Cave Hunting / Researches on the evidence of caves respecting the early inhabitants of Europe

by William Boyd Dawkins

Pleistocene Animals living to the North of the Alps and Pyrenees.

The principal mammalia inhabiting Britain, France, and Germany during the pleistocene age, and contemporary with man in Europe, are given in the following table, which shows that the fauna of the region to the north of the Alps and Pyrenees was remarkably uniform. The cave-fauna of Provence, Italy, and Spain, will be treated of in the next chapter.

[(Image of Table)]

Species.	Gailenreuth Cave	Kirkdale	Victoria	Cefn	Plas- newydd	Plas Heaton	Gallfaenan	Paviland	Bacon’s Hole	Minchin Hole	Bosco’s Den	Crow Hole	Ravenscliff	Spritsail Tor	Long Hole	Blackrock Fissure	Caldy Fissure	Coygan Cave	Hoyle Cave	King Arthur’s Cave
Homo palæolithicus—Palæolithic Man	x		x		x										x				x	x
Spermophilus citillus—Pouched Marmot
Arctomys marmotta—Common Marmot
Castor fiber—Beaver
Lepus timidus—Hare		x												x	x
Lepus variabilis—Alpine Hare
Lepus cuniculus—Rabbit	x	x													x
Lepus diluvianus—Extinct Hare
Lagomys pusillus—Tailless Hare
Mus lemmus—Lemming
Hystrix dorsata—Porcupine	x
Felis leo (var. spelæa)—Lion		x		x									x	x	x					x
Felis pardus—Leopard
Felis Lynx—Lynx
Felis caffer—Caffir Cat
Felis catus—Wild Cat	x												x		x
Machairodus latidens
Gulo borealis—Glutton	x					x
Hyæna crocuta (var. spelæa)—Spotted Hyæna	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Hyæna striata—Striped Hyæna
Mustela martes—Marten													x	x	x
Mustela putorius—Polecat									x					x	x
Mustela erminea—Weasel		x							x
Lutra vulgaris—Otter															x
Ursus arctos—Brown Bear	x	x	x					?						x					x
Ursus ferox—Grizzly Bear	x	x	x	x	x				x	x				x
Ursus spelæus—Cave-Bear	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x				x
Canis lupus—Wolf	x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Canis vulpes—Fox	x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Canis lagopus—Arctic Fox
Elephas primigenius—Mammoth	x		x					x					x	x	x	x	x	x		x
Elephas antiquus		x		x	x				x	x		x	x	x	x
Elephas Africanus—African Elephant
Equus caballus—Horse	x	x	x	x		x		x					x	x	x		x	x		x
Rhinoceros tichorhinus—Woolly Rhinoceros	x		x	x										x	x	x	x	x
Rhinoceros hemitœchus		x		x	x				x	x		x	x		x
Rhinoceros megarhinus
Bos urus—Urus
Bos bison—Bison	x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x		x
Ovibos moschatus—Musk Sheep
Capra ibex—Ibex
Capella rupicapra—Chamois
Antilope saiga—Saiga
Sus scrofa—Wild Boar	x	x		x				x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Cervus elaphus—Stag	x	x	x	x	x				x					x	x					x
Cervus capreolus—Roe	x								x		x			x
Cervus megaceros—Irish Elk	x	x	x	x	x									x	x					x
Cervus tarandus-Reindeer	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x			x	x	x	x	x		x
Hippopotamus amphibius (var. major)— Hippopotamus		x		x	x								x

[(Image of Table)]

Species.	Durdham	Hutton	Banwell	Bleadon	Uphill	Sandford Hill	Wookey Hole	Brixham	Kent’s Hole	Moustier	La Madelaine	Laugerie Haute	Laugerie Basse	Gorge d’Enfer	Cro Magnon	Les Eyzies	Lunel Viel	Belgian Caves	River Deposits, Britain	River Deposits, France
Homo palæolithicus—Palæolithic Man							x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x
Spermophilus citillus—Pouched Marmot						x	x								x	x		x	x
Arctomys marmotta—Common Marmot																		x
Castor fiber—Beaver									x								x	x	x	x
Lepus timidus—Hare							x	x	x	x	x	x?	x?		x	x		x	x	x
Lepus variabilis—Alpine Hare																		x
Lepus cuniculus—Rabbit								x	x		x				x					x
Lepus diluvianus—Extinct Hare							x										x	x		x
Lagomys pusillus-Tailless Hare				x				x	x									x
Mus lemmus—Lemming				x			x									x		x	x
Hystrix dorsata—Porcupine																		x
Felis leo (var. spelæa)—Lion	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x					x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Felis pardus—Leopard		x	x	x													x			x
Felis Lynx—Lynx			x															x		x
Felis caffer—Caffir Cat																	x	x
Felis catus—Wild Cat				x	?				x								x	x	x	x
Machairodus latidens									x
Gulo borealis—Glutton			x	x														x
Hyæna crocuta (var. spelæa)—Spotted Hyæna	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x							x	x	x	x
Hyæna striata—Striped Hyæna																	x
Mustela martes—Marten				x																x
Mustela putorius—Polecat																		x
Mustela erminea—Weasel									x									x	x
Lutra vulgaris—Otter	x			x					x									x	x
Ursus arctos—Brown Bear	x			x		x	x	x	x									x	x	x
Ursus ferox—Grizzly Bear			x				x	x	x									x	x	x
Ursus spelæus—Cave-Bear		x	x	x		x	x	x	x				x	x	x		x	x		(?)
Canis lupus—Wolf		x		x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Canis vulpes—Fox		x		x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Canis lagopus—Arctic Fox																		x
Elephas primigenius—Mammoth	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x		x	x	x
Elephas antiquus	x			x														x	x	x
Elephas Africanus—African Elephant
Equus caballus—Horse	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x
Rhinoceros tichorhinus—Woolly Rhinoceros			x			x	x	x	x									x	x	x
Rhinoceros hemitœchus	x						x										x		x
Rhinoceros megarhinus																			x	x
Bos urus—Urus			x	x		x	x	x	x								x	x	x	x
Bos bison—Bison		x	x	x	x	x	x		?	x	x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x
Ovibos moschatus—Musk Sheep											x			x					x	x
Capra ibex—Ibex											x	x	x	x	x	x		x		x
Capella rupicapra—Chamois											x		x			x		x		x
Antilope saiga—Saiga													x			x		x
Sus scrofa—Wild Boar		x		x	x		x		x		x				x		x	x	x	x
Cervus elaphus—Stag			x	x			x	x	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x
Cervus capreolus—Roe				x				x										x	x	x
Cervus megaceros—Irish Elk		x	x	x			x		x			x						x	x	x
Cervus tarandus—Reindeer	x	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	+	x	+	x	x		x	x	x
Hippopotamus amphibius (var. major)—Hippopotamus	x								(?)										x	x

Cave Fauna the same as River-bed Fauna.