[14]. There are two other forms of productive organization, neither of them very common. One is the co-operative association, with or without capital stock; the other is the organization of production under the direct management of the public authorities. The organization of the postal service is an example.
[15]. The Lockwood Committee, which made its investigations during 1920 in New York, found that excessive costs of building construction were due in considerable measure to the existence of artificial monopolies among producers of building materials.
[16]. It has been suggested that instead of giving inventors the exclusive right to make and sell their appliances, this right should be given to everybody with a provision that a fixed rate of royalty should be paid to the inventor. This would afford an incentive to the inventor while preventing the creation of legal monopolies.
[17]. The doctrine of the divine right of rulers was based upon certain Biblical texts, particularly Romans xiii, 1-7, and was put forth in the Middle Ages to support the secular rulers against the Church. The Bourbon kings of France, especially Louis XIV, asserted it, as well as the Stuart kings of England. The House of Hohenzollern in Germany maintained the doctrine, and the former Kaiser on more than one occasion alluded to himself as a ruler by divine right. Those who are interested in pursuing this topic further will find a great deal about it in J. N. Figgis, The Divine Right of Kings (London, 1896) and in The Political Writings of James I (ed. C. H. McIlwain, Cambridge, 1915).
[18]. For example, E. L. Godkin, Unforeseen Tendencies of Democracy (N. Y., 1898), p. 46; Emile Faguet, The Cult of Incompetence (N. Y., 1911), pp. 35-36; A. M. Kales, Unpopular Government in the United States (Chicago, 1914); A. B. Cruikshank, Popular Misgovernment in the United States (N. Y., 1920), and Alleyne Ireland, Democracy and the Human Equation (N. Y., 1921), pp. 75-79.
[19]. Corporations, as well as individuals, are citizens in the eyes of the law. The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey is a citizen of New Jersey and as such is entitled to all the “privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States”.
[20]. Some children although born in the United States are not subject to American jurisdiction. The children of a foreign ambassador, serving in the United States, are for this reason not citizens, even though born here. Children born on board a foreign warship in an American harbor are not deemed to be “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States. But with a few unimportant exceptions of this sort all persons born in the United States are born within its jurisdiction, and hence are citizens by birth.
One may be an American citizen by birth, moreover, without having been born in the United States. The children of American parents, even though born outside the territory of the United States, have the right to claim this citizenship. Children of American parents, born on the high seas, or on American war vessels in foreign ports, or children of American ambassadors born abroad, are citizens of the United States by virtue of their parentage. Children of American parents, born on foreign soil, have the right to choose between American citizenship and citizenship of the country in which they were born.
[21]. On rather rare occasions a large body of people, not citizens by birth, have become citizens of the United States by what is called collective naturalization. When Louisiana (1803), Florida (1819) and Alaska (1867) were acquired, for example, the treaties which provided for their acquisition stipulated that all inhabitants of these territories should be admitted to American citizenship without becoming individually naturalized. On the other hand, when Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands were ceded to us by Spain in 1898 there was no such provision. In the case of the Porto Ricans,[Ricans,] citizenship was conferred by an act of Congress in 1917; in the case of the Filipinos the full status of American citizenship has not yet been granted. The Filipinos are called “nationals” of the United States, which means that they have the protection of the federal government, but are not entitled to all the other privileges and immunities of citizenship as provided in the constitution. Collective naturalization may thus be provided for by treaty or granted by act of Congress.
[22]. The leisure hours of pupils may also be utilized to secure excellent lessons in good citizenship. Unfortunately they are not always so used. Many of the recreations which are now popular with the young people of the United States afford neither physical exercise nor mental inspiration, neither do they conduce to the strengthening of character.