CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
PAGE
Legends and Superstitions connected with Caves[1–5]
The Physical Division of the Subject[5, 6]
The Biological Division[6]
Men and Animals[6]
Ethnological, Archæological, and Geographical Bearings[7–9]
The Three Classes of Bone-Caves[10, 11]
History of Cave-Exploration in Europe[11]
” ” Germany[11, 12]
” ” Great Britain[13–18]
” ” France[18–20]
” ” Belgium[20, 21]
” ” Southern Europe[21, 22]
CHAPTER II.
PHYSICAL HISTORY OF CAVES.
Caves formed by the Sea and by Volcanic Action[23]
Caves in Arenaceous Rocks[24]
Caves in Calcareous Rocks of various ages[25–27]
Their Relation to Pot-holes, “Cirques,” and Ravines[27, 28]
Water-Cave of Wookey Hole[29–31]
Goatchurch Cave[31–34]
Water-Caves of Derbyshire[34]
Water-Caves of Yorkshire—Ingleborough[35–39]
Rate of Deposit of Stalagmite[39–41]
Descent into Helln Pot[41–47]
Caves and Pots round Weathercote[47–50]
Formation of Caves, Pot-holes, and Ravines[50–57]
Caverns not generally formed in line of Faults[57]
Various Ages of Caves[58–61]
Filling up of Caves[61]
Cave of Caldy[62–68]
Black-Rock Cave, Tenby[68]
Carbonate of Lime dissolved by Atmospheric Water[69–70]
Circulation of Carbonate of Lime[71]
Temperature of Caves[71–72]
Conclusion[73]
CHAPTER III.
HISTORIC CAVES IN BRITAIN.
Definition of Historic Period[74]
Wild Animals in Britain during the Historic Period[75–77]
Animals living under the care of Man[77]
Classificatory Value of Historic Animals[78–81]
The Victoria Cave, Settle, Yorkshire—History of Discovery[81–85]
The Romano-Celtic or Brit-Welsh Stratum[86–88]
Bones of the Animals[88–90]
Miscellaneous Articles[90–92]
The Coins[93]
The Jewellery, and its relation to Irish Art[94–101]
Similar remains in other Caves in Yorkshire[101]
Caves used as places of Refuge[102]
The evidence of History as to Date[103–111]
Britain under the Romans[103–105]
The inroads of the Picts and Scots[105]
The English Conquest[107]
The Neolithic Stratum[111–115]
Approximate Date of the Neolithic Occupation[115]
The Grey Clays[116–118]
The Pleistocene Occupation by Hyænas[118–121]
Probable Pre-glacial Age of the Pleistocene Stratum[121–125]
The Kirkhead Cave[125]
Poole’s Cavern, Buxton[126]
Thor’s Cave, near Ashbourne[127–129]
Historic Value of Brit-Welsh group of Caves[129]
Principal Animals and Articles in Brit-Welsh Caves[130–132]
The Use of Horse-flesh[132]
Cave of Longberry Bank, Pembrokeshire[133]
CHAPTER IV.
CAVES USED IN THE AGES OF IRON AND BRONZE.
Difference between Historic and Prehistoric Time[134–136]
The Prehistoric Fauna[136–138]
Archæological Classification[138–140]
Caves of the Iron Age[140]
Caves of the Bronze Age in Britain[141–145]
The Caves of the Césareda in Portugal probably occupied by Cannibals[145–147]
Cave of Reggio in Modena[148]
CHAPTER V.
CAVES OF THE NEOLITHIC AGE.
Neolithic Caves in Great Britain—Perthi-Chwareu[149–156]
Rhosdigre[156–158]
Neolithic Caves in the neighbourhood of Cefn, St. Asaph[159–161]
Chambered Tomb near Cefn[161–164]
Correlation of Chambered Tomb with the Caves of Perthi-Chwareu and Cefn[164]
Contents of Caves and Tombs, tabulated[165–166]
Description of Human Remains by Professor Busk[166–187]
General conclusions as to Human Remains[197–188]
CHAPTER VI.
THE RANGE OF NEOLITHIC DOLICHO-CEPHALI AND BRACHY-CEPHALI.
Cranial Terminology[189–190]
Dolicho-cephali and Brachy-cephali[191–194]
Range of the Dolicho-cephali in Britain and Ireland[194–197]
Range of the Brachy-cephali[197]
Their Range in France[198]
Caverne de l’homme Mort[198–202]
Sepulchral Cave of Orrouy[202]
Skulls from French Tumuli[203]
The Dolicho-cephali of Iberian Peninsula—Gibraltar[204–208]
Spain—Cueva de los Murcièlagos[208–210]
The Woman’s Cave near Alhama[210]
The Guanches of the Canary Isles[211]
Iberic Dolicho-cephali of the same race as those of Britain[212]
Dolicho-cephali cognate with the Basque[213–215]
Sepulchral Cave of Chauvaux[215–218]
Cave of Sclaigneaux[218–220]
Evidence of History as to the Peoples of Gaul and Spain[220–223]
The Basque Population the oldest[223]
Population of Britain[224]
Basque Characters in British and French Populations present[225–227]
Whence come the Basques?[227]
The Celtic and Belgic Brachy-cephali[228–230]
The Ancient German Race[230]
General conclusions[231]
CHAPTER VII.
CAVES CONTAINING HUMAN REMAINS OF DOUBTFUL AGE.
The Paviland Cave[232–234]
Cave of Engis[234, 235]
Trou du Frontal[236–239]
Cave of Gendron[239]
” Gailenreuth[240]
” Neanderthal[240–241]
” Aurignac[242–247]
” Bruniquel[247, 248]
” Cro-Magnon[249–256]
” Lombrive[256]
” Cavillon, near Mentone[257]
Grotta dei Colombi, Palmaria, inhabited by Cannibals[258–261]
General conclusions as to Prehistoric Caves[261–263]
CHAPTER VIII.
THE PLEISTOCENE CAVES OF GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN.
Relation of Pleistocene to Prehistoric Period[264]
Magnitude of Interval[265]
Animals[265, 266]
Physical Changes—Excavation and filling up of Valleys[267–272]
Fisherton, near Salisbury[267]
Freshford, near Bath[269]
Comparison of Deposits in Valleys with those in Caves[272]
Difference of Mineral Condition[273]
Pleistocene Caves of Germany—Gailenreuth[273–276]
Kühloch[276–278]
Pleistocene Caves of Great Britain[278]
” ” Yorkshire—Kirkdale[279–284]
” ” Derbyshire—Dream Cave[284, 285]
” ” North Wales, near St. Asaph[286, 287]
Caves of South Wales in Glamorgan and Carmarthen[288]
” Pembrokeshire[289]
” Monmouth[290]
” Gloucestershire and Somersetshire[291]
” the Mendip Hills—Hutton[292]
Banwell[293]
Uphill[294]
Hyæna Den, Wookey Hole[295–314]
The district of the Mendip higher in Pleistocene Age than now[314]
The condition of Bones gnawed by Hyænas[314–317]
The Caves of Devonshire—Oreston[317, 318]
Caves at Brixham[319–324]
Kent’s Hole[324–330]
Probable Age of the Machairodus in Kent’s Hole[330–335]
Caves of Ireland—Shandon[335]
CHAPTER IX.
THE INHABITANTS OF THE CAVES OF NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE, AND THE EVIDENCE OF THE FAUNA AS TO THE ATLANTIC COAST-LINE.
The Caves of France[336]
Cave of Baume[337]
Caves of Périgord[337–347]
” Belgium[347, 348]
Trou de Naulette[349]
Caves of Switzerland[350]
Cave-dwellers and Palæolithic Men of the River-gravels[351]
Classification of Palæolithic Caves[351–353]
Relation of Cave-dwellers to Eskimos[353–359]
Pleistocene Animals living north of the Alps and Pyrenees[359]
Relation of Cave to River-bed Fauna[362]
The Atlantic Coast-line[362–366]
Distribution of Palæolithic Implements[366, 367]
CHAPTER X.
THE FAUNA OF THE CAVES OF SOUTHERN EUROPE, AND THE EVIDENCE AS TO THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST-LINE IN THE PLEISTOCENE AGE.
Changes of Level in Mediterranean Area in Meiocene and Pleiocene Ages[369]
Bone-caves of Southern Europe[370]
Caves of Gibraltar[371, 372]
Bone-caves of Provence and Mentone[373–375]
” Sicily[375–377]
” Malta[377]
Range of Pigmy Hippopotamus[378]
Fossil Mammalia in Algeria[379]
Living Species common to Europe and Africa[379]
Evidence of Soundings[380–382]
The Glaciers of Lebanon[382]
Glaciers of Anatolia[383–386]
” of the Atlas Mountains[386]
” probably produced by elevation above the Sea[387–389]
Mediterranean Coast-line comparatively modern[389]
Changes of Level in the Sahara[390]
CHAPTER XI.
THE EUROPEAN CLIMATE IN THE PLEISTOCENE AGE.
Evidence of the Mammalia as to Climate[392]
Southern Group of Animals[393–395]
Northern Group[395–397]
Probable cause of Association of Northern and Southern Groups[397, 398]
The Temperate Group[399]
Species common to Cold and Tropical Climates[400]
Extinct Species[400]
Two Periods of Glaciation in Britain[401–403]
Three Climatal Changes on the Continent[403]
Europe invaded by Pleistocene Animals before the Glacial Period[404–406]
Mammalia lived in Europe during the second Glacial Period[406]
The Glacial Period does not separate one Life-era from another[407]
Bone-caves inhabited before and after the Glacial Period[408]
Relation of Palæolithic Man to Glacial Period[409]
Age of Contents of Caves in Glacial Districts[410]
CHAPTER XII.
CONCLUSION.
Classification of Pleistocene Strata by the Mammalia[412–414]
Late Pleistocene Division[414]
Middle Pleistocene Division[415–417]
Early Pleistocene Mammalia[417–420]
The Pleiocene Mammalia[420–423]
Summary of Characteristic Pleistocene and Pleiocene Species[423, 424]
Antiquity of Man in Europe[424–426]
Man lived in India in the Pleistocene Age[426–428]
Are the Palæolithic Aborigines of India related to those of Europe?[428]
Palæolithic Man in Palestine[429]
Conclusion[430]
APPENDIX I.
ON THE INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF CAVE-HUNTING.
Instruments used in Cave-hunting[435]
Search after Bone-caves[437]
Three modes of Cave-digging[438]
Stalagmitic floors to be broken up[440]
The Preservation of Fossil Remains[440]
APPENDIX II.
Observations on the Accumulation of Stalagmite in the Ingleborough Cave[442]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG.PAGE
Coloured Enamels from Victoria Cave[Front.]
1 Diagram of Wookey Hole, Cave and Ravine[30]
2 Diagram of Helln Pot and the Long Churn Cavern[41]
3 Diagram of Helln Pot[42]
4 Diagram of Helln Pot, showing Waterfall at the bottom[45]
5 Waterfall in Pot-hole, at Weathercote[48]
6 Diagram of Subterranean Course of Dalebeck[49]
7 Diagram of an acid-worn joint, Doveholes, Derbyshire[52]
8 Diagram of the Source of the Aire at Malham[55]
9 A View in the Fairy Chamber, Caldy[63]
10 Stalagmites in the Fairy Chamber, Caldy[63]
11 The Fairy Chamber, Caldy[64]
12 Pools in Fairy Chamber[65]
13 Pool in Fairy Chamber[65]
14 Edge of Pool in Fairy Chamber[65]
15 Cone with Straw-column[65]
16 Basin containing Cave-pearls[67]
17 Fungoid Structures, magnified[67]
18 Fungoid Structure, Black-rock Cave[68]
19 View of King’s Scar, Settle, showing the Entrances of the Victoria and Albert Caves[82]
20 Longitudinal Section of Victoria Cave[86]
21 Vertical Section at the Entrance to the Victoria Cave[87]
22 Spoon-brooch[91]
23 Ornamented Bone Fastener[92]
24 Two Bone Links[92]
25 Bronze Brooch[95]
26 Bone Harpoon[112]
27 Bone Bead[113]
28 Stone Adze of doubtful origin[114]
29 Section below Grey Clay, at Entrance to Victoria Cave[117]
30 Skull of Woolly Rhinoceros, showing the part which is not eaten by Hyænas[119]
31 Bronze Bracelet from Thor’s Cave[129]
32 Bronze Knife, Heathery Burn[142]
33 Bronze Armlet, Heathery Burn[143]
34 Bronze Spear-head, Heathery Burn[143]
35 Bronze Mould for casting a socketed Celt[143]
36 Section of Cave at Perthi-Chwareu[152]
37 Plan of Cave at Perthi-Chwareu[154]
38 Greenstone Celt, Rhosdigre Cave[157]
39 Plan of Chambered Tomb at Cefn[162]
40, 41, 42 Skull from Sepulchral Cave at Perthi-Chwareu[168]
43, 44, 45 Skull from Sepulchral Cave at Perthi-Chwareu[169]
46 Section of Femur[172]
47, 48, 49, 50, 51 Section of Tibiæ[176]
52, 53, 54 Platyenemic Tibiæ[177]
55, 56, 57, 58 Human Femora[182]
59, 60, 61 Skull from Cave at Cefn, St. Asaph[185]
62, 63, 64 Skull from Genista Cave[207]
65, 66 Skull from Cave of Sclaigneaux[219]
67 Platyenemic Tibia from Sclaigneaux[219]
68 Map of the Distribution of Iberic, Celtic, and Belgic Peoples at dawn of History[221]
69 Section of the Trou du Frontal[237]
70 Diagram of the Cave of Aurignac[245]
71 Section across the valley of the Vezère and rock of Cro-Magnon[249]
72 Detailed Section of the Cave of Cro-Magnon[251]
73 Thigh-bone of Child from Grotta dei Colombi[260]
74 Section of Valley-gravels at Fisherton[268]
75 Section of Valley-gravels at Freshford, Bath[270]
76 Section of Gailenreuth Cave[274]
77 Plan of Kirkdale Cave[279]
78 Sections of Kirkdale Cave[280]
79 Molar of Hippopotamus[281]
80 Leg-bones gnawed by Hyænas[282]
81 The Dream-cave, Wirksworth[285]
82 Left Lower Jaw of Glutton, Plas Heaton Cave[287]
83 Plan of Hyæna Den, Wookey Hole[297]
84, 85, 86, 87 Four Views of Flint Implements from Wookey Hole[299]
88 Section showing Contents of Hyæna Den[304]
89 Transverse section of ditto[305]
90 Longitudinal section[306]
91 Longitudinal section[311]
92 Gnawed Jaw of Hyæna from Wookey[313]
93 Upper and Lower Jaws of Hyæna Whelp, Wookey[315]
94 Thigh-bone of Woolly Rhinoceros gnawed by Hyænas, Wookey[316]
95 Diagram of deposits in Brixham Cave[320]
96 Lanceolate Implement from Kent’s Hole[326]
97 Oval Implements from Kent’s Hole[326]
98 Harpoon from Kent’s Hole[327]
99 Harpoon-head from Kent’s Hole[327]
100 Hammer-stone[328]
101, 102 Upper Canine of Machairodus, Kent’s Hole[331]
103, 104, 105 Incisors of Machairodus, Kent’s Hole[333]
106 Flint-flake, Les Eyzies[339]
107 Flint Scraper, Les Eyzies[339]
108 Flint Javelin-head, Laugerie Haute[339]
109 Flint Arrow-head, Laugerie Haute[340]
110 Bone needle, La Madelaine[340]
111, 112 Harpoons of Antler, La Madelaine[342]
113, 114 Arrow-heads, Gorge d’Enfer[342]
115 Bone Awl, Gorge d’Enfer[342]
116 Carved Handle of Reindeer Antler[343]
117 Two sides of Reindeer Antler, La Madelaine[344]
118 Horses engraved on Antler, La Madelaine[344]
119 Group of Reindeer, Dordogne[345]
120 Mammoth engraved on Ivory, La Madelaine[346]
121 Carved Implement of Reindeer Antler, Goyet[348]
122 Eskimos Spear-head, bone[353]
123 Eskimos Arrow-straightener of Walrus-tooth[354]
124 Eskimos Plane, or Scraper[355]
125 Eskimos Hunting Scene[357]
126 Map of the Physiography of Great Britain in Late Pleistocene Age[363]
127 Molar of Hippopotamus Pentlandi[377]
128 Molar of Elephas Melitensis[378]
129 Map of the Physiography of the Mediterranean in the Pleistocene Age[381]

LISTS OF SPECIES AND TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.

PAGE
List of Animals extinct during the Historic Age[78]
” Animals introduced during the Historic Age[79]
” Coins found in the Victoria Cave[93]
” Principal Animals and Objects found in Brit-Welsh Strata in Caves[131]
” Animals found in the Refuse-heap, Perthi-Chwareu[150]
” Contents in Neolithic Caves and Cairn, North Wales[166]
Dimensions of Perthi-Chwareu Skulls[171]
Dimensions of Perthi Chwareu Tibiæ[173]
Proportions of ordinary Tibiæ[174]
Comparative Measurements of Skulls[179]
Table of Long Skulls from Britain and Ireland[197]
” Measurements of British Brachy-cephali, and Gaulish and Belgic Brachy-cephali and Dolicho-cephali[199]
Measurements of various Skulls[213]
Measurements of Skulls of doubtful antiquity[236]
List of Late Pleistocene Animals unknown in Britain in the Prehistoric Age[266]
” Remains found in Wookey Hyæna Den[310]
Late Pleistocene Fauna north of Alps and Pyrenees[360, 361]
List of Animals from the Caves of Gibraltar[372]
Fauna from the Caves of Mentone[373]
” Bone-caves of Sicily[376]
List of Animals from the Middle Pleistocene[415]
” ” ” Early Pleistocene[418]
” Pleistocene Mammalia[420, 422]
” Characteristic Animals of the Pleistocene Period[423]
” ” ” ” Pleiocene Period[424]