1200. Adel-Seif-el-dîn, brother of Saladin, usurps the crown.
1209. The Franks penetrate into Egypt, and retire with considerable booty. Nine years afterward they returned, and seized the isle Pharos and Damiatt.
1218. Malek-el-Kâmel, son of Seif-el-dîn. The crusaders abandon Damiatt in 1221.
1228. Malek surrenders, by treaty, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Sidon, to Frederic II. the Emperor of Germany.
1239. Malek Adel deposed by his brother.
1240. Malek Salah. In 1244 he defeated the Franks and Syrians, who were about to penetrate into Egypt.
1249. St. Louis seized Damiatt; and in the same year Malek Salah died.
He had bought from the Tatars a number of Turkish slaves from Kaptchak, to form a guard and marine. These he raised to the highest employments; and they became the famous Mamlûks, who seized the sovereignty of Egypt.
1249. Turân Shah, son of Malek. Next year he captures St. Louis, and his army of 20,000. On the 1st May 1250, Turân Shah is massacred by the Mamlûks, who assign the sceptre to his step-mother, and afterwards to a boy of the Aiubite race, which in him closed its domination over Egypt.
