CHAPTER PAGE
I. THE ORIGIN OF THE FLAG AND ITS DEVELOPMENT UP TO THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY[1]
II. EARLY ENGLISH, SCOTTISH AND IRISH FLAGS
(i) England[30]
(ii) Scotland[46]
(iii) Ireland[50]
III. THE UNION FLAGS AND JACKS[54]
IV. FLAGS OF COMMAND
(i) The Royal Standard[74]
(ii) The Admiralty Flag[81]
(iii) Admirals' Flags[85]
(iv) Pendants of Command[102]
V. COLOURS OF DISTINCTION
(i) Public Ships of War[110]
(ii) Private Men-of-War[124]
(iii) Public Ships for uses other than War[126]
(iv) Merchant Ships[129]
(v) Pleasure Craft[136]
VI. FLAG SIGNALS
(i) Early Signals[140]
(ii) The First English Codes[161]
(iii) The Invention of Numerary Signals[166]
(iv) The Vocabulary Signal Book[175]
(v) Commercial Codes[183]
VII. CEREMONIAL AND OTHER USAGES[189]
INDEX [205]

[LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS]

A Ship of Henry VIII[FRONTISPIECE]
(From a MS. plan of Calais in the British Museum, c. 1545)
PLATEPAGE
I. Early Flags[FACING 2]
1. Vexillum8. St George
2. Harold's Dragon9. St Andrew
3. William's Gonfanon10. Irish Saltire
4. Knights Templars' Bauçan11. Baucan
5. Knights Hospitallers12. Holy Trinity
6. St Edward13. Cinque Ports
7. St Edmund14. Yarmouth
II. Coins[FACING 6]
1. Sidon, c. 370 b.c.6. Aradus, c. 350 b.c.
2. " c. 380 b.c.7 and 8. Histiaea, c. 300 b.c.
3. " c. 360 b.c.9. Rome (Hadrian)
4. " c. 90 b.c.10. Northumbria, c. 925 a.d.
5. " c. 400 b.c.11. Northumbria, c. 940 a.d.
III. Seals[FACING 46]
1. Lyme Regis, 13th cent.5. Faversham, 13th cent.
2. Yarmouth, 15th cent.6. Hastings, 13th cent.
3. Dover, 13057. Tenterden, 15th cent.
4. Sandwich, 13th cent.8. King's Lynn, late 16th cent.
IV. Union Flag[FACING 54]
1. Union of 1606 and 17072. Union of 1801
V. Union Flags and Jacks[FACING 58]
1. Quartered Union5. Budgee Jack
2. Union Pendant6. Privateer Jack
3. Commonwealth Jack7. Public Office Jack
4. Protectorate Jack8. Admiralty Pattern (modern)
VI. Royal Standards[FACING 74]
1. Royal Standard, early5. Commonwealth Standard
2. " " 13406. Cromwell's Standard
3. " " 14117. Royal Standard, 1689
4. " " Stuart8. " " 1707
VII. Royal Standards[FACING 76]
1. Royal Standard, 17143. Royal Standard, 1837
2. " " 1801
VIII. Admirals' Flags[FACING 84]
1. Admiralty Flag6. Budgee Pendant
2. Distinction Pendant7. Rear Admiral of White, 1824
3. Commonwealth Admiral8. Vice Admiral, 1889
4. Rear Admiral of Blue, 17029. Rear Admiral, 1889
5. Rear Admiral of White, 170210. Broad Pendant (modern)
IX. Early Ensigns, etc.[FACING 92]
1. Levant Co., 15819. Jacobean Ensign, 1618
2. Streamer of Royal Arms10. Red Ensign, early 17th cent.
3, 4, and 5. Elizabethan Ensigns11. White Ensign, early 17th cent.
6. Jacobean Ensign12. Blue Ensign, early 17th cent.
7. Green and White Pendant
8. Jacobean Ensign, 1615
X. Ensigns, etc.[FACING 98]
1. Scots Ensign, 16867. Red Ensign, 1707
2. White Pendant8. White Ensign, 1707
3. Irish Ensign, 16869. Blue Ensign, 1707
4. Scottish East India Co.10. White (St George) Ensign, 1707
5. Guinea Jack11. East India Co., 1822
6. White Ensign, 1702
XI. Modern Ensigns, etc.[FACING 118]
1. White Ensign, 18017. War Office Badge
2. Blue Ensign, 18018. Military Auth. Afloat
3. Red Ensign, 18019. Post Office
4. Admiralty, Blue Ensign10. Royal Mail
5. Naval Ordnance, Blue Ensign11. North Sea Fishery
6. Blue Pendant
XII. Modern Ensigns, etc.[FACING 134]
1. New Zealand Ensign, 18316. Red Pendant
2. New Zealand Blue Ensign7. Canada Badge
3. Australian Blue Ensign8. South Africa Badge
4. Trinity House9. Indian Marine Badge
5. Cinque Ports10. Lloyds Badge
XIII. Numerary Signal Flags (1790-1810)[FACING 170]

[Chapter I]

The Origin of the Flag and its Development up to the end of the Thirteenth Century