[1806] See Francotte, L’Industrie dans la Grèce ancienne book II chap 5, La concurrence servile. I cannot follow E Meyer Kl Schr pp 198-201. And the oft-cited passage of Timaeus (Athen VI 264 d), where free Phocians object to slaves taking their employment, refers solely to domestic and personal attendance.
[1807] Of this there is abundant American evidence from writers on Slavery. The hired slave sometimes got a higher wage than the hired freeman.
[1808] See Whitaker’s Almanack, and the exposure of an impudent agency for the purpose in the Times 15 Sept 1914.
[1809] Compare Wendell Phillips ‘Before this there had been among us scattered and single abolitionists, earnest and able men; sometimes, like Wythe of Virginia, in high places. The Quakers and Covenanters had never intermitted their testimony against slavery. But Garrison was the first man to begin a movement designed to annihilate slavery.’ Speech at G’s funeral 1879.
[1810] Prof Bury, Idea of Progress p 275, points out that Guizot noted that Christianity did not in its early stages aim at any improvement of social conditions.
[1811] The conclusions reached in this paragraph are in agreement with E Meyer Kl Schr pp 151-2, 155, 205, 209. But he seems to put the decline of the slave-gang system rather earlier than I venture to do.
[1812] We must bear in mind that a tenant was naturally unwilling to work for a margin of profit not to be retained by himself. Hence the tendency to find means of constraining him to do so.
[1813] coloni or quasi coloni, cf Dig XV 3 § 16, XXXIII 8 § 23³, or XXXIII 7 §§ 12³, 18⁴, 20¹, and numerous other references.
[1814] The compulsory tenure of municipal offices is commonly cited as illustrating the pressure even on men of means. It began in the second century. See Dig L 1 § 38⁶, 2 § 1 [Ulpian], 4 § 14⁶ [Callistratus citing Hadrian], and many other passages. Notable is L 4 § 4¹ honores qui indicuntur [Ulpian].
[1815] This topic is the subject of Churchill Babington’s Hulsean dissertation, Cambridge 1846. I learn that a pamphlet by Brecht, Sklaverei und Christentum, takes a less favourable view, but have not seen it. The survival of the colonate and its heavy burdens in the early Middle Age are treated by de Coulanges, particularly in connexion with the estates of the Church.