TABLE OF THE GOLD COINS OF THE NETHERLANDS.
(From Mees, as above, with additions.)
| Date of Law. | Name of Species. | Weight. | Standard. | Weight of Metal Fine. | Equivalence. | Weight of Metal fine in the Gulden. |
| | Eng. Az. | Kar. | Grein. | Az. | Guil. | St. | Az. |
| Dec. 14, 1489 | Hungary dukaat | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 1 | 6 | 54.941 |
| Feb. 4, 1520 | " | " | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 1 | 18 | 37.591 |
| July 11, 1548 | " | " | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 2 | 1 | 34.841 |
| Feb. 7, 1573 | " | " | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 2 | 15 | 25.972 |
| Dec. 3, 1575 | " | " | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 3 | 0 | 23.808 |
| May 7 and 20, 1583 | Holland dukaat | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 3 | 5 | 21.976 |
| Aug. 4, 1586 | Nederland dukaat | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 3 | 8 | 21.007 |
| April 2, 1603 | " | " | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 3 | 14 | 19.304 |
| Mar. 21, 1606 | Nederland rijder | 6.16 | 22 | 0 | 190.666 | 10 | 2 | 18.878 |
| " | dukaat | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 3 | 16 | 18.796 |
| July 6, 1610 | Nederland rijder | 6.16 | 22 | 0 | 190.666 | 10 | 12 | 17.987 |
| " | dukaat | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 4 | 0 | 17.856 |
| Sept. 26, 1615 | " | rijder | 6.16 | 22 | 0 | 190.666 | 10 | 16 | 17.654 |
| " | dukaat | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 4 | 1 | 17.635 |
| Feb. 13, 1619 | " | rijder | 6.16 | 22 | 0 | 190.666 | 10 | 16 | 17.654 |
| " | dukaat | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 4 | 2 | 17.42 |
| July 21, 1622 | " | rijder | 6.16 | 22 | 0 | 190.666 | 11 | 6 | 16.873 |
| " | dukaat | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 4 | 5 | 16.805 |
| Tolerantie, Oct. 9, 1638 | " | rijder | 6.16 | 22 | 0 | 190.666 | 12 | 0 | 15.888 |
| " | dukaat | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 4 | 10 | 15.872 |
| March 6, 1645 and Jan. 6, 1653 | " | rijder | 6.16 | 22 | 0 | 190.666 | 12 | 12 | 15.132 |
| " | dukaat | 2.8 24⁄35 | 23 | 7 | 71.424 | 4 | 15 | 15.037 |
| March 31, 1749 | " | rijder | 6.16 | 22 | 0 | 190.666 | 14 | 0 | 13.619 |
| 1806 (Louis Napoleon) | Gold penning | 8.28 4⁄9 | 22 carat gold
16 grs. silver | 8.4 3⁄4 | 10 francs | ... |
| 1816 | 10-gulden piece | 4.12 | 0.900 fine | ... | ... | ... |
| 1875 | " | " | 6 720⁄1000 grms. | 0.900 fine | 6.048 fine gold | ... | ... |
APPENDIX V
THE MONETARY SYSTEM OF GERMANY
The German Mint system inherited from that of Charlemagne the common features noticed already in the case of Florence, the Netherlands, and other countries, namely, the division of the silver libra into 20 solidi (schillingen), and of the solidus into 12 denarii (pfennige), so that 240 denarii = 1 libra. The solidus occurs (theoretically or in accompt) in both gold and silver. The gold solidus of the German system originally weighed less than the Frankish, which was 72 to the libra, while the German was 80 to the libra.
The ratio of gold to silver was 12:1, so that theoretically 1 pound silver = 1 oz. gold = 6 2⁄3 gold schilling.
In actual coins, 1 gold schilling = 3 silver schillingen = 36 pfennige.
Gradually this system was superseded by that of reckoning by the mark. The particular mark which obtained widest acceptance was the Cologne mark, which was thus subdivided—