[77] Professor Woodbridge, class-lectures.
[78] Turgenev, in Fathers and Children.
[79] This division into saints and sinners must be taken with reservations, of course. In many respects Descartes belongs to the second group, and in some respects James and Comte belong to the first. But the dichotomy clarifies, if only by exaggeration.
[80] L. Ward, Pure Sociology, p. 16.
[81] Buckle, History of Civilization, i, 138.
[82] Special acknowledgment for some of the material of this chapter is due to R. A. Duff, Spinoza’s Political and Ethical Philosophy, Glasgow, 1903.
[83] Tractatus Theologico-politicus, ch. 17.
[84] Tractatus Theologico-politicus, ch. 1.
[85] Will to Power, vol. i, § 95.
[86] Cf. Duff, op. cit., pref.: “It can be shown that Spinoza had no interest in metaphysics for its own sake, while he was passionately interested in moral and political problems. He was a metaphysician at all only in the sense that he was resolute in thinking out the ideas, principles, and categories which are interwoven with all our practical endeavor, and the proper understanding of which is the condition of human welfare.”