Admiral, flags of, [63-5], [85];
in boats, [100];
rank distinguished by balls, [101]
---- Lord High, use of standard 77, [80], [87], [88], [91];
anchor flag, [80-4], [201];
of Scotland, [84], [192]
Admiralty flag, [81]
Æthelstan, [32]
Agrippa, blue flag, [11]
Alexander the Great, [7]
Amadeo of Savoy, [112], [143]
Anchor, as badge of Lord High Admiral, [82]
Anne, Queen, [84]
Anthony, A., [45]
Antioch, [22]
Aradus, [7]
Artemisia, [8]
Athens, [7]
Audley, Thomas, [87], [155]
Australia, flags of, [85], [121], [135], [136]
Baldwin, [19]
banner, early, [2];
of Richard I, [4], [21];
of Edward I, [34];
Tudor, [45]
baucan, [42], [161]
Bauçan, [21]
Bayeux Tapestry, [13]
Bayonne, [42]
Bohemond, [18]
Boteler, Sir Nathaniel, [61], [86], [117], [158]
Bristol, [46]
Bruges, [42]
Brutus, [11]
Buckingham, Duke of, [78], [82], [89], [91], [157]
Bytharne, Jehan, [154]
Cabot, John, [77]
Cadiz, expeditions to, [88], [89], [114], [157]
Calais, [45]
Canada, flags of, [121], [135]
carroccio, [27]
Charlemagne, flag of, [12], [17], [32]
Charles II, flag flown at homecoming, [66]
Childers, H. C. E., [85]
Cinque Ports, flag of, [42], [43], [128]
Clarence, Duke of (William IV), [85]
colonial flags, [128], [135]
colours of distinction, [110];
see also [Ensign]
comitus, [25]
commodore, pendant of, [102], [105];
of Bombay Marine, [122]
Conflans, Antoine de, [150]
Constantine, [12]
Constantinople, [26]
council, banner of, [77], [142], [143], [145], [149], [155], [157]
crescent, in early standards, [7]
Cromwell, Oliver, [65]
cross, as standard, [7];
in flags, [19];
coloured for, at Crusades, [33], [37];
of St George, [37]
crusades, [17]
Danes, [30], [50]
Dartmouth, Lord, [107]
Dover, [43]
dragon standard, form of, [10];
in Bayeux Tapestry, [16];
in England, [32];
of Richard I, [33];
at Westminster, [33];
in army, [34];
in Scotland, [49]
Drake, Sir Francis, [45], [60], [113]
East India Co., flag of, [130];
signals, [183]
Edward I, [37];
cross of St George, [39];
convention with Count of Flanders, [42]
Edward III, founds chapel of St George, [40];
adopts arms of France, [74];
at Sluys, [77];
flag at sea, [86]
Egypt, [6]
ensign, called 'colours,' [6];
commonwealth, [62];
red for merchant ships, [68];
union replaces St George's cross, [71], [118];
of three colours, [92];
change in white, [99];
striped, [115];
introduction of red, [115];
of white and blue, [117];
squadronal colours, [117], [119]
Essex, Earl of, [88]
Eustace the monk, [86]
Faversham, [42]
flag, definition of, [1];
origin and development, [1];
unknown to the Greeks, [9];
early Chinese, [9];
early Athenian, [9];
laterally-attached, [12];
protection, [12], [19];
Arab, [13];
unusual form in Bayeux Tapestry, [15];
triangular, [16];
Crusaders', [18];
introduction of heraldic devices, [21];
consecrated, [14], [21], [23];
authority conveyed by, [22], [27];
of Pisa, [23];
of Genoa, [24];
of Venice, [25];
division of fleet by, [25], [91];
origin of national, [27], [28];
early English, [30];
Saxon, [30];
Danish, raven, [30];
of St George (vide s.v.);
baucan, [42];
early English ships, [42-6];
Union (vide s.v.);
alterations under the Commonwealth, [62];
of command, [74];
squadronal colours, [111], [117];
privateers, [124];
public offices, [126];
for signals (vide s.v.);
ceremonials, [189]; striking, [189];
salute, [190];
lowered as sign of surrender, [192-5];
white flag of truce, [193];
half-masted, [195];
black for mourning, [196];
black indicating no quarter, [196];
yellow at executions, [196];
of captured ship, [195-6];
as indication of rejoicing, [196];
dressing ship, [197];
time for hoisting at sea, [197];
false colours, [198];
methods of attachment, [199];
sizes of, [200].
(See also [Banner], [Ensign], [Gonfanon], [Standard].)
flagstaff, naked, use of, [95]
flammula, [11]
Flanders, [42]
Florence, [27], [28]
Garter, Order of, [44]
Gaston de Bearn, [18]
Genoa, rise of, [23];
flag of St George, [24]
geton, [6], [44]
Godfrey of Bouillon, [18]
gonfanon, early form, [2], [5], [13];
in Bayeux Tapestry, [14];
chansons de geste, [20];
Genoese, [24];
of St Mark, [26];
of council, [44]
Greece, [7], [9]
Greenwood, Jonathan, [163]
guidon, [6]
Hamburg, [29]
Harold, standard of, [16], [32]
Hastings, [42], [46]
Hawke, Sir Edward, [164]
Hawkins, Sir John, [45], [114], [156], [191]
---- Sir Richard, [191], [193]
Henry II, [37], [38]
---- IV, [74]
---- V, ordinances of war, [41]
---- VIII, flags on ships, [45], [113];
adopts harp for Ireland, [52]
Histiaea, [8]
Holy Trinity, [44]
Hood, Lord, [174]
Hospitallers, flag of knights, [21]
Howard of Effingham, [78], [82], [88]
Howe, Earl, [120], [167], [168], [171]
Indian Marine (Royal), flags of, [121]
Innocent III, [22]
insignia, [2];
mentioned by Vegetius, [10]
Ireland, early flags, [50];
red saltire, [51];
great standard of, [52];
arms of, [52], [75];
harp, [52], [64], [65], [75]
Jack, definition of, [6];
introduction of, [60];
during Commonwealth, [64], [94];
on merchant ships, [68];
on yachts, [69];
budgee jack, [69], [124];
special form for use in America, [70], [127];
disuse of, at sea, [71];
misuse of term, [73]
Jaffa, [19]
James I, [54], [75]
---- II (Duke of York), [67], [81], [83], [162]
Jerusalem, [18]
John (Don) of Austria, [112]
Kempenfelt, Richard, [167], [169], [170]
Knowles, Sir Charles, [166]
La Bourdonnais, Mahé de, [167]
Lateran, mosaic, [12]
Leo, Emperor, tactical signals, [141]
Lloyds, flag, [128]
Lubeck, [29]
Lyme Regis, [41], [46]
McArthur, John, [174]
Marryat, Frederick, [183]
Mary, Queen, impales arms of Spain in Standard, [74]
Milan, early national ensign of, [27]
Millan, John, [163]
Mocenigo, Piero, [146]
Nelson, Lord, [121], [172], [174], [175], [178]
New Zealand, flags of, [135]
Northumberland, Earl of, [83]
Octavian, [11]
Padua, [27]
Papal flags, [19], [21], [22], [23]
Parma, [27]
Pembroke, Earl of, [80], [84], [99]
pendant, [6], [114];
Union, [73];
to distinguish squadrons, [90];
of command, [102];
of distinction, [98], [102];
budgee, [105];
of Commodore, [102], [105];
of senior officer, [107];
of ships of war, [110];
of Bombay Marine, [122];
sizes of, [201], [203];
hoisted on commissioning, [202]
Pennington, Sir John, [61], [158]
pennon, [6]
pennoncel, [6], [38], [43]
Pepys, Samuel, [57], [66], [95], [102], [104], [108], [126], [130]
Pergamum, [8]
Philip Augustus, [21]
Philip of Flanders, [21]
---- of Spain, [191]
phoinikis, [9], [10], [141]
pinnae, [11]
Pisa, flags of, [22]
Polyaenus, [8]
Pompey, [11]
Popham, Sir Home, [176], [180], [183]
private ship, definition of, [90]
privateer, flags of, [124];
red jack, [70], [125]
protentinus, [25]
Raymond of Toulouse, [18]
Richard I, banner and standard, [4], [21], [33], [74]
---- II, orders army to bear St George's cross, [40];
impales arms of Edward the Confessor in Standard, [74]
Riga, [29]
Robert of Normandy, [19]
Rooke, Sir George, [98], [163]
royal arms, flags of, [42], [43], [44], [74];
of Scotland, [48]
Rupen, [22]
Rupert, Prince, [79]
Russell, Edward, [163]
Rye, [46]
St Andrew, becomes patron saint of Scotland, [47];
cross placed upon clothing of Scots army, [41], [47];
flag, [55], [59], [64], [65], [92], [131]
St Columba, [47]
St Cuthbert, [34]
St Edmund, [34], [39], [40], [43]
St Edward, [34], [39], [40], [43], [44]
St George, cross of, [20];
flag of, [24], [34], [36], [42], [44], [51], [55], [57], [59], [91], [113];
cult of 35;
early representations in England, [36];
origin of cross of, [37];
introduction into England, [38];
becomes patron saint, [40];
cross placed on clothing of army, [40];
flag on early ships, [42-6];
in use during Commonwealth, [62];
jack, [68];
as admiral's flag, [87], [99];
introduced into white ensign, [101], [118];
replaced by Union in ensign, [118]
St John, [33], [34], [43];
flag of Knights of, [21]
St Katherine, [44]
St Margaret, [50]
St Mark, [25], [26], [149]
St Mary, flag of, [23], [27], [43], [44]
St Maurice, [12], [32]
St Nicholas, [44]
St Patrick, [50], [52]
St Peter, [22], [33], [47]
St Wilfred, [33]
Sandwich, [42]
Saracens, [18]
Scotland, early flags of, [46];
discontent with the Union Flag, [56];
flag during Commonwealth, [63], [64];
Northern lighthouses, [128];
salute to English men-of-war, [192]
semeion, [2], [8], [9], [140]
ships, early flags of English, [41-6], [76];
Scottish, [48], [63];
Irish, [52];
distinction between royal and merchant, [59];
flags during Commonwealth, [63];
public ships of war, [110];
private men-of-war, [124];
public ships, [126];
method of signalling, [188]
---- merchant, flags of, [46], [129];
abuse of Union flag, [66];
to fly St George's jack, [68], [70], [132];
forbidden to fly Union flag, [130];
red ensign, [130];
East India Co., [130];
irregular colours, [133];
Levant Co., [134];
Guinea Co., [135];
Scottish East India Co., [135];
of British Dominions, [135];
blue ensign, [136]
Sidon, [7]
signals, vexillum, [10];
early flag signals, [140];
of 14th cent., [142];
of 15th cent., [146];
of 16th cent., [150];
of 17th cent., [157];
special flags first proposed, [160];
red flag, [160];
first English codes, [161];
Commonwealth, [162];
late Stuart, [162];
of Russell, [163];
of Rooke, [163];
of Hawke, [164];
numerary codes, [166];
of Sir Chas. Knowles, [166];
of la Bourdonnais, [167];
tabular system, [167];
of Howe, [169], [171];
of McArthur, [174];
vocabulary, [175];
of Popham, [176], [180];
at Trafalgar, [178];
modern codes, [181];
commercial codes, [183];
of Marryat, [183];
International Code, [184]
signum, [2], [9], [10], [141]
standard, early forms, [3];
at crusades, [4], [21];
Egyptian, [6];
Phoenician, [7];
Greek, [7];
Roman, [9];
of Brutus, [11];
position of, [11];
lowered, [11], [12];
of Harold, [16];
Battle of the, [33], [34], [49];
of the Generals at Sea, [64];
of Charles II, [66];
Royal, history of, [74];
of Commonwealth and Protectorate, [75], [79];
early use at sea, [76];
flown by Lord High Admiral, [77], [80];
by commanders of fleets, [78];
of William III, [80]
streamers, [6];
lengths of, [45], [200]
Strickland, Sir Roger, [95]
Tancred, [18]
Templars, flag of, [21]
Tenterden, [46]
Trafalgar, [178]
Trinity House, [67], [103], [128]
tufa, [11]
Union Flag, origin of, [54];
proclamation of 1606, [55];
objection of Scots, [56];
quarterly form, [57];
first called 'Britain or British flag,' [58];
confined to ships of the R.N., [59];
introduction of the jack, [60];
form during Commonwealth, [63-5], [93];
at Restoration, [66];
usurped by merchant shipping, [66];
imitations of, [68];
proclamations against use by merchant ships, [67], [68];
union of 1707, [71];
of 1801, [71]; modern patterns, [72];
flown by admirals, [89], [100];
use by captains in command, [98];
flown by privateers, [124];
white bordered, [127];
as signal, [158];
proportions of crosses in, [201];
for persons of distinction, [203]
Venice, flag of, [25], [26], [149]
Verona, [27]
vexillum, [2], [9], [10], [30]
William the Conqueror, gonfanon of, [12], [14]
William III, [80]
Wynter, William, [88], [155]
Xerxes, [8]
Yachts, flying union flag, [69];
flags of, [136]
Yarmouth, [46]
Young, Captain John, [60], [114], [197]
PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
BY J. B. PEACE, M.A.
Obvious typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Except for those changes noted below, inconsistent or archaic spelling of a word or word-pair within the text has been retained. For example: anchor-flag, anchor flag; city-states, city states; footsoldiers, foot-soldiers, foot soldiers; engrafting; warre; yeeld.
[p 28.] 'Ghibbellines' changed to 'Ghibellines'.
[Chap I Footnote [54].] 'coiore' changed to 'colore'.
[Chap II Footnote [99].] xx above xj has been changed to xx*xj; this represents 20x11 (220).
[p 59.] 'his Mats Shippes' changed to 'his Mats Shippes'.
[p 68.] 'His Matys' changed to 'His Matys '.
[p 89.] xx above iiij has been changed to xx*iiij; this represents 20x4 (80).
[p 100.] Reference to Footnote [277] is made twice in the original text.
[p 135.] 'British Dominons' changed to 'British Dominions'.
[p 138.] A mid-line blank space has been replaced by '_________'.
[p 162.] 'coloumns' changed to 'columns'.
[p 183.] 'fifthteenth' changed to 'fifteenth'.
[p 200.] 'robands' changed to 'ribands'.