] ff.;
• a substance, [138]
• Mathematical laws, accuracy of, [105]
• Mathematics, [54];
• an empirical science, [55];
• influence on, of concept of continuity, [111];
• its progress after introduction of Indo-Arabic numerals and algebraic signs, [101]
• Matter, definition of, [138]
• Mayer, Julius Robert, [149];
• his discovery of the law of conservation, [151]
• Measurement, [107]
• Mechanical energies, [144]
• Mechanics, [55], [128] ff.;
• complementary branches of, [144] ff.;
• definition of, [138];
• early development of, [139];
• energetic, [138] ff.;
• the first branch of physics treated mathematically, [139];
• pure or classical, [144]
• Mechanistic hypothesis, the, as an interpretation of all natural phenomena, [142];
• especially injurious in study of mental phenomena, [142]
• Mechanistic theories, [140] ff.
• Mechanistic theory of the universe, [132]
• Mechanization of astronomy, [141]
• Memory, [16], [32], [180];
• definition of, [172];
• general characteristic of, [61];
• lack of, in inorganic world, [53]
• Metabolism, [165]
• Methodology of the sciences based upon co-ordination, [85]
• Microscope, [6]
• Motion, the science of, [54], [122];
• uninfluenced, [122]
• Musical notation, [93]
• Names, arbitrariness of, [62];
• signs and, [86] ff.
• Natural laws, [28] ff.;
• definition of, [28];
• their extent dependent upon stage of knowledge in each science, [7];
• their usual origin, [42] ff.;
• prediction from, only approximate, [48]
• Natural philosophy, definition of, [1];
• importance of, in study of science, [10];
• place of, in text-books, [9] ff.
• Negation, [68] ff.
• Nerves, [177]
• Nervous discharge, [177]
• Newton, Sir Isaac, [141]
• Number groups, unlimited, [78]
• Numbers, [78] ff.;
• theory of, [80]
• Numerals, co-ordination of, with signs, [86]
• Numerical names different in different languages, [86]
• Numerical signs international, [86]
• Nutrition, [165]
• Objective, astronomic, [6];
• photographic, [6]
• Objective character of the world, [34]
• Optical telegraph, [90]
• Optics, geometric, [5]
• Optic signs, [90]
• Order, most general concept in formal sciences, [56]
• Organisms, standard for measuring relative perfection of, [176];
• stationary forms, [163]
• Orthography, efforts to improve, [99];
• English, defective in co-ordination, [96];
• exaggerated importance of correctness in, [99];
• mistakes in, [97];
• reform of, [97]
• Parabolic curve, [48]
• Paradoxes of the infinite, [84]
• Pasigraphy, [92] ff.;
• Chinese system of, [94]
• Permanent in change, the, [131]
• Perpetual motion, [130]
• Perpetual motion machine, [153]
• Philology, [97] ff.
• Philosophy, limited progress in, [101]
• Phonetic writing, [33] ff.
• Phoronomy, [54], [119], [122], [127]
• Photochemical processes, foundation of terrestial life, [169]
• Photographic objective, [6]
• Physical sciences, [55]
• Physics, [47], [55];
• each branch of, treats of a special kind of energy, [139]
• the science of the different kinds of energy, [72];
• Physiology, [55] ff.
• Plato, his distinction between mental and physical life, [178]
• Polarity of electricity and magnetism, [155]
• Political organizations, conflicts between, [185]
• Prediction, [12]
• Pre-established harmony, [143]
• Pressure, [146], [154]
• Progress, depends on collective labor, [185];
• economy of energy, [184];
• evaluation of, [176]
• Pseudo-problems in science, [142]
• Psychology, [47], [55] ff.
• Psycho-physical parallelism, [143]
• Ptolemy's system, [117]
• Pure science, [57]
• Quantity, the science of, see Mathematics, [54]
• Radiant energy, [157];
• its importance to man, [158]
• Rational sciences, see Deductive sciences
• Rays, straight lines of, [5]
• Reaction, teleological, [173]
• Reality, [16] ff.
• Reflection, [5]
• Reflex action, [173]
• Refraction, [5]
• Repetition, basis of conscious life, [174]
• Reproduction, [165] ff.
• Roman notation, [91]
• Science, aim of, [13] ff.;
• comparison of, to a network, [42];
• comparison of, to a tree or forest, [6];
• definition of, [13];
• eternal truth of, [6] ff.;
• "for its own sake," [13] ff.;
• the facts of, unalterable, [8] ff.;
• the function of, [23], [37];
• importance of theoretical, [15];
• its procedure, [45];
• the study of happiness, [28]
• Sciences, the table of the, [54] ff.
• Scientific discoveries, independent simultaneous, [185]
• Scientific instinct, [43]
• Scientific materialism, [138]
• Scientific written language based on direct co-ordination, [93]
• Self-preservation, [180]
• Sense organs, [176] ff.
• Shakespeare, [99]
• Signs and names, [86] ff.
• Social characteristics, importance of, [179] ff.
• Social classes, conflicts between, [185]
• Socialization of human capacities, [180]
• Social order still barbarous, [185]
• Social organization, [180];
• how best obtained, [182];
• its tendency to equalize conditions, [185];
• secures permanence among specialized individuals, [181]
• Social problems, [179] ff.
• Society, [179] ff.;
• centrifugal and centripetal forces in, [181] ff.;
• division of functions in, [181]
• Sociology, [47], [55], [57]
• Solar radiation, [169]
• Soul, the, [171] ff.
• Sound signs, advantage and disadvantage of, [89] ff.
• Sound writing, [33] ff., [92] ff.
• Space, four-dimensional, 77, [note];
• homogeneity of, in horizontal direction, [121];
• the science of, [54];
• symmetrical and tri-dimensional, [118];
• time and, [118] ff.;
• tri-dimensional, [76]
• Specialization, one-sidedness of, [180] ff.
• Spelling reform, [97]
• Stable forms, [163]
• Statics, [128] ff.;
• definition of, [138] ff.
• Stationary bodies, capable of regeneration, [164]
• Stationary forms, [163]
• Substance, [132]
• Surface-energy, [146]
• Syllogism, the, classic method of argumentation, [65] ff.
• Synonym, [89]
• Table of the sciences, [54] ff.
• Telegraph, optical, [90]
• "Teleological" properties of organisms, [173]
• Teleological reaction, [173]
• Telescope, [5]
• Temperature, [148]
• Theoretical science, importance of, [15]
• Theory of functions, [111]
• Theory of numbers, [80]
• Thermo-chemistry, [37]
• Thermo-dynamics, [153]
• Thing, definition of, [62] ff.
• Thought conceived of as energetic, [178]
• Threshold, [102]
• Time, a form of inner life, [76];
• measurement of, [122];
• one-seried, or one-dimensional, [118];
• and space, [118] ff.
• Unambiguity, in language, [89];
• of co-ordination of numbers to signs, [90]
• Universal auxiliary language, [100], [183]
• Velocity, [133]
• Volume energy, [145]
• War, [185]
• Wave surface, [6]
• Wave theory of light, [5], [157]
• Weight, [132], [137] ff.;
• a substance, [138]
• Work, mechanical, [129];
• product of the force and the distance, [130];
• a substance in a limited sense, [136]
• Written language, [89] ff.
• Written signs, [90]
• Zoology, [56]

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