Agricola

by William Emerton Heitland

[1826] In the Journal of Hellenic Studies 1910 and 1912. There the views of Zachariä are discussed.

[1827] The truth seems to be that serfage had never become so widespread in the East as in the West, as Mr Bouchier, Syria as a Roman Province p 181, points out.

[1828] Vol II pp 418-421.

[1829] Sir W. Herringham, A Physician in France, pp 167-8 on Peasantry as a strength to the State.

INDICES

Where the reference is less direct, the figure is given in brackets

I GENERAL

• Agriculture, etc.
• Accommodation-labour, mutual between neighbours, [170], [333-4]
• Accommodation land, [190-1]
• Aqueducts, [293-6]
• asses, [107], [330], [334], [400], [422]
• contempt for, [12], [69], [145-7], [160], [334]
• Decay of, general, [337], [383], [387], [393]
• Decay of, in Greece, [11], [96], [104], [127], [129], [132], [300 foll.]
• Decay of, in Italy, [11], [14], [143-4], [147], [154 foll.], [163], [174], [209-10], [250-1], [265], [271-2], [281 foll.], [288], [299], [358], [365], [404 foll.]
• Delegation of management, [432-3]
• growth of distaste for, [42], [[79]], [88], [[119]], [124], [251], [[278]], [302]
• Importance and recognized value of, [3], [5], [6], [8-11], [82], [141], [200], [204-6], [212], [226], [[280]], [283], [400], [437], [444]
• improved by knowledge of foreign countries, [179], [[251]]
• Industrializing of, [146-7], [150-1], [168-9], [203-4], [445], [447], [452]
• in Peloponnesus, [30], [49], [50], [[69]], [82], [118], [120], [122-3], [128-9]
• in the East, [303-5]
• Landed peasantry not ‘proletarian’, [457-8]
• Military point of view, [3], [8-11], [64-5], [74-5], [122], [[128]], [132], [133], [147], [152], [163], [166], [176], [213-4], [283], [395-7], [438], [440]
• Moral or civic point of view, [3], [11], [31], [64], [70], [83], [96], [107-8], [124], [133], [135 foll.], [166], [213], [[277 foll.]], [281 foll.], [302], [439-40], [445], [458]
• need of capital, [47], [[67]], [83], [104], [144], [154], [174], [200-1], [204], [[225]], [250], [255], [320], [345], [365]
• problem of food-supply, [3], [9], [14], [15], [[19]], [29], [30], [47], [48], [62], [66], [77], [81], [87], [92], [96], [118-9], [132], [208], [211], [283], [288], [309], [[326]], [332], [[337]], [339], [347], [357-8], [375], [379], [382-4], [387-98], [403], [406-8], [411-2], [416], [427-8], [460-1]
• Property and proprietary rights, [436]
• Punic, [151], [164], [[168]], [[179]], [203-4], [[282]], [353]
• remunerative or not, [14], [41], [83], [107], [111], [154-60], [166], [169], [174], [186], [[193]], [201], [205], [252-3], [[268]], [[277]], [284], [306], [308-10], [318], [320-2], [351], [365], [404-5]
• Barbarian and Greek, [27], [28], [31-2], [34], [54-5], [78-9], [[112]], [113], [[164]]
• Barbarian lords and Roman subjects, [427]
• Barbarians and the Roman army, [14], [210], [270], [273], [292], [339], [382], [387], [397], [413-4], [417-8]
• Barbarians, fertility of, [382]
• Barbarians, settlement of, within Roman Empire, [337-8], [340], [360], [384], [414-5], [416], [426], [431]
• Bee-keeping, [184], [228], [230], [[266]], [309]
• Beggars, [18], [19], [23], [25], [72], [243], [392]
• Book-keeping on great estates, [249-50], [258-9], [[264]], [335], [368]
• Bucolic poetry, [115-6], [218-20], [280]
• Capitalism and employment of labour, [2], [36], [48], [55], [57-8], [70-1], [107], [150], [151-2], [156 foll.], [173], [220], [254], [302], [441], [443], [454-6]
• Capitalism, growth of, [13], [25], [33], [36], [47-8], [49], [58], [70], [76], [83], [[106]], [129], [142-4], [212], [282], [288 foll.], [314]
• Capitalist influence hostile to free peasantry, [151-2], [201], [[212]], [[297]]
• Capitalist profiteers, [403]
• cases, query, hypothetical?, [264], [304-5]
• Caste and gild system of later Roman Empire, [210], [212], [[376-7]], [383], [389-91], [396], [405], [413], [423], [451]
• Census, the later Imperial, [388], [390], [420-2], [431]
• Centralization, bureaucratic, [379-80], [381], [384]
• Cereal crops, [19], [47-8], [81], [104], [107], [111], [[118]], [[121]], [154], [174], [249], [[253]], [266-7], [283-4], [291], [303], [309], [350], [352], [375], [388], [403], [406], [412], [[428-9]], [461], [463]
• Charcoal, [42], [64]
• Charitable institutions, [271], [273], [296], [324]
• Charity, private, [403]
• Christianity, influence of, [410-1], [420], [422-3], [426-32], [[435]], [449 foll.]
• Citizen and alien, [32], [36], [47], [48], [66], [96-7], [301], [314], [329]
• Citizens as such not producers, [102]
• Citizens, new, incorporation of, [126-7], [149], [153], [271], [288], [389], [[444]]
• Citizenship, [86], [92], [94], [98], [113-4], [120], [301-2], [389], [431], [444]
• City and country, [9], [13], [24], [31-2], [40], [43-4], [48], [49], [63], [83], [89], [90], [108-9], [115-6], [124-5], [145-6], [153], [184], [[200]], [217], [222], [235-6], [251], [278-9], [301-2], [306], [308], [332], [400], [409], [429]
• City and State, [380]
• Cleruchies, [39], [41-2], [51-2], [81], [83], [105-6], [[120]]
• Clients [πελάται, clientes], [25], [134], [[150]], [[167]], [243], [314], [431], [433]
• Colonies, [26-7], [51], [67], [72], [76], [83], [87-8], [152], [174], [207], [270], [[272]], [273-5]
• Commerce and seafaring, [19], [23], [39], [114], [215], [288], [290], [309], [347], [381], [391], [403], [412]
• Commerce restricted, [77], [92], [96], [[98]], [100], [102], [[142]], [[290]]
• Communistic schemes and legends, [41], [45], [89], [92], [120], [218], [232], [236], [248], [[459]]
• Confiscation and redistribution, [67], [[70]], [72], [[88]], [89], [128], [155-6], [176-7], [178-9], [193], [200], [203], [[225]], [234], [236], [240]
• Continuity of occupation, importance of, [207-8], [252-3], [255], [344-5], [347], [355-6], [377], [383-4]
• Corn-dealers, [81], [403]
• Corn trade (Euxine), [31], [[39]], [81], [104-5]
• Cosmopolitanism, [113-4], [[187]], [232], [271], [[288]]
• Country carts, [39], [400]
• Country houses, [51], [82], [106], [108-9], [124], [157], [[164]], [165-6], [201], [224], [235], [246], [310], [312], [366], [427-9]
• Country life idealized, desire of, [43], [[115]], [124-5], [200-1], [215], [217], [222], [[230]], [234-6], [280], [[302-3]], [417], [429]
• Craftsman as employer, [2], [[48]], [[51]], [172-3], [[385]], [441], [446]
• Crops, dealers in, [111], [171], [322], [375]
• Crops, hanging, sale of, [171], [265], [284], [322]
• Crops, variety in, movement towards, [203], [266]
• Cultivation etc. by contract, [140], [166], [171-3], [[180]], [186], [264-5]
• Cultivation, intensive, [231], [265], [[291]]
• Cultivation, movements to extend or maintain, [126-7], [[207-8]], [211-2], [[272]], [[301]], [337-8], [340], [349-52], [357], [[383]], [387], [394]
• Damage, responsibility for, [363], [366], [373-4]
• Debt, pressure of, [22], [25], [133-4], [144], [155], [[209]], [321], [430], [436-7]
• Devastation of farms in war, [31], [38], [40], [43], [[84]], [104], [118], [133], [136], [139], [144], [410-1], [412]
• Differentiation of soldier and farmer, [210], [382], [417-8]
• Digging, [35], [46], [116], [172], [186], [261], [282], [317]
• Dogs, [23], [331], [372]
• Domains, imperial, [207], [209], [337], [342-58], [377-8]
• Domestication of animals, [15], [32], [433-4]
• Drainage, [366]
• East and West, [409], [460-4]
• Education, [68-9], [72-3], [76], [101]
• Emigration of working farmers (?), [207], [256], [[272]], [274-5], [[293]], [348-9]
• Estates
• abroad, [39], [51-2], [81], [83-4], [106], [207], [214], [248-9], [251], [281-2], [[291]], [298], [[301]], [309], [319], [341], [348], [353-4], [405]
• and boundaries, [17], [108], [174-5], [190], [331]
• as ‘Peculiars’, [354], [377], [392-3]
• division of, [22], [190-1], [256]
• Great, growth of, in Italy, [126], [143-4], [147], [152-3], [154], [165], [201], [203], [205], [248], [251], [256], [263], [281-3], [297], [314], [[354]]
• Large and small, [46], [47], [51], [88], [106-7], [119], [125], [129], [138], [141-4], [[166]], [182], [196], [201], [214], [281-4], [296-7], [334]
• Letting to tenants, [14], [36], [39], [52], [82-3], [84], [106], [111], [[125]], [157-8], [160-1], [167], [177], [183], [191], [194-5], [198], [201-2], [208], [211], [216], [224], [233-5], [246-7], [252-7], [264], [277], [280], [297-9], [303], [307-8], [320-1], [325], [355], [358-9], [362 foll.], [367-8], [376], [390], [433], [450], [463]
• Management by owner, [13], [57-8], [82], [106], [[146]], [167], [170-1], [224], [[250-1]], [284], [[319]], [325]
• Management by owner’s steward, [13], [[33]], [36], [51], [57-60], [88], [106], [116], [124], [140], [153], [158-60], [168], [186], [194], [224], [251-3], [256 foll.], [297 foll.], [304], [321], [325], [335], [343], [353], [367-8], [461]
• Mixed, [82], [[83]], [106], [108], [[155]], [169], [[201]], [310]
• of collegia, [295]
• retain names of former owners, [343]
• Small, profits on, [160], [184], [230], [284], [306]
• Suburban, [109], [128], [164], [248], [294-5], [306], [312]
• Eugenics, [72-3], [[90]], [93]
• Evidence, lack of, from working farmer or labourer, [4], [374], [[429-30]], [454]
• Experiments, [258]
• Fallows and rotation of crops, [291]
• Familiar details, tendency of writers to omit, [16], [44], [136], [140], [213-4], [379]
• Farm-equipment found by landlord, [216], [255], [297-9], [320-1], [344-5], [364-5], [367]
• Farmer and politics, [11], [12], [36], [40-4], [49], [70], [89], [90], [302]
• Farmer as man of substance, [39-40], [41], [46], [104]
• Farmer-heroes, Roman, [135 foll.], [145-6], [197], [213], [232], [281], [313], [328], [415], [418], [445]
• Farmer not a soldier, [74], [[98]], [101], [210], [313], [[316]], [396-8], [417]
• Farmer rather a seller than a buyer, [42], [167], [[185]]
• Farmers’ capital mostly fixed, [46], [47], [104], [[193]]
• Farmers required to be resident, [204-5], [208], [297], [383-4]
• Farmers resident in the city, [33], [51], [82]
• Farm-hands as oarsmen, [90], [95], [183]
• Farming, fancy, [109], [179], [282], [308-10]
• Farming, high or scientific, [98-9], [122], [179], [[181]], [201], [286]
• Farming means unremitting attention and toil, [22], [23], [[152]], [159-60], [166], [[197]], [218], [222], [251], [321], [451]
• Farm slaves barbarians, [63], [92], [94], [124], [[292]], [[325]], [337]
• Farm tenants and their burdens, [14], [[131]], [[157-8]], [183], [195], [197], [209], [211], [254], [377-8], [397], [415]
• Figs, [45], [81], [108], [266], [283], [303], [[463]]
• Financial interests, power of, [152]
• Financial system and motives of later Roman Empire, [211-2], [[225]], [346], [348], [354-5], [375-8], [381-3], [388 foll.], [394], [401], [410 foll.], [427]
• Fires, [249], [374], [428]
• Firewood, [42], [107], [111], [[115]], [118], [252], [309], [388], [408]
• Flocks and herds (grazing and breeding), [16], [19], [20], [29], [81], [88], [90], [115-6], [121], [154], [165], [171], [174], [179], [266], [278], [301], [303], [309], [[372]], [388], [406], [429], [448]
• Floods, [108], [312], [322], [374]
• Flower gardens, [108-9]
• Food, imported, [39], [47], [48], [69], [77], [81], [104], [119], [154], [174], [184], [266], [283], [288], [309], [326], [347], [358], [403], [416]
• Foods, [19], [20], [24], [25], [45], [137], [283], [403]
• Fortified homesteads, [412-3], [429]
• Free craftsmen employed by farmer, [172-3], [184], [[462]]
• Freedmen (German), [292]
• Freedmen (Greek), [80], [82], [85], [[123]]
• Freedmen (Roman), [127], [[160]], [168-9], [183], [188], [192-3], [196-7], [201], [213], [234], [236], [243], [244], [264], [271], [284], [[288]], [290-1], [300], [312], [314-5], [318], [[334]], [379], [[429]]
• Freedom, its local value, [21], [137]
• Fruit-trees and orchards, [19], [20], [25], [127-8], [139], [[178]], [230], [344], [350], [421]
• Goats, [47], [84], [183]
• Granaries, [107], [[198]], [249], [267], [288], [411-2], [429]
• Greeks enslave Greeks, [27], [31], [55], [73], [112], [435]
• Herdsmen and shepherds, etc., [16-7], [33], [35], [63], [84], [109], [115-6], [154], [162], [179], [218-20], [301], [304], [310], [315], [448]
• Highwaymen and brigands, [154], [160], [179], [191-2], [233], [323], [329], [342], [372], [375], [392], [405]
• Home or Manor Farm on estates, [[161]], [[201]], [216-7], [235], [246], [254-6], [257], [298], [319], [342], [353], [355]
• Horses, [33], [57-8], [120-1], [418-9]
• Hunting, fishing, bird-catching, etc., [185], [307], [309], [319], [405]
• Imperial jealousy of great private estates, [207], [301], [353], [387], [392-3], [394-5]
• Imperial taxation, crushing effect of, [301], [[303]], [336], [357], [381-4], [387 foll.], [393], [410 foll.], [421-2], [424], [427]
• Improvement by fire, [223]
• Internal maladies of Roman Empire, [409 foll.], [413]
• Irrigation, [16], [246], [293]
• Italian agriculture, pictures of, discussed, [178-9], [[182-3]], [200-1], [214-8], [235], [251-3], [288], [404-6], [[419]]
• Italian agriculture, protection of, [157], [[272]]
• Italian land and taxation, [205], [212], [[291]], [358], [365], [388], [406]
• Italian land, encouragement to invest in, [274], [289], [291], [297], [319]
• Italian slaves in Italy, [137], [149], [[160]]
• Jealousy of wealth, [41], [44], [66], [70], [72], [[76]], [87], [[109]]
• Jurists as Ministers, [336]
• Land, etc.
• as investment, [106], [144], [159], [165], [169], [190], [201], [225], [289 foll.], [319-20], [365-6], [405]
• as security, [143], [288-90], [296], [324], [326-7], [[430]]
• bought by capitalist speculators, [47], [57], [106], [142-4], [153], [191], [[199]], [238], [[284]], [353]
• buying or selling of, [23], [[47]], [57], [84], [88], [106], [108-9], [[119]], [[135-6]], [143-4], [154], [167], [175], [190-1], [193], [[200]], [234-5], [238-9], [251], [282], [284], [288 foll.], [295], [305], [315], [318-20], [405], [428]
• grabbing and monopoly, [67], [88], [120], [142-4], [165], [174], [190], [248-9], [251], [282], [313-4], [438]
• holding peasantry and military duty, [10], [14], [42], [89], [90], [132-4], [138], [141-2], [148-9], [152-3], [175 foll.], [198], [204], [213], [230], [313], [[418]], [438], [440]
• hunger, [8], [52], [54], [87], [106], [128], [133], [135], [145], [174], [[437]]
• lots, κλῆροι, [20], [21], [22], [26], [39], [51-2], [67], [76-7], [88-9], [91], [94], [120], [128], [133], [174], [177], [210], [441]
• lots, sale of, forbidden, [88], [[91]], [175-6]
• lots, small in early times, [135-6], [243], [281-3], [313]
• lots, tradition of primitive equality, [75], [89], [[91]]
• mortgages on, etc., [25], [[82]], [88], [106-7], [109], [155], [288-90], [327], [[430]]
• neglect of poorer soils, [351]
• owners, large, and war, [38], [39], [41]
• owning and citizenship, [8], [14], [25], [31], [32], [36], [44], [57], [66-7], [70], [77], [86], [94], [96], [97], [105-6], [127], [138], [148], [191], [[313]], [437], [440], [444]
• owning and residence, [51-2], [94], [106], [108-9], [124-5], [153], [165-6], [168], [250-1], [256]
• owning, prestige of, [13], [14], [39], [58], [106], [154-5], [157], [201], [205], [235], [297], [358], [365-6], [438 foll.]
• precarious tenure of, [20], [134], [167]
• proud capitalists, [14], [[47]], [155], [[169]], [201], [235], [249-50], [282-3], [290-1], [314], [332], [358]
• public, [68], [94], [134-5], [143], [[154]], [165], [174-5], [177], [195], [197-8]
• question of improvements, [[166]], [174], [[176]], [233-4], [252], [[301]], [365-7]
• regarded as property of the state, [204], [[277]], [303], [[377]]
• rent of, in money or kind, fixed or by quota, [26], [77], [252], [292], [297], [303], [321], [332], [343-4], [346-7], [356], [365], [371], [376], [[394]], [428], [433]
• systems, foreign, [204-5], [210-1], [291-2]
• tenure, questions of, [237-8], [272], [[286]]
• the classes concerned with it, [432-3]
• value dependent on presence of labour, [60], [[84]], [122], [142], [144], [[154]], [170], [201], [256], [[319]], [320], [383], [393-5], [396]
• various qualities, importance of, [25], [[36]], [41-2], [47], [[63-4]], [82-3], [[108-9]], [121], [139], [180], [186], [231], [[239]], [[267]], [365]
• Landed peasantry, attempts to revive, [174-5], [186], [198], [[200]], [210], [226], [231], [239], [[251]], [273], [[315]], [[351]]
• Landlord
• as tax-collector, [393-4]
• can force tenant to cultivate properly, [253-4], [351], [363], [433]
• distrains on defaulting tenants, [298], [320-1], [378]
• duty to his tenant, [404]
• duty to support his tenant’s interests, [404]
• encroach on tenants’ rights, [246-7], [[393]]
• great, and politics, [153], [155], [157], [159], [160], [165], [207]
• great, as protectors, [392], [393], [424]
• great private, and imperial policy, [281-2], [301], [352-4], [366], [[383]], [392-3], [394-5]
• mad finance of, [154-5], [157], [289]
• rights of, [363-4], [367], [394]
• selfishness of, [294-6], [375], [405], [407]
• the enterprising, glorified, [12], [58], [[178-9]], [284]
• the town-bred man, [108], [200], [[234]]
• Laws
• Agrarian of 111 B.C., [143], [175]
• Claudian, [142], [[165]], [[169]]
• Codes, Theodosian and Justinian. [See under list of passages cited]
• Digest. [See under list of passages cited]
• Imperial by-laws, [343 foll.], [346], [349], [352], [354]
• Imperial rescripts and constitutions, [346-7], [[352]], [360-1], [372], [376], [378], [386-7], [431]
• Julian (of Caesar), [177], [288]
• Jurists separately cited, [293], [333], [351]
• Law appealed to, [[329]], [331], [402]
• Law as evidence, [131], [361-2], [399]
• Licinian, [131], [141], [174]
• municipal charters, [354]
• of Gortyn, [436]
• on manumission, [333]
• Sempronian (of Gracchi), [175]
• Servilian (of Rullus), [177], [198]
• Twelve Tables, [283]
• Leases, perpetual, [359], [376]
• Leisure for citizens, [77-8], [93-4], [97], [102], [[188]], [454]
• Lime, [172], [388], [408]
• Limitation of scope, [6], [132]
• Literary evidence, nature and value of, [5], [6], [30], [131], [136 foll.], [142-4], [145-8], [160], [187-8], [199-201], [213-7], [218 foll.], [267-9], [281], [286-7], [300 foll.], [303 foll.], [305 foll.], [317 foll.], [325], [328], [399], [402], [409], [415], [417], [420], [422-3], [426 foll.], [454]
• Loans by the state to landlords, [225], [273], [326]
• Local conditions, importance of, [255], [267], [282], [319-20], [372], [388]
• Local custom, recognition of, [[345]], [364-5], [367]
• Local government, questions of, [379-80]
• Luxury and extravagance, [381]
• Luxury, its effect on farming, [179], [246], [266], [[306], [308-10]], [365-6]
• Malarious lands, [180], [182], [253], [[462]]
• Manufacture of articles on the farm, [185], [[219]], [[227]], [262]
• Manufactures, [53], [[83]], [381], [441]
• Manuring, [44], [174], [266], [284]
• Market gardens, [184], [231], [265], [295-6], [306], [330], [332]
• Markets, urban, [306], [308-9]
• Master’s eye, importance of, [57-9], [116], [166], [170-1], [194], [243], [[251]], [252-3], [266], [282]
• Metics, [49], [71], [[86]], [97], [98]
• Migration, power of, the mark of freedom, [386], [444], [451]
• Military
• Class control [and plunder] farmers, [26-8], [68], [91-2], [[94]], [101], [[103]], [[104]], [436]
• Colonies and settlement of discharged soldiers on land, [10], [11], [29], [155-6], [176-7], [179], [210], [214-5], [219], [[223]], [234], [236], [238], [240], [251], [274-5], [293]
• Gymnastics and military service, [100-1], [128], [316]
• License and outrages, [104], [160], [219], [[313], [315]], [330], [342], [374], [378], [405], [422-3]
• Mercenary soldiers, [10], [50], [53-4], [64-5], [71], [95], [103-4], [112-3], [116], [119], [125], [132], [292], [339]
• Professionalism, growth of, [13], [[54]], [69], [[74]], [95], [100], [153], [177], [186], [210], [313], [316], [417]
• Service unpopular and evaded, [41], [71], [103], [324], [326]
• Substitutes, [324], [396]
• Systems, [9-11], [27], [[97-8]], [101], [122], [128], [132-3], [138-9], [152-3], [175-7], [186], [209-10], [[225]], [323-4], [339], [[341]], [396-7], [407], [413-4], [417], [[423]], [438]
• Tenure of barbarian colonists, [273], [339-40], [415]
• Veterans, retired, as local magnates, [400], [402]
• Milk and cheese, [265], [309]
• Mining and quarrying, [51], [59], [108], [[192]], [443], [446-7]
• Money-values, difficulty in ascertaining, [375], [387-8]
• Moral causes of Imperial decline, [423-6]
• Mules, [24], [33], [400], [422]
• Municipal estates, [207], [255], [359], [375-7], [400]
• Municipalities and benefactors, [271], [324], [381], [[408]]
• Municipalities as taxation-centres, [380-1], [390], [392], [401], [[408]], [421], [425]
• Municipalities, jealousy between, [380], [401] 408-9
• Municipalities, local senators and magistrates of, [217], [293], [376], [390], [400-1]
• Municipal jurisdictions, [354], [380], [399 foll.]
• Municipal offices shirked, [377], [381], [392], [[401]], [425]
• Music, [98], [123]
• Nationalization of aliens, [[437]], [444]
• New Hellenism, [112-4], [164], [275-6]
• Official favours and corruption, [357], [389-91], [403-7], [409], [410-1], [413-4], [421-2], [425]
• Old age, state-relief in, [80]
• Olives and oil, [19], [24], [42], [46], [47-8], [81], [84], [104], [108], [171-2], [174], [266], [283-4], [303], [350], [352], [406], [428], [[463]]
• Oriental and other foreign influences, [6], [7], [204-8], [210-1], [314]
• Oriental Greeks, [113], [153], [271], [379]
• Oxen, [16], [22], [24], [44], [47], [99], [172], [180], [[197]], [214], [228-9], [231], [243], [249], [253], [261], [282], [284], [286], [331], [364], [398], [433-4], [438]
• Patrons of villages, [212], [400-1], [425]
• Payment in kind, not in debased currency, [211], [[359-60]], [384], [388]
• Peasant-farmer, hard life of, [25], [35-6], [[47]], [83], [90], [213], [222], [[234]], [235], [[313]], [[418]]
• Peasant-farmer, retirement of, [237]
• Penal servitude, [326]
• Pigs, [372], [388]
• Pitch-works, [192]
• Plantation system, [162], [165], [201], [203], [239], [297], [443]
• Ploughing, [16], [19], [22-4], [33], [116], [[185]], [218], [261], [278], [284], [334]
• Police, rural, no regular force, [189], [311], [323], [372], [448]
• Poor freemen, their trials, [63], [125], [199], [302]
• Populations, forced transfer of, [113]
• Post, Imperial [cursus publicus], [378], [391], [397]
• Poultry, [262-3], [309]
• Poverty and discontent, [33-4], [38], [41], [66], [70], [[199]]
• Poverty, dread of, a stimulus, [22], [23], [25], [29], [36], [[45]], [46], [47-8]
• Poverty in Greece, [29], [53], [54], [302], [329]
• Poverty no reproach, [23], [111], [[135 foll.]], [302]
• Private property in land, growth of, [143-4], [174-5], [203], [205], [313], [436-8]
• Property, private, forbidden, [73], [75]
• Provincial land, tenure of, [293], [303], [351], [[358]]
• Public opinion, no force of, in Roman Empire, [357], [389]
• Reaping, [16], [22-4], [108-10], [180], [278]
• Reaping machine, [398]
• Reclamation encouraged by temporary exemption from rent or taxes, [337], [344], [349-50]
• Religion, [18], [19], [23], [44-5], [120], [170], [258], [260], [314], [[404]], [434], [444], [448]
• Remission of dues to relieve distress, [390-1]
• Rent, arrears of, [[161]], [209], [256], [298], [320-1], [365], [404]
• Repetitions unavoidable, [5]
• Representative government unknown, [66], [[89]]
• Restoration of exiles, effects of, [119], [122], [128]
• Rich and poor, [90], [94], [112], [120], [129], [205], [271], [273], [295], [302], [306], [329], [331-2], [391], [400], [403-4], [410], [424-5]
• Rights of way, watercourses, etc., [108], [[258]], [294-5], [373]
• Roads, [267], [295], [391], [429]
• Roads, public, work on, [173], [378], [391]
• Roman Empire a machine, [381-2], [384], [425], [[427]], [451]
• Roman Empire, stagnation in, [398], [451]
• Roman power of assimilation, failing, [270-1], [338], [340]
• Roman subjects prefer Barbarian rule, [423-4]
• Rural disputes and affrays, [188-91], [315], [372-4], [[405]]
• Self-help, duty of, [23]
• Sheep, [109], [309]
• Slavery, Labour, Serfdom, etc.
• Abolitionism, a modern movement, [34], [84], [445 foll.]
• Apprenticeship, [79]
• Competition of slave labour with free, [[48]], [[59]], [71], [85], [124], [[131]], [157], [302], [441], [[443]]
• Eunuchs, [28], [310]
• Handicraftsmen, [16], [18], [23], [25], [28], [35], [62], [68], [[73]], [88], [144], [184], [[193]], [199], [245], [437-8], [441]
• Handicraftsmen, free, their difficulties, [302]
• Harbouring runaways, [375], [[394]], [404]
• Hired labourers not αὐτουργοί, [12], [13]
• Itinerant labourers, jobbing gangs of, [14], [[110]], [173], [222], [256], [327], [443]
• Journeyman contrasted with independent craftsman, [2], [35], [[48]], [452], [455]
• Labour, attempts to entice it from neighbours, [394]
• Labour despised, [19], [22], [28], [59], [64], [78], [80], [85], [188], [193], [245], [287], [359], [[438]], [440], [442], [444-5], [452]
• Labour, division of, [12], [15], [99]
• Labourer goes with the land, [94], [[131]], [[211]], [319-20], [[360-1]], [368], [[393-5]]
• Labourer, status of, often uncertain, [3], [33], [110-1], [117], [128], [193], [218-21], [222], [227-8], [256], [442-3]
• Labour for daily bread, [55-6], [58], [62], [111], [[175]], [199], [204], [313], [327], [441]
• Labour, for self or for another, [12-15], [25], [144], [148], [299], [[327]], [370], [399], [[436]], [438-44], [445], [458]
• Labour glorified, [231], [277-80]
• Labour good for the labourer, [56], [58], [64], [277-80], [316-7]
• Labour in discharge of debt, [161], [180], [182], [263], [437]
• Labour not degrading, [16], [19], [23], [[64]], [111], [149], [246], [277-9]
• Labour, personal, of working farmer, (see αὐτουργία), [23-4], [25], [30], [36], [44], [45], [58], [86], [123], [128], [136], [148-9], [[165]], [180], [[184]], [197], [208], [213-4], [[216]], [226], [230-1], [234], [[243]], [[255]], [283], [304], [[325]], [332], [345], [347], [353], [[371]], [395], [439 foll.], [[463]]
• Labour question fundamental, [211-2], [237], [239-40], [268], [287], [[344]], [394 foll.], [458]
• Labour, rustic, as a punishment, [124-5], [145-6], [[167]], [248], [444]
• Labour, rustic, as healthy exercise, [236], [277-80], [316-7], [440]
• Labour-services of tenants due without wage, [161], [[201-2]], [[209]], [211], [254], [[256]], [257], [[265]], [298], [342], [344-6], [348], [351], [353-4], [359], [383-4]
• Later serf-colonate a result of gradual change, [211-2], [254-6], [257], [333], [356], [359], [361], [378 foll.], [[386]], [393-4], [424-5], [436], [450]
• Manual labour and direction, [12], [13], [20], [23-4], [35], [57-60], [124-5], [158], [176], [181], [258], [299], [316], [319], [371], [395], [445], [455], [458]
• Occasional labour, [15], [53], [85], [108], [111], [157], [161], [166], [180 foll.], [186], [201], [[254]], [265], [342], [344-5], [346], [348], [359], [434], [443], [455]
• Odd jobs, porterage, etc., [46], [327]
• Overseers, etc., [51], [[57]], [59], [60], [88], [97], [165], [181], [261], [321], [404], [443], [447], [462]
• Quasi-slavery of free workers, [99], [144], [188], [441 foll.]
• Self-disposal, [441], [443-4], [451], [453], [456]
• Serfage and slavery confused, [84], [86], [292]
• Serfage distinct from slavery or caste-system, [26-7], [[131]], [360-1], [436]
• Serf-colonate failing, [460], [[463]], [464]
• Serf-cultivators, [26-8], [30], [37], [50], [60], [69], [75], [77], [82], [84], [87], [92], [127], [[131]], [292], [361], [431], [436]
• Serfdom is practically slavery, [425], [[431]]
• Serf employed in war, [37], [75], [95]
• Slave artisans and craftsmen, [51], [55], [57], [184], [441], [446]
• Slave as fellow-man, [34], [56], [62], [113], [245], [[260]], [323], [328], [445]
• Slave brigands, [154], [189-92], [392], [448]
• Slave-gangs, not to be homogeneous, [77], [94], [162], [181-2]
• Slave-gangs, special foremen of, [158], [185], [260]
• Slave insurrections, [162], [175], [177], [181], [191], [198], [448]
• Slave-labour always available, [157], [174-5], [239], [[285-6]], [446], [455]
• Slave-labour, excess of, attempt to lessen, [[131]]
• Slave-labour, specializing of, on estates, [203], [261], [265], [461]
• Slave-labour untrustworthy and wasteful, [97], [111], [157], [180 foll.], [186], [253], [283], [285], [319], [355], [[398]], [417], [419], [445], [455]
• Slave not a person, [44], [[57]], [77], [401]
• Slave not enrolled in army, [175], [[186]], [323-4], [[396]]
• Slave philosophers, [327]
• Slave-qualities, [34], [56], [180-1], [259]
• Slavery, absolute power of master, [18], [56-7], [158-9], [167], [244], [446]
• Slavery and labour in general, [2], [3], [15], [16], [34], [[46]], [48], [78], [110-2], [135-8], [161], [170], [180-2], [186], [216], [222], [230-1], [239], [281], [285], [299], [304], [316], [[383]], [385], [395], [429], [433-5], [440 foll.], [444-5], [455]
• Slavery, attempts to justify, [79], [439]
• Slavery, domestic, [8], [26], [30], [[39]], [61], [[80]], [97], [[109]], [[123]], [124], [137], [221], [231], [244], [249-50], [285], [309-10], [311], [318], [429], [431], [441-2], [446]
• Slavery from gambling debt, [291]
• Slavery, growth of humaner views on, [61-2], [[79]], [167], [182], [185], [[221]], [[229]], [242-3], [244-5], [[260-1]], [[285]], [310-1], [317], [323], [326-8], [438], [445]
• Slavery ignored, [237-40]
• Slavery, industrial, [8], [51], [53], [55], [[80]], [123], [[137]], [335], [441]
• Slavery, its economic success or failure, [156 foll.], [283], [285], [323], [370], [[434]], [442], [445]
• Slavery justified, [34], [78-9], [100], [439], [442]
• Slavery, kidnapping, [20], [53], [55], [79], [122], [160], [243], [263], [[323]], [326], [[329]]
• Slavery, legends of none in early times, [15], [30], [62], [123], [439], [[452]]
• Slavery of debtor to creditor, [25], [[134]], [263], [269], [436-7], [[438]], [442]
• Slavery, origin of, [15], [17], [78], [236-7], [434], [446]
• Slavery originally on small scale and domestic in character, [137], [149], [[228]], [[231]], [243], [245], [285], [434-5], [446]
• Slavery, query, assumed, [16], [17], [20], [30], [32], [37], [44], [48], [68], [74-5], [84], [136], [213-4], [220], [304], [368], [445]
• Slavery, question of manumission, [21], [38], [58], [62], [79], [80], [84], [97], [122], [123-4], [129], [149], [158], [[168]], [182], [196], [[218]], [219], [260], [263], [[288]], [311-2], [318], [326], [333-4], [368], [369], [371], [431], [442-3], [446-7]
• Slavery recognized as basis of social and economic system, [45], [56], [60], [77-8], [99], [100], [102], [[141-2]], [192], [239], [256], [285-6], [310]
• Slavery, rustic, [8], [9], [20], [23-4], [25], [[30]], [37], [[39]], [44-5], [46-7], [50-2], [57-9], [63-4], [[68]], [77], [79], [80], [84], [87], [97], [106-110], [116-7], [122], [124], [[129]], [135-8], [144 foll.], [151-4], [158], [160-2], [165 foll.], [170 foll.], [174 foll.], [180 foll.], [184 foll.], [203], [[208]], [214], [216-7], [222], [227-33], [237], [240], [242-3], [258-63], [281], [285], [299], [310-1], [315], [321], [325], [333-4], [337], [340], [341-2], [345], [353], [355], [363-4], [369], [387], [394], [404], [414], [429], [435], [443-4], [455], [461-2], [464]
• Slavery, secondary (slaves of slaves), [18], [[259]]
• Slavery, the relation questioned, [33-5], [56], [113], [244], [[302]], [[335]], [446]
• Slavery unknown among the gods, [35]
• Slavery, was it the basis of ‘classical’ civilization?, [7], [8], [15], [453], [455]
• Slaves acquire property, [see [peculium]], [38], [58], [80], [167-8], [181-2], [219], [250], [263], [318], [369], [442]
• Slaves and freemen work side by side, [48], [63], [135-8], [[140]], [149], [171-3], [180 foll.], [444-5]
• Slaves as gladiators, [162], [189], [328]
• Slaves as informers, danger from, [84], [244], [[334]]
• Slaves as oarsmen, [53], [90], [95], [122], [326]
• Slaves as property, [17], [18], [[55]], [56-7], [77], [82], [122], [155], [167], [172], [182], [189], [[221]], [311], [315], [369-70], [442-3]
• Slaves as war-booty, [10], [17], [27], [37], [53], [55], [120], [122], [129], [136], [153], [176], [236-7], [310], [325], [337], [387]
• Slaves a worry to masters, [97], [124], [285]
• Slaves brought on the stage, [34], [62], [113]
• Slaves, care of their health, [77], [161], [185], [262], [442], [462]
• Slaves, condition of, [17], [18], [20], [21], [56-7], [311], [324], [370-1]
• Slaves, contractors’ gangs of, [108], [110], [166], [214]
• Slaves, cruel punishment of, [196], [244], [249], [443]
• Slaves, deliberate breeding of, [161], [[169]], [181], [[249]], [257], [260], [262], [311-2]
• Slaves employed in business and professions, [97], [192], [305], [446]
• Slaves employed in hunting, [405]
• Slaves, female, [17], [18], [24], [45], [57], [168], [181], [221], [231], [257-8], [260], [262], [307], [318], [364], [431]
• Slaves, food, lodging and dress of, [20], [23-4], [25], [45], [[57]], [116], [154], [157], [171-2], [181], [[193]], [258], [260], [309], [[441]]
• Slaves, good health of, [317], [440]
• Slaves, home-born [οἰκογενεῖς, vernae], [129], [169], [181], [235], [262], [311-2], [430-1]
• Slaves let out for service at a rent, [38], [39], [61], [64], [80], [110], [[117]], [170], [193], [247], [256], [370-1], [442-3]
• Slaves liable for masters’ safety, [244], [323]
• Slaves, loyalty of, [18], [20], [34], [61], [240]
• Slaves, masters responsible for their vices, [56-8], [61], [77], [245]
• Slaves, moral qualities needed in, [56-8], [[61]], [77], [[97]], [[181-2]], [196], [259-61], [323]
• Slaves, names of, [45], [63-4], [137], [213], [285]
• Slaves not αὐτουργοί, [12], [13], [439]
• Slaves of publicani, [151], [188], [192]
• Slaves, old age of, [80], [97], [158], [167], [182], [263], [326], [443], [447]
• Slaves, public, [68], [86], [91], [[400]], [446]
• Slaves, punishment of, interrupted by war, [45]
• Slaves, restriction on sale of, [394]
• Slaves, rewards of, better than punishments, [181-2], [[185]]
• Slaves, runaway, [50-1], [158], [192], [375], [404], [435], [[447]]
• Slaves serving in war, [10], [122], [129], [142], [[162]], [183], [[323-4]], [396], [407]
• Slaves, supply of, reduced, or rise in price of, [41], [117], [141-2], [160-1], [162], [[204]], [208], [210], [257], [298], [310], [340], [344], [351], [[354]], [[375]], [387], [450]
• Slaves, torture of, [110], [421]
• Slaves, training of, [57], [169], [181-2], [[258]], [260]
• Slaves unruly, [38], [78], [181], [[260]], [[310]]
• Slave-tenant or métayer a quasi-partner, [298-9], [[466]]
• Slave-tenants, [257], [299], [[307]], [367-8], [369], [371], [[393]], [[404]], [450]
• Slave-trade, [17], [18], [20], [25], [53], [55], [57], [61], [79], [87], [112], [122], [137], [153-4], [[169]], [176], [210], [236], [[242]], [256], [[259]], [291-2], [310], [325-6], [327], [329], [414], [435], [446]
• Unskilled labour (‘hands’), [39], [99], [170], [172], [[180-1]], [188], [193], [227], [261], [442 foll.]
• Wage-earning, [3], [12], [14], [15], [16], [18], [19], [20], [23], [24], [25], [29], [34], [35], [44], [46], [[53]], [58-9], [61-4], [78-9], [[88]], [109-10], [117], [125], [140], [144-5], [150], [157-8], [[160]], [170-3], [175-6], [180], [182], [186], [188], [193], [199], [200-1], [216], [222], [235], [256], [287], [304-5], [[313]], [327], [[344]], [[359]], [370], [385], [434], [441 foll.], [452], [456-9]
• Wage-labour for special work, [46], [[110]], [111], [125], [157], [171-3], [180], [182], [186], [[202]], [266]
• Wage, legal right to, [304]
• Small cultivating owners in Roman Empire, [341], [346], [390]
• Small holdings of state tenants, [177], [198]
• Small landholders persecuted by big neighbours, [144], [242], [248], [251], [283], [315], [330-1], [372], [467]
• Soldiers as practical farmers, [184], [340]
• Soldiers driven to farm-work, [53], [[90]], [147-8]
• Specialization in politics, [69], [72-5], [92-3], [98], [102]
• Squatters on waste land, [230], [272], [300 foll.], [[337]], [349-52], [357], [428]
• State-contracts, [83], [142], [151-2], [187], [192], [366], [376]
• State-pay for public duties, [34], [38], [46], [47], [83], [87], [88], [[120]], [441]
• Steward a slave, [59], [97], [[116]], [124], [140], [153], [158-9], [166], [170-1], [186], [195-6], [216-7], [224], [242], [257-9], [264], [[368]], [443]
• Steward (vilicus) as tenant of a farm, [299], [[307]], [367-8]
• Steward directing free workers or overseeing tenants, [see [procurator]], [173], [216], [264]
• Steward, the interest of, [153-4], [158-9], [166], [254], [443], [447]
• Stoicism and Stoics, [187], [193], [242], [244-6], [275 foll.], [310], [442], [449]
• Tax-farming system superseded, [206]
• Tenancies, beneficial, [143], [376]
• Tenancies, large, not common, [298], [343-4]
• Tenancy a contract-relation regulated by law, [208-9], [246-7], [252-7], [297-9], [321], [345], [362 foll.], [433]
• Tenant, claims of, [363-4], [374], [[466]]
• Tenants find sureties, [345], [363]
• Tenants, good, hard to find, [208-9], [252-6], [298-9], [320-1], [367], [369], [450]
• Tenants-in-chief as rent and tax collectors, [343], [355]
• Tenants-in-chief, holding of the state [Middlemen], [195], [207-8], [209], [211-2], [343-53], [356], [358-9]
• Tenants-in-chief oppress sub-tenants, [346], [348], [354-7], [359], [384]
• Tenants-in-chief subletting to small farmers, [195], [197], [208-9], [211-2], [[340]], [[342]], [343 foll.], [353], [355], [376-7], [[405]]
• Tenants, interest of Imperial government in their welfare, [394], [397-8], [400]
• Tenant’s property pledged to landlord, [363], [368]
• Tenant, the town-bred man, [254]
• Threshing, [16], [24], [278]
• Tillage by Mattock, [214], [284], [313], [[316]]
• Tillage, the appliances of, [180], [197], [303]
• Timber, [39], [96], [118], [227], [320]
• Tombs on estates, [[41]], [109], [312]
• Transport as an element of cost, [391]
• Transport by road or river, [267], [322]
• Upkeep, importance of, [262], [365]
• Veterinary treatment, [228], [418]
• Village communities, [134], [291], [437-8] [[463]]
• Vines, [19], [24], [[43]], [47-8], [81], [104], [107-8], [111], [121], [139], [[157]], [172], [174], [185-6], [261], [266], [283-4], [303], [308], [320-2], [352], [406], [416], [421], [428], [[463]]
• Voluntary action, its limits in ancient world, [440-4]
• War and peace, [67], [89], [[91]], [95], [100], [102]
• Wayfarers, nuisance from, [267]
• Weather-wisdom, [31-2]
• Wine, use of, [19], [42], [283], [388]

II LIST OF WORDS AND PHRASES