[20] “Menschliche Auslese”, p. 10 (Zukunft, 1894). [↑]
[21] Under this heading are included all the children below 14, and the women who live with the person assisted. It is enough to point out that the indigence of these co-assisted persons does not proceed from any cause in the persons themselves, but in their circumstances. [↑]
[22] “Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich”, X, 1889, pp. 206–208. [↑]
[23] Read the following taken from “Illustrations of the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians”, by G. Catlin: “This cruel custom of exposing their aged people, belongs, I think, to all the tribes who roam about the prairies, making severe marches, when such decrepit persons are totally unable to go, unable to ride or to walk,—when they have no means of carrying them. It often becomes absolutely necessary in such cases that they should be left; and they uniformly insist upon it, saying as one old man did, that they are old and of no further use—that they left their fathers in the same manner—that they wish to die, and their children must not mourn for them.” (I, p. 217.) [↑]
[24] The figures given by J. S. in “Aus den Ergebnissen der sächsischen Armenstatistik” (“Neue Zeit” 1894–95, II), confirm those in the table I have given, if we do not lose sight of the fact that J. S. does not give the “co-assisted” persons separately. The figures of Charles Booth in his “Pauperism” show that alcoholism forms a more important factor in the two districts that he has studied (12.6% and 21.9%); for laziness the figures are [[288]]1.9% and 10.6%. Statistics of the Netherlands confirm in general those of the German Empire:
| Assisted Temporarily. | 1898 | 1899 | Assisted Continuously. | 1898 | 1899 |
| Causes of Indigence. | % | % | Causes of Indigence. | % | % |
| Illness, etc. | 42.3 | 45.1 | Illness or bodily defects | 18.6 | 18.9 |
| Lack or shortage of work | 30.7 | 28.9 | Old age | 45.4 | 47 |
| Alcoholism | 2.6 | 2.6 | Death of breadwinner | 20.0 | 19.2 |
| Other causes | 24.4 | 23.4 | Alcoholism | 1.8 | 1.5 |
| Other causes | 14.2 | 13.4 | |||
| 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
(Verslagen over de verrichtingen aangaande het armbestuur over 1898 en 1899. Bijlage E. Handelingen 2e Kamer der Staten-Generaal 1899–1900, 1900–1901.) [↑]
[25] P. 490. “Biologie und Kriminalstatistik.” (“Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Strafrechtswissenschaft”, VII.) [↑]
[26] See K. Kautsky’s “Das Erfurter Programm”, p. 64. [↑]
[27] Upon the period without class see, among others, L. H. Morgan, “Ancient Society”, and upon the origin of classes H. Cunow, “Arbeitstheilung und Frauenrecht” (“Neue Zeit”, 1900–01, I, p. 178 ff.). [↑]