[24] Newman's Anglican Difficulties, p. 190.
[25] See Grotius, de Jure, book iii. ch. iv. On the Jewish notions on this subject, see Deut. ii. 34; vii. 2, 16; xx. 10-16; Psalm cxxxvii. 9; 1 Sam. xv. 3. I have collected some additional facts on this subject in my History of European Morals.
[26] Tyrrell and Purser's Correspondence of Cicero, vol. v. p. xlvii.
[27] See Grotius, de Jure Belli et Pacis.
[28] Much information on this subject will be found in a remarkable pamphlet (said to have been corrected by Pitt) called 'An Enquiry into the Manner in which the different wars in Europe have commenced during the last two centuries, by the Author of the History and Foundation of the Law of Nations in Europe' (1805).
[29] See Tovey's Martial Law and the Custom of War, part 2, pp. 13, 29. A striking instance of the deceptive use of a flag occurred in 1781, when the English, having captured St. Eustatius from the Dutch, allowed the Dutch flag still to float over its harbour in order that Dutch, French, Spanish and American ships which were ignorant of the capture might be decoyed into the harbour and seized as prizes. Some writers on military law maintain that this was within the rights of war.
[30] See Fitzjames Stephen's History of the Criminal Law, i. 205.
[31] Lord Roberts' Forty-one Years in India, i. 94.
[32] Ibid. p. 431.
[33] Contemporary Review, May 1897. Article by William O'Brien, 'Was Fenianism ever Formidable?'