[23] Such direct action has of course been proved to occur in the case of several dimorphic larvae (e. g., A. betularia, itself) and pupae.

[24] See Harris, Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1904, p. lxxii, and 1905, p. lxiii; also Hamling, Trans. City of London Ent. Soc., 1905, p. 5.

[25] I am indebted to Mr. Outram Bangs of the Harvard Museum for calling my attention to this remarkable case.

[26] Auk, 1889, VI, p. 219.

[27] Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1878, I, p. 149.

[28] Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1878, I, p. 149.

[29] Ibid, 1912, pp. 523-8.


FOOTNOTES: CHAPTER VII.

[1] J. A. Allen, The North American Species of the Genus Colaptes, Considered with Special Reference to the Relationships of C. auratus and C. cafer. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, 1892.