A profile of the latest type of dugout is shown in Plate 24.
The solid earth cover is from 12 to 18 feet thick, which gives protection from all but the very largest caliber shells.
Effective resistance is supplied by roofing materials as follows:
1. From shrapnel bullets: 2-inch planks covered with 12 inches of earth.
2. From 3-inch shells: 4-inch planks supporting 4 feet of earth with a top layer of heavy stones to cause an early shell burst.
Plate 24.—Type of dugout.
3. From howitzers of less than 6 inches caliber: 12-inch beams or logs covered with 8 feet of earth.