Between the Oakdale House and the Sweetwater River, on the road to the dam, dark quartz mica diorites outcrop. They have been intruded by coarse granite in veins and bunches. A body of dark aphanitic rock, of uncertain origin, is inclosed in the diorite near the river. It may be a portion of the aphanitic rocks associated with the porphyries farther west. A little distance down the river the diorite is succeeded by conglomerate rocks, containing small garnets. The fragments are feldspathic in composition. Dark feldspathic porphyry then forms the prevailing rock for some distance. It shows great variations. Much of it contains no distinct crystals of feldspar, but is mottled by light green felsitic bodies of irregular outline. These contain chloritic substances, which decay out, leaving holes. There is a great variety of these ancient intrusives exposed along the sides of the river north of San Miguel Peak. None of the other crystalline rocks in San Diego County appear so old or show so much alteration.

Farther down the cañon the rock assumes a fragmental appearance, having masses of feldspar in a dark matrix. It finally becomes a pronounced breccia, being formed largely of angular, felsitic fragments. The base in which these fragments lie decays away and leaves them standing out on the surface. This may be a tuff formed in water, but the matrix has undergone such alterations that nothing certain can be said about it. This breccia continues to the lower end of the cañon. An interesting, light-colored dike was observed here. It is so filled with minute spherical amygdules as to resemble in structure an oolitic limestone. The breccia continues as far as the Sweetwater Dam, where it is replaced by feldspar porphyry. The porphyry shows much variation; in places no feldspar crystals are present, chlorite taking their place. These rocks disappear a quarter of a mile west of the dam, and mesa-like hills extend down to Chula Vista. These consist of soft sandstones and some calcareous deposits. Dark rocks, belonging to the series just described, outcrop near the mesa road from San Diego to El Cajon. It forms a long ridge south of La Mesa. The rocks are in part tufaceous, and in part dark green and massive, with felsitic inclusions. Near the Eleven-Mile House the granite is filled with dark, bowlder-like inclusions. Hornblende is an important constituent of the granite. It is more than likely that many of these so-called granites are really diorites. The mesa formation terminates in an abrupt escarpment on the west of Cajon Valley. The valley comprises many thousand acres of very fertile land. Granitic knobs rise in many parts of the valley, showing that the alluvium deposit is underlaid by it at no great depth. North of the valley, for a number of miles, the crystalline rocks are covered by the mesa conglomerates. Granitic rocks are the only ones exposed for many miles east of Lakeside. Just above Forster’s there is a small outcrop of gneiss and mica schist; strike north 35° west, dip 70° northeast. The rock exposed along the grade is a coarse biotite granite, with much quartz and glassy feldspar. A dike of quartz porphyry varying to granite porphyry outcrops by the road at the top of the grade. This does not seem to be sharply defined from the adjoining granite. A dark hornblende granite or diorite begins here and outcrops along the road for several miles toward Ramona. Three miles from the town there appears a dark rock with a somewhat resinous luster. It is probably a diabase. The Santa Maria is a large, plateau-like valley, with low granite hills surrounding it. Light-colored granite, becoming somewhat hornblendic, extends some distance east of Ramona, when it is replaced by a dark diorite. The latter extends along the road for 2 miles. It has glassy feldspar, and in places much mica. Four miles west of Ballena the granite is filled with pegmatitic veins, running in a northwesterly direction. They carry brittle crystals of black tourmaline, garnet, and muscovite mica. East of Ballena the rock becomes coarser and somewhat gneissose, with an abundance of mica. There are no bedding planes, simply a parallelism of constituents. This schistose structure has a northwest direction. The gneiss changes to mica schist on the grade above Santa Ysabel. The schist alternates with occasional strata of quartzite; strike north 25° west. The quartzite is a white, fine, granular variety, containing a little mica. Coarse gneiss outcrops again farther up the grade; at the top it becomes finer, carrying some hornblende, and alternating with strata of fine mica schist; dip northeast. The gneiss often becomes granitoid. The lamination has no constant direction, and resembles a flowage structure. This granitoid gneiss extends to within a mile of Julian, when there is quite a sharp transition to a gneissoid mica schist. That gives place to a fine schist, and a quarter of a mile west of Julian to a pearly hydro-mica schist. The schists strike north 20° to 30° west, dip 70° northeast. At Julian the rock is a dark, thin-bedded mica schist, usually termed a slate. There are also dark felsitic rocks and some gneisses. The belt of dark slaty mica schists is about half a mile wide. Toward the Balkan Mountain the rocks become more gneissoid. This mountain seems to be formed wholly of gneiss and mica schist. In some places the rock is nearly massive, and contains a large amount of quartz.

The rocks forming the mountains near the road from San Felipe to Vallecito are nearly all gneissoid. The real desert begins on leaving San Felipe Valley. The road extends southeast for 5 miles and then turns southwest, descending a narrow, rocky gorge to the head of Vallecito Creek. Near where the road turns to the southwest, the gneisses are cut by innumerable dikes of coarse granitic composition. Many of these run parallel, cutting across the strike of the gneisses, and give the appearance of a bedded formation. In the cañon, before reaching Vallecito Creek, mica schist appears. It is bent and twisted into every conceivable direction, and varies exceedingly in structure and composition in the course of a few feet. The dip is northeast, and often at a small angle. The granite dikes often carry garnets, being quite similar to those between Julian and Banner. They were probably intruded after the eruption of the granite, and the related metamorphism.

At Mason’s granite and gneiss both appear as intrusives in the schists, and are themselves cut by coarse dikes similar to those described. Between this point and Banner, in a direct line, gneiss is the prevailing rock. The high mountain east of Banner is more granitoid.

There is a sandy valley of considerable extent about Mason’s; eastward a low ridge is crossed, and the road descends to Vallecito Valley between barren granite mountains, gradually descending until the open desert is reached. When the granite is hard these mountains are very rugged, but in places they are covered so deeply with soft, decomposed material as to closely resemble the Tertiary deposits farther east. The mountains often show pale purple to brown tints. On examination they appear to consist of a white granite, which has been so shattered as to break up into pieces, averaging not over 2 inches in diameter. This rock presents a very similar appearance for miles, particularly on the north side of the creek.

At Palm Springs the soft clay beds of late Tertiary age begin to appear. They dip in all directions, though that to the south and southwest is the most common. Toward Carrizo Station these are often covered by granitic detritus. The Tertiary beds widen out where the road strikes Carrizo Creek, and at Carrizo Station they have a width of nearly 10 miles. They rest against a granite range north of the creek and south along a long ridge which terminates in Carrizo Mountain. They also extend a long distance up Carrizo Creek. Four miles below the station harder sandstones and strata of shells cap the clay hills. This shell layer near the creek is 10 feet thick and contains pectens and oyster shells, belonging to the Miocene-Tertiary. The clay hills which surround Carrizo Station form a veritable Bad-Land. They show many different colors, and are perfectly devoid of any vegetation. They have been eroded into a most confused network of hills and cañons, and are so soft that it is difficult to travel over them. Six miles below this station and a mile north of the creek there rises a rugged granite range, facing the open desert. It rises from the desert quite precipitously nearly 2,000 feet, but blends westward into the ridges which run east from San Felipe. The granite is coarse and deeply decomposed. Sharp, angular grains of quartz stand out so prominently as to tear anything with which they come in contact. The thin-bedded shell strata rest against the slopes of the mountain, and near the southern end rise against the eastern slope at a very high angle in sharp, jagged points. These strata rise above the granite ridges at the point where they occur, and dip fully 70° to the east. ([Fig. 11].) Resting on the summit of this granite ridge, and immediately west of the steeply inclined and jagged points of the Tertiary strata, is the southern outcrop of a bed of coarse, hard sandstone, which rises along the summit of the ridges to the north and dips west, extending down the western side of the range for a thousand feet or more, dipping at an angle of about 30°. This sandstone outcrops along the crest of the ridge for nearly a mile. It is, however, not absolutely continuous, the granite rising through it in places. Near the southern end it is so highly metamorphosed as to be with difficulty distinguished from the granite at the contact. In fact, the two formations have become so intimately united, that a fracture of the granite made near the sandstone, instead of stopping at the contact, extends into the sandstone, so that the two rocks break off together. The contact is so exceedingly irregular that it seemed at first sight as if the sandstone had been intruded by the granite. Deep, narrow crevices extend into the granite, and are filled with sandstone. Some granite bunches are almost inclosed in the sandstone. The most interesting feature of this sandstone is the presence in it of an abundance of well-preserved corals of a type fully as old as the Cretaceous. Fragments of two species of a large oyster and poorly preserved specimens of univalve and bivalve shells are also abundant. There are at least two species of coral, many specimens being at least a foot in diameter. The sandstone is literally filled with them toward the southern portion of the outcrop. They also extend down into the crevices and cavities in the granite. The sandstone shows somewhat less metamorphism toward the north, where it contains some strata of pebbly conglomerate. The granite is intersected by many veins of coarsely crystallized feldspar and quartz. From these veins many of the pebbles in the conglomerate have been derived. At the highest point of the ridge the sandstone has the greatest thickness. Here it is broken up into great blocks 15 feet square, piled in the greatest confusion, as if by an earthquake. One great mass overhangs the almost precipitous granite escarpment at an elevation of 1,000 feet above the desert. Many fractures extend from the sandstones through into the granite. The sandstones, as well as the granite mountains north, have been baked a dull red color by the intense heat of the sun. To account for the peculiar position of this sandstone, as well as the steep inclination of the Tertiary beds at the southern end of the mountain, we must suppose that an extensive fault has taken place along the edge of the range facing the desert. The general inclination of the Tertiary beds to the west and southwest is also evidence of an uplift along this line.

Fig. 11.

Carrizo Mountain was ascended from the north by following up a wash through the clay hills. At the foot of the mountain there is a small outcrop of ancient volcanic rock greatly altered. This rock rests against the limestone which forms a large part of the north end of the mountain. The limestone is crystalline in every portion. The strike, as well as that of the schists and quartzites by which it is inclosed, is north 30° to 40° west, dip 75° to the southwest. The color of the limestone varies from white to streaked and variegated. It was carefully examined for fossils, but no traces of them could be found. The limestone is, however, filled in many places with the holes of borers, and one small incrusting coral and one barnacle were found. The elevation of the north peak is 1,700 feet, and these were found nearly at the top. Everything points to a great elevation here in times so recent that the atmospheric agencies have not yet had time to remove the surface exposed to the ocean waters. Another factor enters into this time computation, however, and that is that in this climate, where the rainfall is so slight, a great many years are required to effect slight changes. Toward the south peak the rock is almost wholly micaceous and quartzose schists. Judging from the great amount of metamorphism shown by these rocks, fossils, if they ever existed, must have been destroyed. At various points on the northern end of the mountain are horizontal deposits of a soft, shaly sandstone full of fossils, similar to those found north of Carrizo Creek. The corals are very large and perfect. Some nearly entire specimens of large oysters were also obtained, but most of the bivalve shells are represented only by casts. With all the exploration which has been done, it seems probable that these beds have never before been seen.

Professor Blake, geologist of the Pacific Railroad Survey, passed up Carrizo Creek in 1853, but, from the statements made, it seems his observations were confined to the immediate vicinity of the road. His is the only geological party that has visited this region up to the present time. The vicinity of Carrizo Mountain is a favorite one for prospectors, and every winter it is visited by a number of parties. As yet no important discoveries have been made, and I cannot say that I think the region is a favorable one. Silver has been reported from the southern slope of Carrizo Mountain, and at one time there was considerable excitement. The mountain, though formed wholly of metamorphic rocks, does not appear to have been mineralized to any extent. Only one dike was seen on the mountain, and that was of a coarse, granitic nature.