[31] Upon the dualism of ethics see: Kulischer, “Der Dualismus der Ethik bei den primitiven Völkern” (“Zeitschr. f. Ethnologie”, 1885); Kropotkin, “Mutual Aid among Savages”, pp. 558, 559; Kovalewsky, “Les origines du devoir”, pp. 85 ff. (“Revue internationale de sociologie”, II). [↑]
[32] See Sutherland, op. cit., I, x, for example, and compare Letourneau, “L’évolution de la morale”, p. 55. [↑]
[33] In the discussion which follows I have made large use of Kautsky’s “Die sozialen Triebe in der Tierwelt.” [↑]
[34] See Galton, “Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development”, pp. 68–82. [↑]
[35] See Darwin, “Descent of Man”, p. 102; Sutherland, op. cit., I, x; Ammon, “Der Ursprung der sozialen Triebe” (“Zeitschr. f. Socialwissenschaft” IV); H. Schultz, “Altersklassen und Männerbünde”, I, 2. [↑]
[36] See the quotation from Darwin earlier in this section, in which he speaks of cases of self-sacrifice among animals. [↑]
[37] I make great use here of Kautsky’s “Die sozialen Triebe in der Menschenwelt.” [↑]
[38] See Darwin, “Descent of Man”, p. 105.
[Note to the American Edition: Upon the social origin of man see Müller-Lyer, “Die Familie”, pp. 12 ff.] [↑]