[816] See Rostowzew, Röm Colonat, for detailed inquiry into Eastern phenomena, Egyptian in particular. For the case of China see reference to Macgowan [[Appendix D] 6]. A very interesting account of the system in Hindustan in the 17th century, with criticism of its grave abuses, may be found in the Travels in the Mogul empire by François Bernier, ed 2 by V A Smith, Oxford 1914, pages 226-38. I believe the legal phrase is ‘Eminent Domain.’
[817] In Greenidge, History pp 292-3, there are some good remarks on the process.
[818] Frontinus grom I p 35, Columella III 3 § 11, and Heisterbergk’s remarks cited below. See Index, [Italian land and taxation].
[819] Tacitus ann II 59 seposuit Aegyptum hist I 11 domi retinere. This need not be taken to mean that he treated it strictly as part of his private estate, as Mommsen thought. See on the controversy a note of E Meyer Kl Schr p 479.
[820] See M Weber Agrargeschichte pp 243 foll.
[821] The estates of Atticus in Epirus are a leading case of this. Horace epist I 12 refers to those of Agrippa in Sicily. Such cases have nothing to do with emigration of working farmers, in which I do not believe. Surely Greenidge History p 270 is right in saying that the Gracchan scheme of colonization was commercial rather than agricultural. Also the municipalities, beside their estates in Italy, held lands in the Provinces. See Tyrrell and Purser on Cic ad fam XIII 7 and 11. In general, Seneca epist 87 § 7, 89 § 20, Florus II 7 § 3.
[822] We may perhaps carry this back into the time of the Republic. See the references to the royal domains of Macedon, Livy XLV 18 § 3, and with others Cic de lege agr II § 50.
[823] See the chapter on [the African inscriptions].
[824] For the cases of India and China see references to Sir A Fraser and Macgowan [[Appendix D] 6].
[825] Tacitus ann XIV 27 records the failure of Nero’s colonization of veterans singly in Italy, who mostly returned to the scenes of their service. He strangely regrets the abandonment of the old plan of settling them in whole legions. It is to be remembered that in the later Empire the army was more and more recruited from the barbarians.