Germany, 1894–1896.[128]
| Groups of Occupations. | To 10,000 Persons Over 12 Years of Age in Each Group of Occupations there were: | ||||||||||||||||
| Crimes in General. | Theft. | Aggravated Theft. | Embezzlement. | Fraud. | Rape, etc. | Incest. | Insult. | Violence and Threats against Public Functionaries. | Domiciliary Trespass. | Perjury. | Serious Assaults. | Homicides. | Malicious Mischief. | Arson. | Infanticide. | ||
| I. | Agriculture: | ||||||||||||||||
| a. Independent | 75.1 | 7.1 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 19.1 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 0.22 | 14.1 | 0.02 | 2.3 | 0.08 | 0.03 | |
| b. Workers | 142.1 | 28.9 | 3.1 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 1.67 | 0.18 | 9.8 | 3.1 | 6.8 | 0.31 | 36.4 | 0.05 | 6.5 | 0.36 | 0.37 | |
| II. | Manufacturing: | ||||||||||||||||
| a. Independent | 129.9 | 7.1 | 0.5 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 1.20 | 0.17 | 27.8 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 0.32 | 17.5 | 0.02 | 3.2 | 0.09 | 0.05 | |
| b. Workers | 234.5 | 32.7 | 5.8 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 2.98 | 0.20 | 19.4 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 0.32 | 57.5 | 0.06 | 12.0 | 0.19 | 0.14 | |
| III. | Commerce and transportation: | ||||||||||||||||
| a. Independent | 275.5 | 10.4 | 0.7 | 8.8 | 16.4 | 1.35 | 0.11 | 49.4 | 5.9 | 7.4 | 0.59 | 21.8 | 0.04 | 3.4 | 0.10 | 0.01 | |
| b. Workers | 222.6 | 35.2 | 6.7 | 22.0 | 18.3 | 2.22 | 0.09 | 20.8 | 10.3 | 8.8 | 0.32 | 26.3 | 0.05 | 6.1 | 0.06 | 0.05 | |
| IV. | Domestics | 52.8 | 27.1[129] | 2.02[129] | 3.1[129] | 4.0[129] | 0.06 | 0.15 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.20 | 1.4 | 0.01 | 0.6 | 0.12 | 0.31 |
| V. | Public service | ||||||||||||||||
| and lib. profess. | 79.3 | 5.9 | 1.2 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 1.69 | 0.06 | 20.0 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 0.14 | 6.6 | 0.01 | 1.6 | 0.02 | 0.00 | |
| VI. | Population over 12 | 120.1 | 19.2 | 2.5 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 1.17 | 0.13 | 14.7 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 0.22 | 22.3 | 0.03 | 4.6 | 0.13 | 0.09 |
[[442]]
Germany, 1896.[130]
| Groups of Occupations. | To 10,000 Persons Over 12 Years of Age and having Occupation there were to Each Group: | |||||||||||||||
| Crimes in General. | Theft. | Aggravated Theft. | Embezzlement. | Robbery. | Extortion. | Fraud. | Forgery. | Rape upon Children, etc. | Insult. | Assaults. | Serious Assaults. | Violence and Threats against Public Functionaries. | Domiciliary Trespass. | Perjury. | Homicide. | |
| Agriculture | 1,208.7 | 238.1 | 26.2 | 35.8 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 54.1 | 9.0 | 12.1 | 127.2 | 84.1 | 299.8 | 24.6 | 55.0 | 2.8 | 0.42 |
| Manufacturing | 2,144.3 | 304.3 | 58.4 | 86.6 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 97.9 | 19.0 | 26.3 | 225.3 | 141.8 | 496.1 | 105.3 | 120.0 | 3.2 | 0.51 |
| Commerce and transportation | 2,566.2 | 276.9 | 40.1 | 159.3 | 1.2 | 6.3 | 154.5 | 50.5 | 19.5 | 353.4 | 126.3 | 256.8 | 84.8 | 80.1 | 4.0 | 0.64 |
| Workmen and day-laborers[131] | 10,402.6 | 2,622.7 | 439.3 | 514.7 | 20.8 | 15.3 | 459.7 | 88.8 | 107.8 | 829.8 | 669.5 | 1,679.5 | 664.2 | 439.5 | 9.7 | 1.60 |
| Domestics | 530.3 | 305.7 | 25.3 | 29.4 | 0.23 | 0.45 | 46.8 | 9.2 | 0.83 | 24.8 | 7.4 | 13.4 | 4.3 | 10.0 | 2.2 | 0.08 |
| Public service and liberal professions | 798.6 | 70.7 | 13.1 | 48.9 | 0.63 | 1.6 | 65.3 | 18.7 | 17.1 | 193.0 | 33.2 | 70.8 | 19.7 | 21.4 | 2.1 | 0.13 |
| Professors, physicians, employees | 418.6 | 19.2 | 1.7 | 9.9 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 19.8 | 6.8 | 12.4 | 120.0 | 14.3 | 25.8 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 0.99 | 0.14 |
| Persons of income, students, persons supported | 224.5 | 17.3 | 0.71 | 4.3 | 0.00 | 0.65 | 9.2 | 1.8 | 4.6 | 65.7 | 14.8 | 30.6 | 8.3 | 12.7 | 0.59 | 0.06 |
[[443]]
These statistics, probably the best upon the subject, tell the whole story to those who know how to read the figures. They constitute a proof of the enormous influence of the social factors in the etiology of crime. It is impossible to maintain that the influence works the other way, that the moral disposition influences the choice of a profession. Dr. Prinzing rightly says in the article cited: “It is quite impossible that those engaged in the three great groups of occupations, agriculture, manufacturing, and commerce, are persons of different kinds of moral traits. On the contrary, the supposition that the moral endowment of each group is nearly the same is completely justified by the movements that are continually going on under our own eyes, through which the countryman becomes a city-dweller, and the man who has grown up in the practice of agriculture, a workman or assistant in manufacturing and commerce.”[132]
England and Wales, 1894–1900.[133]
| Occupations. | Among the Prisoners Convicted there were: | Average. | |||||||||
| 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | Number. | % | |||
| Domestics |  | M. | 948 | 729 | 832 | 651 | 662 | 667 | 604 | 729 | 0.7 |
| W. | 1,876 | 1,530 | 1,417 | 1,369 | 1,424 | 1,986 | 2,042 | 1,663 | 3.9 | ||
| Workmen, housekeepers, seamstresses | | M. | 75,539 | 69,944 | 72,725 | 73,264 | 77,321 | 75,220 | 69,168 | 73,311 | 68.0 |
| W. | 11,083 | 10,596 | 10,574 | 12,394 | 14,376 | 14,960 | 14,179 | 12,594 | 29.2 | ||
| Factory workers | | M. | 3,763 | 2,420 | 3,212 | 2,855 | 3,019 | 2,590 | 2,331 | 2,941 | 2.7 |
| W. | 3,755 | 3,127 | 2,926 | 2,762 | 3,086 | 3,367 | 3,498 | 3,217 | 7.5 | ||
| Mechanicians and skilled workmen | | M. | 20,702 | 18,747 | 19,216 | 19,179 | 20,914 | 20,351 | 19,726 | 19,870 | 18.4 |
| W. | 677 | 646 | 1,220 | 1,342 | 1,527 | 1,348 | 1,480 | 1,177 | 2.7 | ||
| Foremen, inspectors | | M. | 80 | 75 | 65 | 64 | 60 | 75 | 61 | 68 | 0.1 |
| W. | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0.0 | ||
| Store and office clerks | | M. | 2,869 | 2,652 | 2,805 | 2,506 | 2,877 | 2,677 | 2,550 | 2,705 | 2.5 |
| W. | 125 | 83 | 77 | 84 | 102 | 161 | 237 | 124 | 0.3 | ||
| Merchants | | M. | 4,054 | 4,045 | 4,410 | 3,984 | 4,352 | 4,052 | 3,461 | 4,056 | 3.7 |
| W. | 4,127 | 4,004 | 4,249 | 4,087 | 4,820 | 4,513 | 4,179 | 4,282 | 9.9 | ||
| Liberal professions | | M. | 239 | 231 | 208 | 223 | 194 | 209 | 204 | 215 | 0.2 |
| W. | 24 | 23 | 34 | 23 | 33 | 24 | 28 | 27 | 0.1 | ||
| Soldiers, sailors and marines | 3,620 | 3,338 | 3,433 | 3,227 | 3,202 | 3,082 | 3,327 | 3,318 | 3.1 | ||
| Prostitutes | 5,132 | 5,105 | 7,411 | 6,746 | 6,413 | 6,092 | 6,715 | 6,230 | 14.5 | ||
| Without occupation | | M. | 1,369 | 746 | 644 | 550 | 518 | 391 | 320 | 648 | 0.6 |
| W. | 15,067 | 14,910 | 13,494 | 13,606 | 13,361 | 12,888 | 12,745 | 13,725 | 31.9 | ||
| Total | | Men | 107,861 | 100.00 | |||||||
| Women | 43,041 | 100.00 | |||||||||
According to the first table the workmen are implicated, in a much greater degree than the independents, in all the crimes except that of [[444]]insult (which is explained by the fact that this crime is one of those which are prosecuted only after complaint laid, and that working-men decide to lay complaint much less quickly than the bourgeois). Certain crimes, indeed, are more often committed by the independent merchants than by the working-men of the same class, but here it is necessary to remember that many of the small merchants are on the same plane of living as the working-men. The liberal professions, on the contrary, show very low figures, a fact which is to be plainly noticed in the second table, where the attention is caught by the very low figures of the group of students and person with incomes. The participation in all crimes by unskilled workmen is very great, even if we allow for the figures’ being exaggerated.