| Tale to the Cologne Mark. | Standard. |
|---|
| | Loth. | Grs. |
| 1226— | | |
| The Gros Tournois minted at Tours in France (58 to the troy mark) | 55 1⁄10 | 15 | 6 |
| 1296— | | |
| Groschen of Bohemia and Meissen | 63 1⁄2 | 15 | 0 |
| 1324— | | |
| Groschen of Meissen | 64 1⁄2 | 15 | 0 |
| 1341— | | |
| Groschen of Bohemia | 78 | 10 | 0 |
| 1350— | | |
| Meissen | 91 | 14 | 0 |
| 1364— | | |
| Bohemia | 74 1⁄2 | 9 | 0 |
| 1378— | | |
| Bohemian groschen, as by the Constitution of Charles IV. and Wenceslaus | 70 | 14 | 1 |
| 1380— | | |
| Meissen | 72 | 13 | 0 |
| 1407— | | |
| Würzburg (74 to the Würzburg mark) | 72 40⁄131 | 8 | 0 |
| 1444— | | |
| Saxony and Meissen | 88 | 7 | 13 |
| 1444— | | |
| Frederick II. of Saxony (four kinds of groschen) | 160 | 16 | 0 |
| 120 | 12 | 0 |
| 104 | 8 | 0 |
| 1484— | | |
| Archduke Sigismund of Austria (8 gulden groschen to the Vienna mark) | 6 206⁄307 | 16 | 0 |
| 1490— | | |
| Schwart groschen | 103 | 5 | 0 |
| Large groschen of Hesse | 112 | 6 | 0 |
| Hamburg | 104 | 9 | 15 |
| Lübeck | 107 | 9 | 13 |
| Bohemia | 84 | 6 | 12 |
| (18 other species concurrent.) | | |
| 1524— | | |
| Imperial Mint Ordinance of Charles V. | 136 | 12 | 0 |
| 1551— | | |
| Imperial Mint Ordinance of Charles V. (16 contemporary species.) | 94 1⁄2 | 7 | 5 |
| 100 | 7 | 6 |
| 1559— | | |
| Imperial Mint Ordinance of Ferdinand I.—Reichs groschen | 108 1⁄2 | 8 | 0 |
| 1572— | | |
| Lower Saxony—Silver groschen | 108 1⁄2 | 8 | 0 |
| Lower Saxony—Marien groschen | 155 1⁄2 | 7 | 11 |
| 1573— | | |
| Brandenburg | 108 | 8 | 3 1⁄2 |
| 1610— | | |
| Lower Saxony | 116 | 14 | 4 |
| 1617— | | |
| Lower Saxony | 144 | 8 | 0 |
| 1622— | | |
| Higher and Lower Saxony | 108 1⁄2 | 8 | 0 |
| 1667— | | |
| Brunswick and Luneberg— | | |
| Good groschen | 160 | 10 | 0 |
| Marien groschen | 192 | 8 | 0 |
| 1669— | | |
| The Three Circles (Franconia, Bavaria, and Swabia) | 141 2⁄3 | 8 | 0 |
| 1680— | | |
| The Three Circles (Franconia, Bavaria, and Swabia) | 141 | 8 | 0 |
| 1690— | | |
| Leipzig standard—Good groschen | 150 | 8 | 0 |
| Leipzig standard—Marien groschen | 162 1⁄2 | 5 | 14 |
| 1738— | | |
| As adopted in comitiis— | | |
| Groschen | 125 | 6 | 2 |
| Imperial groschen | 134 49⁄64 | 5 | 13 1⁄4 |
| Marien groschen | 171 | 6 | 0 |
FOOTNOTES:
[24] Heller were first minted in 1228 at Halle, but by the year 1420 they had sunk to the equivalence of a half-pfennige. Of the origin of the kreutzer less is known, as few, if any, records of it occur before its minting in the Tyrol in 1490. Its subsequent variation in different parts of Germany, and at different times, it is almost impossible to give account of.
APPENDIX VI
THE MONETARY SYSTEM OF FRANCE
The metric system on which the French Mint was worked throughout the period treated of in this work up to the Revolution was as follows:—
| 1 mark | = 8 oz. |
| " | = 64 gros. (8 × 8). |
| " | = 192 dens. (64 × 3). |
| " | = 4608 grs. (192 × 24). |
An alternative subdivision of the ounce was as follows:—