a. 1854–1878. New Cases.

Years. Rebellion. Offenses against Public Order. Perjury. Counterfeiting. Leze-majesty.
1854 18.6 3.0 0.83 0.63
1855 18.2 16.7 2.6 0.64 0.71
1856 18.0 23.2 2.7 0.71 0.40
1857 19.5 29.8 2.9 0.49 0.34
1858 19.7 28.7 2.7 0.50 0.53
1859 18.6 26.9 2.9 0.48 0.68
1860 19.7 30.2 3.0 0.39 0.51
1861 17.2 29.6 3.0 0.42 0.38
1862 19.9 29.0 3.0 0.50 0.47
1863 20.8 26.9 3.2 0.38 1.16
1864 23.1 26.6 3.2 0.40 1.00
1865 23.8 28.1 3.4 0.28 0.64
1866 23.4 24.2 3.1 0.39 1.94
1867 23.1 21.0 3.0 0.49 0.91
1868 22.5 22.8 3.4 0.57 0.54
1869 23.5 23.6 3.6 0.48 0.38
1870 19.0 21.7 3.1 0.36 0.66
1871 19.4 17.9 2.4 0.45 0.96
1872 23.6 26.4 3.2 0.38 0.67
1873 24.7 31.8 3.2 0.41 0.73
1874 28.6 43.7 3.7 0.45 1.23
1875 32.2 41.3 3.8 0.87 1.26
1876 32.7 47.0 4.2 1.21 0.86
1877 33.8 43.4 4.8 1.45 0.93
1878 33.7 49.6 5.5 2.24 9.93

b. 1882–1896. Persons Convicted.

Years. Violence to Officials. Violation of Domicile. Perjury. Embezzlement in Military Service.
1882 40 56 3.1 49
1883 39 52 2.7 54
1884 42 60 3.0 55
1885 40 57 3.0 57
1886 42 61 2.5 61
1887 43 58 8.8 66
1888 39 53 8.5 72
1889 39 58 8.6 61
1890 40 59 8.7 61
1891 40 57 8.5 56
1892 41 59 8.5 58
1882–91 41 58 8.8 60
1894 47 62 8.3 51
1895 47 65
1896 47 63

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“The chief reasons why this crime (against personal liberty), like most crimes against persons, has constantly increased up to the present, in addition to the growing discontent with the present economic situation, are two; first, the effect of the spread of great manufactories in breaking up the family life, with concomitant lack of moral and religious education, and the too early necessity for self-supporting labor …; and second, the present inordinate desire for pleasure, whose results are seen not least in the harmful effects of the immoderate consumption of alcohol; for that this is a prolific source of the multiplication of crime can hardly be doubted.”[50]

Dr. Müller’s final conclusion is as follows: “We may regard it as an established truth that, in the last analysis, the cause for the increase and decrease of crime as a whole is to be found in the presence or absence of a chance for employment and gain, in the condition of individual lines of industry, and in the greater or less degree in which the population as a whole in consequence of this, are in a position to consume.”[51]

—Recently it has been proved that the conclusion of Dr. Müller with regard to the slight influence of the price of grain upon criminality was not entirely correct. Notwithstanding the growing influence of the industrial situation upon criminality, the price of grain has retained a certain influence.[52]— [[84]]

[[Contents]]

XVIII.