The Elements of Geology

by William Harmon Norton

The Neolithic stage of culture passes by insensible gradations into that of the age of bronze, and thus into the Recent epoch.

In the Recent epoch the progress of man in language, in social organization, in the arts of life, in morals and religion, has left ample records which are for other sciences than ours to read; here, therefore, geology gives place to arch$aelig;ology and history.

Our brief study of the outlines of geology has given us, it is hoped, some great and lasting good. To conceive a past so different from the present has stimulated the imagination, and to follow the inferences by which the conclusions of our science have been reached has exercised one of the noblest faculties of the mind,—the reason. We have learned to look on nature in new ways: every landscape, every pebble now has a meaning and tells something of its origin and history, while plants and animals have a closer interest since we have traced the long lines of their descent. The narrow horizons of human life have been broken through, and we have caught glimpses of that immeasurable reach of time in which nebulae and suns and planets run their courses. Moreover, we have learned something of that orderly and world-embracing progress by which the once uninhabitable globe has come to be man’s well-appointed home, and life appearing in the lowliest forms has steadily developed higher and still higher types. Seeing this process enter human history and lift our race continually to loftier levels, we find reason to believe that the onward, upward movement of the geological past is the manifestation of the same wise Power which makes for righteousness and good and that this unceasing purpose will still lead on to nobler ends.

INDEX

[[A]] [[B]] [[C]] [[D]] [[E]] [[F]] [[G]] [[H]] [[I]] [[J]] [[K]] [[L]] [[M]]
[[N]] [[O]] [[P]] [[Q]] [[R]] [[S]] [[T]] [[U]] [[V]] [[W]] [[Y]] [[Z]]

A
Aa, lava, [241]
Acadian coal field, [354]
Accretion hypothesis, [304]
Acidic rocks, [249]
Adelsberg grotto, [47]
Adirondacks, [309], [316]
Africa, [357]
Agassiz, Lake, [67], [111], [435]
Agates, [251]
Alabama, [317], [360]
Alaska, [85], [138], [140], [378]
Aletsch glacier, [121]
Algæ, [51], [52]
Algonkian era, [306], [310]
Allegheny Mountains, [90], [224], [326], [403]
Alluvial cones, [98]
Alluvium, [62]
Alps, [118], [121], [141], [210], [211], [212], [223], [229], [349], [427], [443]
Amazon River, [175]
Ammonites, [294], [367], [380], [382]
Amphibians, [364], [383]
Amphicyon, [413]
Amygdules, [250]
Andes, [236], [279]
Angle of repose, [25]
Antarctic continent, [294]
Antecedent streams, [209]
Antelope, [413]
Anthracite, [281]
Anticlinal folds, [203], [209]
Ants, [20]
Apennine Mountains, [399]
Appalachia, [317], [351], [358]
Appalachian coal field, [356]
Appalachian deformation, [358]
Appalachian Mountains, [211], [214], [218], [292]
Aquifer, [44]
Aragonite, [296]
Arch$aelig;opteryx, [393]
Archean era, [305]
Arenaceous rocks, [9]
Argillaceous rocks, [9]
Arizona, [32], [75], [145], [151], [154], [220], [229], [249], [257], [371], [390]
Arkansas, [337], [356], [373]
Arkose, [186], [282], [370]
Artesian wells, [44]
Arthropods, [322]
Artiodactyls, [411]
Assiniboine, Mount, [34]
Atlas Mountains, [399]
Atmosphere, [304], [305]
Atolls, [191], [193]
Augite, [274]
Austin, Tex., [71]
Australia, [190], [357]
Avalanches, [26]
B
Bad Lands, [397], [398]
Baltic Sea, [170], [171], [199]
Barite, [287]
Barrier Reefs, [191], [192]
Basal conglomerate, [173], [184]
Basalt, [249]
Baselevel, [80], [83]
Basic rocks, [249]
Basin deposits, [103]
Bay bars, [164]
Beaches, [162], [164]
Bears, [413]
Bedding planes, [5]
Belemnites, [382]
Belt Mountains, [309]
Bergschrund, [121], [135], [137]
Bermudas, [148]
Birds, [392]
Bison, [413]
Bitter Root Mountains, [272]
Black Hills, [309], [371]
Blastoids, [339]
Blastosphere, [311]
Block mountains, [222], [226]
Blowholes, [159]
Blue Ridge, [309], [316]
Bomb, volcanic, [256]
Bonneville, Lake, [107], [438]
Bosses, [270]
Bowlders, erratic, [420]
of weathering, [28]
Brachiopods, [323], [333], [343], [364], [380]
Brazil, [18], [236]
Breccia, [218], [255], [264]
British Columbia, [373], [378]
Bronze stage, [443], [448]
Bryozoans, [333]
Bunker Hill, [422]
C
Calamites, [361], [367]
Calcareous rocks, [9]
Calciferous series, [327]
Calcite, [296]
Caldera, [239]
California, [24], [99], [136], [152], [158], [159], [170], [197], [224], [256], [262], [287], [357], [360], [371], [400]
Great Valley of, [101], [199], [372], [396]
Cambrian period, [315]
glaciation in, [358]
life of, [319]
Camels, [412]
Canada, [28], [35], [67], [69], [90], [182], [198], [200], [213], [218], [267], [307], [309], [316], [336], [354], [357], [432], [437]
Cape Breton Island, [198]
Cape Cod, [152]
Carbonated springs, [261]
Carbonates, formation of, [12]
Carboniferous period, [350]
life of, [361]
Carnivores, [413]
Cascade Mountains, [90], [400]
Cats, [413]
Catskill Mountains, [342]
Caucasus Mountains, [399]
Caverns, [45], [241]
Cenozoic era, [394]
Centipedes, [333]
Cephalopods, [324], [333], [339], [344], [367], [380]
Ceratites, [380]
Ceratosaurus, [385]
Chain coral, [339], [343]
Chalcopyrite, [287]
Chalk, [9], [374], [375]
Chalybeate springs, [52]
Champlain subsidence, [437]
Charleston earthquake, [233]
Chazy series, [327]
Chelan, Lake, [141]
Chemung series, [341], [342]
Chesapeake Bay, [169], [170], [197]
Chicago, [146], [198], [436]
Chile, [235]
China, [28], [151]
Christmas Island, [194], [248]
Cincinnati anticline, [329], [356]
Cirques, [135]
Clinton series, [335]
Coal, [352], [370], [375]
Coal Measures, [351]
Coast Range, [101], [372], [399]
Coastal plain, Atlantic, [183]
Cœlenterates, [320]
Coke, [271]
Colorado, [18], [29], [33], [37], [153], [233], [266], [271], [334]
Colorado plateaus, [357], [403]
Colorado River, [30], [75], [140], [154], [223], [307], [313], [317]
Columbia lavas, [400]
Columnar structure, [253]
Concretions, [49]
Cones, alluvial, [98]
volcanic, [257]
Conglomerate, [9], [173]
Congo River, [175]
Conifers, [377]
Connecticut, [370]
valley, [403]
Contemporaneous lava sheets, [248], [268]
Continental delta, [175], [183]
Continental shelf, [183]
Continents, [188]
Contours, [69]
Copper, [287], [310]
Coquina, [177]
Coral reefs, [188]
Corals, ancient, [321], [332], [338], [379]
Cordaites, [363]
Cordilleran ice field, [425]
Corniferous series, [341]
Coves, [161]
Crabs, [379]
Crandall volcano, [263], [400]
Crater Lake, [259]
Creodonts, [413]
Cretaceous period, [372]
Crinoids, [332], [363], [379]
Crocodiles, [384]
Cross bedding, [65], [182]
Crustacea, [322], [332], [363], [379]
Crustal movements, [195]
Cumberland plateau, [90]
Cup corals, [338]
Cycads, [377], [378]
Cycle of erosion, [84], [185], [292]
Cystoids, [321], [332], [367]
D
Dalmatia, [170]
Darwin’s theory of coral reefs, [191]
Dead Sea, [221], [279]
Death Gulch, [264]
Deep-sea deposits, [187]
Deer, [413]
Deflation, [152]
Deformation, [279]
Delaware River, [197], [403]
Deltas, [108], [111], [197]
of Ganges, [109]
of Indus, [110]
of Mississippi, [109], [197]
Denudation, [57]
Denver, [398]
Desert, [15], [55]
Devitrification, [257]
Devonian period, [316], [341]
Dicotyls, [377], [404]
Digitigrade, [406]
Dikes, [244], [265]
Dinosaurs, [385]
Dinothere, [410]
Diorite, [274]
Dip, [202]
Dip fault, [225]
Diplodocus, [286]
Dipnoans, [346]
Discina, [324]
Dismal Swamp, [106]
Dogs, [413]
Dragon flies, [364]
Drift, [18], [113], [416]
bowlders of, [420]
englacial, [125]
extent of, [425]
pebbles of, [114], [420]
stratified, [423]
thickness of, [429]
Driftless area, [438]
Drowned valleys, [197]
Drumlins, [421]
Duluth, [436]
Dunes, [147]
Dust falls, [145]
E
Earth, age of, [292], [298], [302]
interior of, [276]
Earthquakes, [224], [233]
causes of, [233], [237]
Charleston, [233]
distribution of, [236]
geological effects of, [234]
India, [235]
Japan, [237]
New Madrid, [236]
Earthworms, [20], [21]
Echinoderms, [321], [332], [333], [343], [363]
Edentates, [441]
Egypt, [93]
Electric Peak, [269]
Elephants, [410]
Elevation, effects of, [85]
movements of, [197]
Eocene epoch, [395]
Epicontinental seas, [318]
Erratics, [133], [420]
Eskers, [424]
Etna, [248], [402]
Europe, Pleistocene ice sheet of, [427]
Eurypterids, [333], [339], [363], [367]
Evolution, [300], [447]
F
Faceted pebbles, [113], [114], [420]
Falls of the Ohio, [343]
Fan folds, [205]
Fault scarps, [219]
Faults, [217]
Faunas, [299]
Feldspar, [9], [10], [42]
Ferns, [361]
Finger lakes, [432]
Fire clay, [353]
Fishes, [334], [339], [345], [364], [405]
Fissure eruptions, [242]
Fissure springs, [44]
Fjords, [139], [142]
Flint, [18], [375]
Flood plains, [85], [93]
Floods, [54]
Floras, [299]
Florida, [46], [163], [177], [178], [188], [396]
Flow lines, [252]
Fluorite, [287]
Folded mountains, [210]
Folds, [201], [208]
Foliation, [283]
Foraminifera, [187], [374]
Forests, Carboniferous, [354], [361]
Cretaceous, [377], [378]
Devonian, [343]
Tertiary, [404]
Fort Wayne, [436]
Fossils, [177], [296]
Fractures, [215]
Fragmental rocks, [8]
France, [167], [171]
cave men of, [445]
Fringing reefs, [190]
Frogs, [383]
Frost, [15]
Fundy, Bay of, [182]
G
Gabbro, [274]
Ganges, [58], [109], [197]
Ganoids, [347]
Garnet, [281]
Gases, volcanic, [244]
Gastropods, [324]
Gastrula, [311]
Geneva, Lake, [71]
Geodes, [49]
Geological time, divisions of, [295]
Geology, definition of, [1], [3]
departments of, [4]
Georgia,

[18], [373]
Geysers, [52], [260]
Glacial epoch, [142], [416]
Glaciers, [113]
abrasion by, [133]
Alpine, [118]
compared with rivers, [137], [142]
crevasses of, [123]
deposition by, [138]
Greenland, [116]
lower limit of, [129]
melting of, [126]
mode of formation, [118]
moraines, [124]
motion of, [120], [122], [134]
piedmont, [131], [141]
plucking by, [133]
tables, [130]
transportation by, [132]
troughs, [137]
wells, [129]
young and mature, [129]
Glauconite, [176]
Globigerina ooze, [187]
Glyptodon, [441]
Gneiss, [283]
Goats, [413]
Gold, [287], [372]
Goniatite, [344], [367]
Graded slopes, [25]
Granite, [9], [274]
Graphite, [312]
Graptolites, [320], [339]
Gravitation, [22]
Great Basin, [357], [360], [374], [375]
Great Lakes, [198], [436]
Great Plains, [82]
Great Salt Lake, [107]
Greenland, [115], [126], [378]
Green Mountains, [309], [316], [420]
Green sand, [176]
Ground water, [39]
Ground water surface, [40]
Gryphæa, [379]
Gymnosperms, [363], [377]
Gypsum, [12], [335], [357], [371]
H
Hade, [217]
Hamilton series, [341]
Hanging valley, [139]
Hanging wall, [217]
Hartz Mountains, [214]
Hawaiian volcanoes, [238], [248], [258], [279]
Heat and cold, [13]
Helderberg series, [341]
Hematite, [310]
Henry Mountains, [271], [375]
High Plains, [100], [398]
Hillers Mountain, [271]
Himalaya Mountains, [122], [209], [210], [399]
Historical geology, [4], [291]
Honeycomb corals, [339]
Hood, Mount, [260], [262]
Hooks, [165]
Hornblende, [274]
Hornblende schist, [284]
Hudson Bay, [90], [170]
Hudson River, [197], [417]
Hudson series, [327], [329]
Humus acids, [10]
Humus layer, [19]
Huronian systems, [308]
Hwang-ho River, [151]
Hydrosphere, [22]
Hydrozoa, [320]
I
Icebergs, [116], [143]
Iceland, [242], [258]
Ichthyosaurus, [389]
Idaho, [34], [400]
Igneous rocks, [9], [249], [250], [251], [273]
Illinoian formation, [429]
Illinois, [54], [146], [356], [374]
India, [28], [102], [147], [235], [357], [402]
Indian Territory, [356]
Indiana, [48], [104]
Indo-Gangetic plain, [101]
Indus River, [101], [110]
Insects, [333], [364], [380]
Interior of earth, [276]
Internal geological agencies, [195]
Intrusive masses, [270]
Intrusive rocks, [273]
Intrusive sheets, [268]
Inverness earthquake, [236]
Iowa, [29], [69], [73], [80], [86], [336], [356], [374], [431], [433], [439], [442]
Iowan formation, [429]
Iron ores, [13], [53], [279], [310]
Islands, coral, [188]
wave cut, [159], [161]
J
Japan, [223], [224], [237]
Joints, [5], [31], [216]
Jordan valley, [279]
Jura Mountains, [141], [212]
Jurassic period, [369]
K
Kame terraces, [424]
Kames, [424]
Kansan formation, [429]
Kansas, [41], [50], [100], [336], [357], [373], [374], [429]
Kaolin, [12]
Karst, [47]
Katahdin, Mount, [420]
Keewatin ice field, [425]
Kentucky, [45], [46], [343], [442]
Keweenawan system, [308], [310]
Kilauea, [239]
Kings River Canyon, [403]
Krakatoa, [245]
L
Labrador, [198]
Labrador ice field, [426]
Laccolith, [271]
Lagoon, [165], [167]
Lahontan, Lake, [107], [438]
Lake Chelan, [141]
Lake dwellings, [448]
Lake Geneva, [71]
Lake Superior region, [284], [308], [310]
Lakes, [70], [222], [432]
basins, [97], [110], [127], [139], [141], [164], [165], [167], [191], [221], [222], [235], [259], [423], [432], [435]
deposits, [104]
glacial, [127], [139], [141], [423], [432], [435]
Pleistocene, [435]
salt, [106]
Laminæ, [5]
Landslides, [26], [234]
Lapilli, [255]
Laramie series, [375]
Laurentian peneplain, [84], [308], [432]
Lava, [238], [241]
Lava domes, [243], [400]
Lepidodendron, [362], [367]
Lichens, [16]
Lignite, [271]
Limestone, [7], [177], [178], [190]
Limonite, [13]
Lingulella, [324]
Lithosphere, [21]
Lizards, [384]
Llamas, [412]
Loess, [150], [433]
Long Island, [373]
Louisiana, [336], [396]
Lower Silurian period, [327]
Luray Cavern, [48]
Lycopods, [362]
M
Magnetite, [279], [310]
Maine, [169], [420]
Malaspina glacier, [131]
Maldive Archipelago, [193]
Mammals, [393], [405], [440]
Mammoth, [442]
Mammoth Cave, [46]
Mammoth Hot Springs, [52]
Man, [414], [443]
Mantle of waste, [17]
Marble, [284], [329]
Marengo Cavern, [48]
Marl, [104]
Marsupials, [393], [406]
Martha’s Vineyard, [161], [373], [395]
Maryland, [56], [270]
Massachusetts, [106], [162], [257], [309], [403], [417], [429]
Mastodon, [410], [441], [442]
Matterhorn, [34]
Maturity of land forms, [80]
Mauna Loa, [239]
Meanders, [96]
Medina series, [335], [403]
Megatherium, [441]
Mendota, Lake, [71]
Mesa, [31], [32], [153]
Mesozoic era, [369]
Mesozoic peneplain, [376], [403]
Metamorphism, [281]
Mexico, [373], [375]
Mica, [9]
Mica schist, [284]
Michigan, [104], [356], [443]
Michigan, Lake, [149], [198]
Mineral veins, [49], [286]
Minnesota, [97], [426]
Miocene series, [395]
Mississippi, [337]
Mississippi embayment, [373], [374], [395]
Mississippi River, [56], [57], [82], [94], [96], [109]
Mississippian series, [350]
Missouri, [18], [236]
Missouri River, [55], [97]
Mobile Bay, [197]
Mohawk valley, [436], [437]
Molluscous shell deposits, [177]
Mollusks, [324]
Monadnock, [83]
Monkeys, [414]
Monoclinal fold, [204]
Monocotyls, [377], [404]
Monotremes, [393], [406]
Montana, [71], [309], [313], [373]
Montreal, [268], [437]
Monuments, [33]
Moraines, [124]
Mosasaurs, [390]
Mountain sheep, [413]
Mountains, age of, [229]
life history of, [212], [215]
origin of, [90], [210], [222]
sculpture of, [33], [137]
Movements of crust, [195]
Muir glacier, [122], [129]
N
Nantucket, [373]
Naples, [201]
Narragansett Bay, [197]
Natural bridges, [46]
Natural gas, [330]
Natural levees, [93]
Nautilus, [334]
Nebraska, [50], [82], [100], [255], [356]
Nebular hypothesis, [304]
Neolithic man, [443], [448]
Nevada, [104], [107], [222], [288], [289], [360], [400]
Névé, [120]
New Brunswick, [198]
New England, [88], [373], [376], [378], [395], [403], [429], [432], [437]
Newfoundland, [198]
New Jersey, [148], [166], [168], [176], [196], [268], [269], [309], [310], [373], [437]
New Madrid earthquake, [236]
New Mexico, [31], [371], [399]
New York, [60], [90], [309], [327], [329], [335], [336], [360], [421], [422], [423], [424], [432], [443]
Niagara Falls, [60], [199]
Niagara series, [335]
Nile, [93], [109], [197]
Normal fault, [217]
North Carolina, [106]
North Dakota, [67]
North Sea, [170]
Notochord, [347]
Nova Scotia, [198]
Nunatak, [116], [132]
O
Ohio, [82], [198], [329], [335], [441]
Ohio River, [55], [82]
Oil, [330]
Olenellus zone, [323]
Olivine, [274]
Oolitic limestone, [178]
Ooze, deep-sea, [131]
Ordovician period, [316], [327]
life of, [331]
Oregon, [222], [262], [400]
Oreodon, [412]
Ores, [287], [290]
Organisms, work of, [16]
Oriskany series, [341]
Ornithostoma, [392]
Orthoceras, [325], [367], [380]
Oscillations, [196]
a cause of, [273]
effect on drainage, [85]
Ostracoderms, [344]
Ottawa River, [90]
Outcrop, [2]
Outliers, [31]
Outwash plains, [425]
Oxidation, [13]
Oyster, [379], [380]
P
Pahoehoe lava, [241]
Palæospondylus, [344]
Paleolithic man, [444]
Paleozoic era, [315]
Palisades of Hudson, [268]
Palms, [377]
Pamir, [15]
Peat, [94], [104]
Peccaries, [412]
Pelecypods, [324]
Pelée, Mt., [246]
Peneplain, [83]
dissected, [86]
Laurentian, [89], [308], [402]
Mesozoic, [376], [403]
Pennsylvania, [35], [211], [257], [357], [359], [403]
Pennsylvanian series, [350],

[351]
Perissodactyl, [408]
Perlitic structure, [252]
Permian series, [350], [357], [360], [366]
Petrifaction, [296]
Petroleum, [330], [343]
Phenacodus, [406]
Phyllite, [283]
Phyllopod, [323]
Piedmont Belt, [87], [214], [309], [374]
Piedmont plains, [99]
Pikes Peak, [18]
Pithecanthropus erectus, [446]
Placers, [287]
Plains of marine abrasion, [172]
Planation, [81]
Plantigrade, [406]
Platte River, [82]
Playa, [103]
Playa lakes, [104]
Pleistocene epoch, [416]
Plesiosaurus, [389], [390]
Pliocene epoch, [395]
Plucking, [133]
Po River, [58], [197]
Pocono sandstone, [350], [404]
Porosity of rocks, [40]
Porphyritic structure, [252]
Potholes, [59]
Potomac River, [58], [66], [403]
Predentata, [386]
Pre-Kansan formation, [429]
Primates, [414]
Prince Edward Island, [198]
Proboscidians, [410], [441], [442]
Pteropods, [325]
Pterosaurs, [391]
Puget Sound, [396]
Pumice, [250]
Pyrite, [13]
Q
Quarry water, [15]
Quartz, [6], [9]
Quartz schist, [284]
Quaternary period, [395], [416]
Quebec, [28]
R
Rain, erosion, [23]
Rain prints, [181]
Recent epoch, [416], [440], [447]
Reconcentration of ores, [289]
Record, the geological, [291]
Red clay, [187]
Red River of the North, [67]
Red Sea, [221]
Red snow, [115]
Reefs, coral, [188]
Regional intrusions, [272]
Reptiles, [367], [383]
Rhinoceros, [408]
Rhizocarp, [343]
Rhode Island, [356]
Rhone glacier, [123]
Rhyolite, [249]
Richmond, Va., [370]
Rift valleys, [221]
Ripple marks, [180]
Rivers, [54]
bars, [65]
braided channels, [94]
deltas, [108]
deposition, [62]
discharge, [55]
erosion, [59]
estuaries, [85]
flood plains, [93]
floods, [54]
graded, [74]
gradients, [82]
load of, [56]
mature, [72], [80], [97], [98]
meanders, [96]
plains, [99]
profile of, [73]
revived, [85]
run-off, [54]
structure of deposits, [102]
terraces, [96]
transportation, [56], [64]
waterfalls, [78]
young, [67]
Roches moutonnées, [134], [418]
Rock bench, [156]
Rock salt, [12], [357], [371]
Rocky Mountains, [375], [399], [437]
Ruminants, [412]
S
Saber-tooth tiger, [413]
Saguenay River, [90], [201]
Sahara, [15], [146], [150]
St. Elias Range, [399]
St. Peter sandstone, [150]
Salamanders, [383]
Salina series, [335]
Salt, common, [106], [335]
Salt lakes, [106]
San Francisco Bay, [197]
Sand, beach, [163]
of deserts, [149]
reefs, [165], [167]
storms, [145]
Sandstone, [6], [7], [186]
Sarcoui, [258]
Sauropoda, [386]
Schist, [283]
Schladebach, [277]
Scoria, [250], [255]
Scorpions, [339], [340], [363]
Scotland, [170], [220], [402]
Sea, [155]
erosion, [156]
deposition, [174]
transportation, [162]
Sea arch, [159]
Sea cave, [158]
Sea cliff, [156], [157]
Sea cucumber, [363]
Seals, [414]
Sea stacks, [169]
Sea urchin, [332], [379]
Seaweed, [176]
Sedimentary rocks, [8], [9]
Selkirk Mountains, [218]
Septa, [338]
Sequoia, [378]
Shale, [8], [9]
Sharks, [345], [405]
Shasta, Mount, [262], [400]
Sheep, [413]
Shenandoah valley, [403]
Shores of elevation, [167]
Shores of depression, [169]
Siderite, [63]
Sierra Nevada Mountains, [24], [90], [99], [224], [229], [272], [287], [318], [357], [371], [372], [396], [398], [390], [402], [437]
Sigillaria, [362], [367]
Silica, [6], [178]
Silurian period, [316], [334]
life of, [338]
Sink hole, [46]
Slate, [207], [282]
Slaty cleavage, [207]
Slickensides, [217]
Snake River lavas, [400], [401]
Snakes, [384], [405]
Soil, [19]
Solfatara, [260]
Solution, [11]
Soufrière, [246]
South America, [357]
South Carolina, [233]
South Dakota, [276], [374], [397]
Spanish Peaks, [271], [376]
Spherulites, [252]
Spiders, [363]
Spitzbergen, [378]
Sponges, [320], [379]
Springs, [41]
thermal, [50]
Stalactite, [48]
Stalagmite, [48]
Starfishes, [332]
Staubbach, [140]
Stegosaurus, [387]
Stoss side, [134]
Stratification, [5], [64], [180]
Striæ, glacial, [114], [133], [418]
Strike, [203]
Strike fault, [225]
Stromatopora, [331], [379]
Stromboli, [244]
Subsidence, [85], [183], [197]
Sun cracks, [180]
Superior, Lake, [257]
Superposition, law of, [293]
Susquehanna River, [403]
Sutlej River, [209]
Sweden, [199]
Swine, [412]
Switzerland, [28], [427]
Syenite, [274]
Synclinal fold, [204]
Syracuse, N.Y., [436]
Syringopora, [339]
T
Tabulæ, [339]
Taconic deformation, [329]
Taconic Mountains, [376]
Talc, [284]
Talc schist, [284]
Talus, [23]
Tapir, [409]
Teleost fishes, [349], [382], [405]
Tennessee, [90], [373]
Terminal moraines, [126], [422], [432]
Terraces, [86], [96]
Tertiary period, [395]
Texas, [15], [69], [71], [166], [336], [356], [357], [371], [373], [374], [378]
Theromorphs, [383]
Throw, [217]
Thrust faults, [217]
Till, [418]
Till plains, [420]
Toronto, [443]
Trachyte, [249], [258]
Travertine, [52]
Trenton series, [327]
Triassic period, [369]
Triceratops, [387]
Trilobites, [322], [332], [339], [363], [367]
Tuff, [255]
Turkestan, [103]
Turtles, [384]
U
Unconformity, [227]
Undertow, [174]
Utah, [107], [271], [360], [371], [396], [399]
Utica series, [327]
V
V-Valleys, [74]
Valley drift, [128]
Valley trains, [425]
Valleys, [66]
Vermont, [309], [329], [420]
Vernagt glacier, [129]
Vertebrates, [334], [349]
Vesuvius, [247], [259], [402]
Virginia, [48], [84], [106], [370], [403], [442]
Volcanic ashes, [244], [255]
cones, [257]
necks, [267]
rocks, [249]
Volcanoes, [238]
causes of, [278]
decadent, [260]
submarine, [248]
tertiary, [399]
W
Walrus, [414]
Warped valleys, [101]
Warping, [198]
Wasatch Mountains, [375]
Washington, [18], [91], [150], [400]
Waterfalls, [59], [78]
Waves, [156]
Weathering, [5]
chemical, [10]
differential, [29]
mechanical, [13]
Wells, [41]
artesian, [44]
West Virginia, [79], [357], [359]
White Mountains, [443]
Wind, [144]
deposition, [147]
erosion, [151]
pebbles carved by, [152]
transportation, [145]
Wisconsin, [15], [18], [70], [71], [90], [94], [422], [426]
Wisconsin formation, [429], [431]
Wyoming, [50], [98], [371]
Y
Yahtse River, [131]
Yellow Sea, [151], [170]
Yellowstone canyon, [74]
Yellowstone National Park, [50], [51], [52], [260], [261], [263], [269], [400]
Yosemite, [403]
Z
Zeuglodon, [414]
Zone of cementation, [49], [180]
Zone of solution, [45]
Zones of flow and of fracture, [207]