2. To connect extreme dates in specifying periods of time: e.g., 1912–1918.
3. When the sentence is abruptly terminated: e.g., “If he is alive, I can make him one from this time; and if — if —”
4. To secure rhetorical emphasis: e.g., We are ready — we are more than ready to meet the issue.
5. To define verse references in the Bible: e.g., Matt. 1 : 4–8; or to indicate page references in a book: e.g., See pp. 21–42.
6. Between short, snappy sentences to increase the speed of the discourse: e.g., Hullo! ho! the whole world’s asleep! — bring out the horses, — grease the wheels, — tie on the mail!
7. Between the subject-matter and its authority.
8. To indicate the omission of letters: e.g., Mrs. B——.
9. At the end of a series of phrases which depend upon a concluding clause: e.g., Courtesy and attention, patience and judgment, accuracy and carefulness — these are but a few of the elements which constitute successful business relations. {14}
10. To precede expressions which are added to an apparently completed sentence, but which refer to some previous part of the sentence: e.g., The question of hearing was seriously troubling the minister — they probably had heard too much.
¶ Dashes may be substituted for commas or marks of parenthesis before and after expressions having closer connection with the main sentence than could be indicated by marks of parenthesis: e.g., They might have been talking for a quarter of an hour or more, when Monks — by which name the Jew had designated the strange man — said, etc.