United States, 1890–1900.[526]

States. Number of Inhabitants in 1900 to Each Murder (Annual Average from 1890 to 1900). Percentage of Illiteracy in Population Over 10 Years of Age (1900). States. Number of Inhabitants in 1900 to Each Murder (Annual Average from 1890 to 1900). Percentage of Illiteracy in Population Over 10 Years of Age (1900).
Nevada 1,086 12.8 Nebraska 6,360 3.1
Colorado 2,141 5.2 N. Carolina 6,645 35.7
Montana 2,704 5.5 United States 7,649 13.3
Texas 2,986 19.7 Rhode Island 8,241 9.8
Mississippi 3,001 40.0 Missouri 8,582 9.1
Florida 3,367 27.8 S. Dakota 8,924 4.2
California 3,519 7.7 N. Dakota 11,005 6.0
Delaware 3,849 14.3 W. Virginia 11,021 14.4
Louisiana 3,859 45.8 Indiana 11,037 6.3
Alabama 3,966 41.0 Minnesota 11,105 6.0
Wyoming 4,206 3.4 Iowa 11,147 3.6
Maryland 4,250 15.7 Michigan 11,810 5.9
Arkansas 4,300 26.6 Connecticut 12,443 5.3
Utah 4,855 5.6 Ohio 12,523 5.2
Tennessee 4,957 26.6 Wisconsin 13,435 6.7
Washington 5,079 4.3 New York 14,195 5.5
Oregon 5,235 4.1 Illinois 15,306 5.2
Kentucky 5,394 21.6 New Jersey 15,697 6.5
Georgia 5,817 39.8 Pennsylvania 20,169 6.8
Idaho 5,992 5.1 Massachusetts 29,222 6.2
S. Carolina 6,064 45.0 Maine 38,581 3.3
Virginia 6,079 30.2 New Hampshire 45,732 6.8
Kansas 6,253 4.0 Vermont 57,274 6.7

Although less complete than in the preceding table, the parallelism here is nevertheless striking; all the states below the average for illiteracy, except one, rank low also in the number of murders. There are however some very remarkable exceptions to the general tendency, some states with small figures for illiteracy having nevertheless high figures for homicide. It is not possible for me to explain the cause of this, the details with regard to this country being lacking (it is very remarkable that the newest states are those that constitute the exceptions). The relation between these crimes and illiteracy is undeniable however. [[634]]

Italy, 1880–1883.[527]

Provinces. Simple Homicides and Assaults Followed by Death to 100,000 Inhabitants. Illiteracy among the Conscripts (1896).
%[528] 		Provinces. Simple Homicides and Assaults Followed by Death to 100,000 Inhabitants. Illiteracy among the Conscripts (1896).
%[528]
Girgenti 36.5 65.15 Italy 7.0 36.65
Campobasso 29.5 56.35 Lecce 6.9 58.57
Avellino 29.5 56.07 Ascoli Piceno 6.7 53.81
Caltanissetta 29.0 58.02 Pisa 6.0 35.86
Cantanzaro 27.3 65.76 Treviso 5.9 24.95
Trapani 26.1 58.49 Cueno 5.5 18.68
Cosenza 25.7 44.17 Alessandria 5.2 9.86
Palermo 22.3 45.21 Turin 4.9 19.71
Naples 22.2 45.15 Florence 4.3 35.16
Potenza 21.4 55.63 Genoa 4.2 24.16
Caserte 21.3 43.11 Mantua 4.0 25.06
Aquila 20.7 38.56 Udine 4.0 11.08
Calabria 19.5 43.95 Venice 3.9 31.92
Rome 17.7 35.33 Bologna 3.9 24.68
Salerno 17.4 60.37 Sienna 3.9 48.56
Catania 16.7 64.04 Piacenza 3.5 37.82
Chieti 16.6 57.44 Padua 3.0 34.32
Sassari 16.1 53.09 Porto Maurizio 3.0 13.64
Leghorn 14.0 15.68 Novara 2.9 12.18
Teramo 13.8 61.37 Bergama 2.8 27.00
Arezzo 13.4 38.60 Vicenza 2.5 31.41
Ancona 13.1 36.24 Brescia 2.5 20.72
Lucca 11.9 18.49 Emilia 2.4 33.08
Messina 10.9 49.52 Como 2.3 8.89
Forli 10.2 49.63 Pavia 2.3 21.39
Grosseto 10.2 61.42 Verona 2.3 31.86
Bari 10.1 64.60 Ferrara 2.2 36.97
Ravenna 10.1 43.23 Modena 1.8 35.41
Perugia 10.0 48.99 Belluno 1.7 25.62
Cagliari 9.7 68.08 Cremona 1.6 12.71
Pesaro e Urbino 9.4 53.94 Milan 1.4 18.85
Massa e Carrara 8.3 34.46 Parma 1.1 31.68
Macerata 7.5 43.43

In this country also the parallelism is undeniable; almost all the provinces with low figures for illiteracy have also low figures for criminality, and vice versa. [[635]]

To conclude, here are some figures with regard to

The Netherlands, 1901.[529]

Provinces. Assaults to 100,000 Inhabitants. Illiteracy among the Conscripts.
%
Drenthe 15.9 7.2
Limburg 13.7 3.6
North Brabant 12.9 4.1
Groningen 12.6 2.8
Zeeland 8.3 2.3
Overijssel 8.2 3.3
Gelderland 8.2 1.7
Netherlands 7.6 2.3
Friesland 7.3 2.3
Utrecht 6.9 1.1
South Holland 4.2 1.1
North Holland 3.8 1.2

We have here then a confirmation in a general way of the rule proved for other countries.