The principal aid you can give the child is to teach him how to induce and control attention and to know its enemies and how to avoid them. Attention may be discussed under several different heads, but we shall confine ourselves to aids in inducing it. It must be led, not compelled or driven by will force. You may exert all the force you possess to center your attention upon one object for a prolonged period, but in spite of all you can do it will soon wander.
It is said that the longest period of time in which a mind will attend, without rest, to one subject, is a few seconds. At the end of that time there must come consciously or unconsciously, a period of relaxation.
William James, the psychologist, says that "doing work which requires concentration is like driving a hungry horse along a road lined on both sides with green grass. If left to himself the horse will stop to nibble. It is only by continual jerking and urging that he can be kept moving forward."
"In the same way the mind is inclined to wander. There must be conscious ability upon the part of the individual to urge it along and keep it busy at the task in hand."
The first stimulus to the attention is change. Prof. James says: "No one can possibly attend consciously to an object that does not change." A continual and unvarying sound soon makes no impression, you become used to it so that your mind no longer pays any attention to it. A picture may be very interesting but if you gaze at one object in it steadily you will soon go to sleep.
Exercise for Prolonging the Attention
Take a sheet of paper and draw a heavy square upon it. Pin this upon the wall in front of you. Gaze steadily upon the square and see how long you can keep your mind upon it. Do this several times and you can become acquainted with the period of time during which you can hold your attention without change. The knowledge of the length of this cycle can be a guide of how rapidly to introduce change as a stimulus.
Now gaze at the square again, introducing a change before your attention has wandered. Look at the square, then at the different sides, the corners and the space inside. See it in different colors, see the square frame of one color and the center of another, change the combinations. Let the center be formed of irregular shaped discs of different colors and see them change places, forming new figures. See the frame as a picture frame and with imaginary pictures in it. See the pictures change and the objects moving. Let it be a moving picture screen and imagine the pictures moving there.
Let the square be the fence of a farm, set it all laid out in fields with the buildings, the stock and all the work that is going on there. While doing this make a continual change and attend to the different details of the picture at different times.
Keep up this exercise as long as you can hold your attention without wandering. Then start again and try to prolong the period in which you can control the attention. Let the movement of the conscious attention be more rapid if necessary to hold it fixed upon the picture.