[w] Hornets and Wasps have strong Jaws, toothed, wherewith they can dig into Fruits, for their Food; as also gnaw and scrape Wood, whole Mouthfuls of which they carry away to make their Combs. Vid. infr. [Chap. 13. Note (c).]
[x] Monsieur de la Voye tells of an ancient Wall of Free-Stone in the Benedictines-Abby at Caen in Normandy, so eaten with Worms, that one may run ones Hand into most of the Cavities: That these Worms are small and black, lodging in a greyish Shell, that they have large flattish Heads, a large Mouth, with four black Jaws, &c. Phil. Trans. Nᵒ. 18.
[y] Pro iis [Labris] cornea & acuta Volucribus Rostra. Eadem rapto viventibus adunca: collecto, recta: herbas ruentibus limumque lata, ut Suum generi. Jumentis vice manûs ad colligenda pabula: ora apertiora laniatu viventibus. Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.
[z] Parrots have their Bills nicely adapted to these Services, being hooked, for climbing and reaching what they have occasion for; and the lower Jaw being compleatly fitted to the Hooks of the upper, they can as minutely break their Food, as other Animals do with their Teeth.
[aa] Thus in Woodcocks, Snipes, &c. who hunt for Worms in moorish Ground, and, as Mr. Willughby saith, live also on the fatty unctuous Humour they suck out of the Earth. So also the Bills of Curlews, and many other Sea-Fowl, are very long, to enable them to hunt for the Worms, &c. in the Sands on the Sea-shore, which they frequent.
[bb] Ducks, Geese, and divers others, have such long broad Bills, to quaffer and hunt in Water and Mud; to which we may reckon the uncouth Bill of the Spoon-Bill: but that which deserves particular Observation in the Birds named in these two last Notes is, the Nerves going to the end of their Bills, enabling them to discover their Food out of Sight; of which see [Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (e).]
[cc] The Picus viridis, or Green-Woodspite, and all the Wood-Peckers have Bills, curiously made for digging Wood, strong, hard, and sharp. A neat Ridge runs along the top of the green Wood-Pecker’s Bill, as if an Artist had designed it for Strength and Neatness.
[dd] The Loxia, or Cross-Bill, whose Bill is thick and strong, with the Tips crossing one another; with great Readiness breaks open Fir-cones, Apples, and other Fruit, to come at their Kernels, which are its Food, as if the crossing of the Bill was designed for this Service.
[ee] The Sea-Pie hath a long, sharp, narrow Bill, compressed side-ways, and every way so well adapted to the raising Limpets from the Rocks (which are its chief, if not only Food) that Nature (or rather the Author of Nature) seems to have framed it purely for that Use.
[ff] Those animals which have Teeth on both Jaws, have but one Stomach; but most of those which have no upper Teeth, or none at all, have three Stomachs; as in Beasts, the Paunch, the Read, and the Feck; and in all granivorous Birds, the Crop, the Echinus and the Gizard. For as chewing is to an easie Digestion, so is swallowing whole to that which is more laborious. Dr. Grew’s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 5. §. 24.