| Years. | To Each 100 Children there were: | |||
| Illegitimate. | Full Orphans. | Motherless. | Fatherless. | |
| 1887 | 18.5 | 3.3 | 21.8 | 24.3 |
| 1888 | 17.0 | 4.7 | 16.2 | 30.2 |
| 1889 | 15.9 | 5.0 | 16.5 | 30.6 |
| 1890 | 15.0 | 4.8 | 16.6 | 32.8 |
| 1891 | 15.6 | 4.1 | 17.7 | 32.6 |
England and Scotland, 1887–1899.
With regard to the children received into the “Industrial Schools” during the years 1887 to 1891 there are the following data: 5% were [[491]]illegitimate, while for the same period 4.52% of all children born living were illegitimate.[224] Here we must take into consideration the greater mortality among illegitimate children. There are no recent data, but in England in 1875 this mortality was twice as great as that of legitimate children, and in some countries it is four times as great.
4% were full orphans; 34% half orphans, 20% being fatherless and 14% motherless; 6% had been abandoned by their parents; and 2% were the children of habitual criminals. 51%, therefore, were living under unfavorable conditions. For the pupils of the “Reformatories” in the same period this percentage was 53.[225]
The following figures indicate also the relative numbers for the two sexes:
Industrial Schools, 1891.[226]
| Boys. | Girls. | |||
| Number. | % | Number. | % | |
| Illegitimate | 233 | 6.8 | 108 | 11.6 |
| Full orphans | 115 | 3.4 | 65 | 6.7 |
| Fatherless only | 532 | 15.6 | 181 | 18.6 |
| Motherless only | 535 | 15.7 | 171 | 17.6 |
| Abandoned by parents | 193 | 5.7 | 76 | 7.8 |
| One or both parents perverted or criminal | 118 | 3.5 | 53 | 5.5 |
| Parents living and able to care for children | 1,681 | 49.3 | 317 | 32.7 |
| Total | 3,407 | 100.0 | 971 | 100.0 |
It is interesting to note that with girls the influence of bad family surroundings is worse than it is with boys, more than two thirds living under abnormal circumstances.
However, confining ourselves to figures for the period 1887–1891, 49% and 47% of the children in the two classes of institutions respectively came from normal families. In what follows we see what their education was; different competent witnesses before the “Royal Commission on Reformatory and Industrial Schools” affirmed that the environment from which these children came was very unfavorable. The most important testimony was that of Mr. Macdonald, one of the officers who receive the contributions of the parents to the support of their children in the “Industrial Schools.” According [[492]]to him only 6% of the children came from homes favorable to their moral education. In Manchester 68% of the parents of children in the industrial schools had a bad reputation; 14.7% were of doubtful character; and only 17% conducted themselves well.[227]
Of 1,209 juvenile delinquents in the English prisons (1898–99) 90 (7.4%) had had no education; 512 (42.3%) had had very little; 496 (41%) a fair education; and of 111 (9.1%) only could it be said that their education was good. 211 (17.4%) were without father or mother; 183 (15.1%) had bad homes; 198 (16.3%) had none at all; and 30 (2.4%) slept in night-lodgings.[228]