Legendary Islands of the Atlantic: A Study of Medieval Geography - William Henry Babcock

[312] Early Norse Visits to North America, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913; Recent History and Present Status of the Vinland Problem, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 265–282; and Chapters VII and VIII, above.

[313] Eugène Beauvois: La découverte du nouveau monde par les irlandais, Nancy, 1875.

[314] Gustav Storm: Studies on the Vineland Voyages, Mémoires Soc. Royale des Antiquaires du Nord (Copenhagen), N. S., 1884–89, pp. 307–370.

[315] Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 107.

[316] Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 9 (Facsimile dell’ Atlante di Andrea Bianco dell’ anno 1436), Pl. 7.

INDEX

Adam of Bremen, [106];
on Greenland, [94]
Anghiera. See [Martyr, Peter]
Animal and bird names, [44]
Antela, [149]
Antiglia, map opp. [74], [75], [147]
Antilles, [144];
identity with Antillia, [162]
Antillia, [188];
as an early map item, [144];
Atlantis and, [148];
on Beccario map of 1426, [151];
on Beccario map of 1435, [70], [151];
on Benincasa map of 1482, [70], [159];
on Bianco map of 1436, [156];
Humboldt’s hypothesis of origin of name, [148];
identity with the Antilles, [162];
on Laon globe of 1493, [161];
of the mainland, [147];
Martyr’s (Peter) identification, [145];
origin of the name, [148];
other identifications, [146];
on Pareto map of 1455, [157];
on Roselli map of 1468, [155];
on Ruysch map of 1508, [145];
Seven Cities (island) and, [69], [188];
spelling of the word, [146];
unmentioned on certain notable maps, [161];
on Weimar map, [150], [159]
Arctic monastery, [136–137], [138]
Ari Frode, [101]
Arna-Magnaean MS. No. 194, [116], [119]
Arna-Magnaean MS. No. 557, on Markland, [115]
Athens and Atlantis, [1], [33]
Atlantic continental mass, theory of Termier, [19]
Atlantic submarine banks, [24]
Atlantis, Antillia and, [148];
improbability of existence, [18];
invasion of the Mediterranean, [16];
location and size, [17];
Plato’s account, [3], [11], [32], [187];
Sargasso Sea as, [29];
submergence, question of, [22];
Termier on, [14]
Avezac, M. A. P. d’, [8], [114]
Avienus, [27]
Ayala, Pedro de, [65], [68]
Azores, description, [164];
floral and faunal indications of mainland connection, [21];
Mayda and, [92];
names of islands, [21];
occurrence of name “Seven Cities” in, [78];
two series on Bianco map of 1448, [122]
Babcock, W. H., “Early Norse Visits,” [6], [115], [172], [184];
“Indications of Visits,” [46], [57], [71], [86], [150]
Baffin Land, [111], [184]
Bahamas, [155], [163], [188]
Barra, [181], [183]
Basques, [8]
Beauvois, Eugène, [131], [184]
Beccario map of 1426, Antillia on, [151];
reproduction of a photographed section (ill.), opp. [45];
St. Brendan’s Islands on, [45]
Beccario map of 1435, Antilles, four islands, on, [153];
Antillia on, [70], [151], [153];
Daculi on, [183];
reproduction of section (ill.), [152]
Behaim globe of 1492, St. Brendan’s Islands on, [47]
Benedict, R. D., [38]
Benincasa map of 1482, Antillia on, [70], [159];
reproduction of section (ill.), [160]
Beothuks, [123], [131]
Bermuda and Mayda, [93], [188]
Bianco map of 1436, Antillia on, [156];
reproduction of section (ill.), [179];
Stokafixa on, [185]
Bianco map of 1448, St. Brendan’s Islands on, [46];
two series of Azores, [122]
Bimini (Beimini), [146]
Bird names, [44]
Birds, isle of, [166]
Blaskets, [181]
Blunt, E. M., [91]
Boid, Captain, [170]
Book of the Spanish Friar, [44], [55], [92], [165];
on the Azores, [165]
Bourne, E. G., [55]
Bra, [181]
Brazil (island), on Catalan map of 1375, [58];
on Catalan map of about 1480, [61];
on Dalorto map of 1325, [50], [56], [121];
early maps, occurrence, [55];
location and shape, [57];
in place of Markland, [121];
Mayda and, [83];
on Nicolay map of 1560, [61], [121];
Norse and Irish omission of name, [66];
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, and, [59], [187];
Seven Cities (island) and, [68];
on Sylvanus map of 1511, [65];
two on the same map, [121–122]
Brazil (word), derivation, [50], [52];
spellings, [50];
various applications, [121]
Brendan (Brandan; Brenainn), St., adventures, Lismore version, [34];
explanations of Brendan narratives, [35];
exploration, [34], [48], [187];
probable basis of fact in narratives, [38]
Brendan’s (St.) Islands, [34];
on Beccario map of 1426, [45];
on Behaim globe of 1492, [47];
on Bianco map of 1448, [46];
on Dulcert map of 1339, [42];
Hereford map testimony, [38];
on later maps, [48];
on the Pizigani map of 1367, [43]
Bretons, exploration, [8], [84]
Brown, A. S., [78]
Buache, N., [78]
Bullar, Joseph and Henry, [79]
Buss Island, [174], disappearance from map, [177];
discovery, [175];
map (ill.), [176]
Cabot, John, [10], [55]
Canary Islands, mainland connection, question of, [21];
tradition concerning St. Brendan, [39]
Canerio map, [146]
Cape Breton, [118–119], [127], [132], [135], [185];
Mayda and, [92], [93]
Cape Cod, Mayda and, [92], [188]
Capmany, Antonio de, [54]
Carthaginians, Corvo and, [167];
statues and coins, [169]
Cartier, Jacques, [59]
Cartwright, George, [123]
Catalan map of 1375, Brazil (island) on, [58];
Mayda on, [84];
reproduction (ill.), [58]
Catalan map of about 1480, Brazil (island) on, [61];
Fixlanda (Iceland) on, [141];
Greenland on, [62], [96], [120];
reproduction of section (ill.), [64]
Catholique, La, [180]
Cerne, [27]
Chau Ju-Kua, [2]
Chesapeake Bay, [119]
Christy, Miller, [175], [176], [177]
Churchill Collection, [140]
Clavus map of 1427, Greenland on, [105], [139];
reproduction of section (ill.), [104]
Coins found in Corvo, [167]
Columbus, Christopher, [10]
Columbus, Ferdinand, “Life of Christopher Columbus,” [69], [71], [140], [144]
Conigi, Li, [8], [165], [172], [182]
Coombs, Captain, [100]
Coppo map of 1528, Greenland on, [96];
reproduction (ill.), [97]
Corvo, [22];
ancient memorials, [166];
comparative representations on maps (ill.), [172];
equestrian statues, [168];
Mayda and, [92];
origin of name, [164];
Pizigani map of 1367 and, [168]
Cuba, [153], [162], [163], [188]
Daculi, [181];
on Pareto map of 1455, [183]
Dalorto map of 1325, Brazil (island) on, [50], [56], [121];
mythical islands on, [181];
reproduction (ill.), [51]
Dawson, S. E., [48]
Demons, [37], [89];
islands of, [178]
Desceliers map of 1546, Greenland on, [99];
Mayda on, [87];
reproduction of section (ill.), [76];
saintly islands on, [180];
Seven Cities (island) on, [75]
Devil Rock, [91]
Diodorus Siculus, [1], [4], [16], [42], [166]
Disko, [184]
Dragons, [37], [83], [149]
Drogio, first mention, [124], [127];
meaning, [133];
region designated, [132];
spelling, [132];
on Zeno map of 1558, [126]
Dulcert map of 1339, St. Brendan’s Islands on, [42]
Edrisi, “Geography,” [7], [39], [166], [168];
on the isle of birds, [166]
Egerton MS. 2803. See [World map in portolan atlas of about 1508]
Emmanuel (ship), [175]
Emperadada, Encorporada, Encorporade (Incorporado), [180]
Equestrian statues, [168]
Eric the Red, [101], [108], [109], [115]
Eskimos, [110], [111]
Espinosa, Alonso de, [39]
Esthlanda, [131]
Estotiland, [122]; derivation, conjectures, [130];
first mention, [124], [127];
on Prunes map of 1553, [131];
region designated, [130];
on Zeno map of 1558, [126]
Estotilanders, [131]
Faria y Sousa, Manuel de, [73];
on Corvo, [169]
Fischer, Joseph, [61], [105], [116], [139]
Fischer, Theobald, [44], [45], [46], [47], [56], [57], [84], [86], [92], [114], [122], [147], [161], [165], [172], [182], [185]
Fixlanda, [96], [185];
on Catalan map of 1480, [141]
Flores, [8], [171], [172], [182]
Florida, [146], [155], [163], [188]
Formaleoni, Vicenzio, [148]
Fortunate Islands, [38], [39].
See also [Brendan’s (St.) Islands]
Freducci, Conde, [150]
Frisland, [136], [175], [185];
Buss Island and, [177];
confusion with Iceland, [141];
occurrence of name, [140];
on Zeno map of 1558, [141]
Galvano, Antonio, [72]
Germain, Louis, [21]
Germanus, Donnus Nicolaus, world map (after 1466), Greenland on, [105], [139];
reproduction of section (ill.), opp. [105]
Ginnungagap, [178]
Gnupsson, Eric, [109]
Gosch, C. C. A., [175]
Grand Banks, [185]
Grand Manan, [188]
Great Abaco, [155], [162–163]
Great Iceland, [184]
Greeks, early exploration, [4]
Green Island, [95];
on sixteenth-century maps, [97];
various islands;
shrinkage of the name, [99]
Greenland, Adam of Bremen’s account, [94];
on Catalan map of about 1480, [62], [96], [120];
on Clavus map of 1427, [105], [139];
on Coppo map of 1528, [96];
on Desceliers map of 1546, [99];
on Germanus (D. N.) map, [105], [139];
insular character, [95];
intercourse with Markland, [119];
life of Icelandic colony, [106];
on Nicolay map of 1560, [98];
Norse settlements, [137];
Norse settlements (with map), [103];
origin of name, [101];
on Ortelius map of 1570, [99];
as a peninsula, [105];
on Sigurdr Stefánsson map, [106];
Thorláksson map of 1606 (ill.), [98];
on Zeno map of 1558, [105], [139]
Greenlanders, early explorations, [109]
Grocland, [184]
Gunnbjörn’s skerries, [174]
Haiti, [162]
Hall, James, [177]
Hand of Satan, [156], [178]
Hardiman, James, [50]
Harrisse, Henry, [144]
Hauk’s Book on Markland, [114]
Hebrides, [181], [182], [183]
Helluland, [115], [116], [188]
Henriques, Borges de F., [171], [173]
Hereford map of 1275, St. Brendan’s Islands on, [38]
Himilco, [27]
Holmes, W. H., [3]
Hood, Thomas, [180]
Hovgaard, William, on Icelandic settlement of Greenland, [102], [109], [110], [115], [116];
suggestion of two Winelands, [119]
Humboldt, Alexander von, on Antillia, [148];
on Bianco map of 1436, [157];
on Corvo, [167];
“Examen critique,” [37], [52], [55], [78], [81], [148], [167], [169], [185]
Hydrographic Office, [30], [31], [32]
I in Mar, [155], [188]
Icaria, [136];
on Zeno map of 1558, [142]
Iceland, confusion on maps, [141];
Great Iceland, [184];
Greenland discovery and relations, [101];
on Zeno map of 1558, [141]
Illa Verde, [96].
See also [Greenland]
Imagination in cartography, [143]
Incorporado, [180]
Ireland, submerged lands about, [25]
Irish sea-roving, [5]
Island of the Seven Cities. See [Seven Cities (island)]
Islands, cataclysms, [174];
mythical and scattered, [174]
Italians, exploration, [8]
Jamaica, [163], [188]
Janvier, T. A., [30]
Jomard, E. F., [8], [30], [43], [55], [70], [83], [147], [149], [166], [179], [182]
Jónsson, Finnur, [102–103]
Jowett, Benjamin, [11], [18]
Karlsefni, Thorfinn, [109], [115], [116];
geography of narrative and later records, [117]
Kilda, St., [142], [183]
Kjalarness, [116], [118]
Kohl, J. G., [139]
Kohl collection, [57], [85]
Krakens, [149]
Kretschmer, Konrad, [45], [48], [57], [58], [60], [61], [69], [70], [75], [82], [84], [86], [87], [96], [97], [98], [99], [105], [114], [117], [121], [131], [132], [140], [146], [157], [159], [162], [172], [178], [179], [180], [183]
Krümmel, Otto, [30]
Kunstmann, Friedrich, [146], [180]
Labrador as Markland, [117]
La Catholique, [180]
La Man Satanaxio, [156], [178]
Laon globe of 1493, Antillia on, [161]
Legname, [8], [114]
Leif Ericsson, [109]
Li Conigi, [8], [165], [172], [182]
Lismore, Book of, [34]
Lucas, F. W., [122], [125];
on Drogio, [133];
on the Zeno narrative, [137], [138]
Madeira Islands, as the Fortunate Islands of St. Brendan, [42];
name, [44], [114]
Magnaghi, Alberto, [50], [69], [121], [181]
Major, R. H., [122], [124], [129];
study of the Zeno narrative, [136]
Malte-Brun, Conrad, [167]
Man or Mam, [83]. See also [Mayda]
Maps (ills.), Beccario of 1426, opp. [45];
Beccario of 1435, [152];
Benincasa of 1482, [160];
Bianco of 1436, [179];
Buss Island of 1673, [176];
Catalan of 1375, [58];
Catalan of about 1480, [64];
Clavus of 1427, [104];
Coppo of 1528, [97];
Corvo representations, [172];
Dalorto of 1325, [51];
Desceliers of 1546, [76];
Egerton MS. 2803, opp. [74];
Germanus (D. N.), after 1466, opp. [105];
Greenland, Norse settlements, [103];
Nicolay of 1560, [62];
Ortelius of 1570, [77];
Pareto of 1455, [158];
Pizigani of 1367, [40–41];
Ptolemy of 1513, [82];
Prunes of 1553, [88];
Sargasso Sea, [28];
Stefánsson of 1590, [107];
Thorláksson of 1606, [98];
Zeno of 1558, [126]
Marco Polo, [53]
Markland, Brazil (island) in place of, [121];
Hauk’s Book account, [114];
intercourse with Greenland, [119];
Labrador as, [117];
name, [114];
Newfoundland as, [114], [188];
Nova Scotia as, [118];
on Sigurdr Stefánsson map, [116];
Zeno narrative and, [122]
Martyr, Peter, d’Anghiera, “Decades,” [145];
identification of Antillia, [145]
Mayda, Azores and, [92];
basis of fact about, [91], [188];
Brazil (island) and, [83];
on Catalan map of 1375, [84];
“Man” and, [84];
modern maps, persistence on, [90];
name, spelling and origin, [81];
on Ortelius map of 1570, [90];
on Pizigani map of 1367, [83];
on Prunes map of 1553, [87];
problem of, [81];
on Ptolemy map of 1513, [82];
transference, on maps, to American waters, [87];
Vlaenderen and, [89]
Mediterranean Sea, Atlantean invasion, [16]
Mercator, Gerhard, world map of 1569, [125], [179], [184]
Miller, Konrad, [39]
Minia (ship), [178]
Monastery in the Arctic, [136–137], [138]
Montonis, [56], [181]
Moorish voyages, [7]
Morewood, S., [168]
Mount Hope Bay, [188]
Muratori, L. A., [53]
Murray, Sir John, [24];
on the Sargasso Sea, [31]
Murray, Sir John, and R. E. Peake, [177–178]
Nansen, Fridtjof, [27], [29], [60], [61], [94], [101], [117]
Navarro, L. F., [22]
Navigation, early obstruction, [27]
Negra’s Rock, [90], [91], [175], [186]
Neome (Fair Island), [136], [140]
Newfoundland, [185]; as Markland, [114], [117];
on Nicolay map of 1560, [132]
Nicolay map of 1560, Brazil (island) on, [61], [121];
Greenland on, [98];
Mayda on, [87];
Newfoundland on, [132];
reproduction of section (ill.), [62]
Nordenskiöld, A. E., on Antillia, [144];
“Bidrag,” [61], [96], [120], [139], [141];
“Facsimile-Atlas,” [1], [48], [71], [75], [90], [99], [105], [125], [145], [161], [174], [179], [184];
“Periplus,” [27], [42], [56], [57], [58], [60], [61],69, [84], [85], [86], [87], [89], [98], [114], [121], [132], [139], [145], [150], [156], [165], [172], [178], [182];
on the Weimar map, [150]
Norsemen, early exploration, [5];
early settlements in Greenland, [103] (with map), [137];
Eskimos and, [111]
Nova Scotia as Markland, [118]
Olsen, J. E., [55]
Ortelius map of 1570, demon islands on, [179];
Greenland on, [99];
Mayda on, [90];
reproduction of section (ill.), [77];
Seven Cities (island) on, [75];
Zeno additions on, [125]
Pareto map of 1455, Antillia on, [157];
Daculi on, [183];
reproduction of section (ill.), [158]
Payne, E. J., [175]
Perseus, [16], [17]
Peter Martyr. See [Martyr, Peter]
Phoenicians, Corvo and, [167];
early explorations, [1], [3]
Pizigani map of 1367, Corvo and, [168];
Daculi and Bra on, [182];
Mayda on, [83];
reproduction (ill.), [40–41];
St. Brendan’s Islands on, [43]
Plato on Atlantis, [3], [11], [32], [187]
Podolyn, Johan, [167]
Poole, H. S., [177]
Porlanda (Pomona), [136], [140]
Porto Rico, [162]
Porto Santo, [43]
Portuguese discovery, [9];
refugees and Seven Cities island, [71]
Promontorium Vinlandiae, [118], [119]
Prunes map of 1553, Estotiland on, [131];
Mayda on, [87];
reproduction of section (ill.), [88];
Zeno islands on, [140]
Ptolemy map of 1513, Mayda on, [82];
reproduction of section (ill.), [82]
Ravenstein, E. G., [47], [71], [105], [145]
Reeves, A. M., [115], [116], [131]
Reylla, [188];
on Beccario map of 1435, [154];
on Roselli map of 1468, [155]
Rink, Henry, on Greenland, [102], [104]
Robert, M., [90]
Rockall, [91], [100]
Rocks, sunken, [91], [100]
Romans, early exploration, [5]
Roselli map of 1468, Antillia on, [155]
Runic inscription in Greenland, [109–110]
Ruysch map of 1508, Antillia inscription, [145];
island destroyed by combustion, [174]
St. Anne, [180], [181]
St. Brendan. See [Brendan]
St. Kilda, [142], [183]
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, possible identification of Brazil (island) with, [59]
St. Michael, (Azores), [78], [168], [169], [188]
St. X, [180]
Saintly islands, [180]
Salvagio, [188];
on Beccario map of 1435, [154]
Santarem, M. F., [52], [140]
Sargasso Sea, [3], [18], [187];
as Atlantis, [29];
map (ill.), [28]
Satanaxio, [156], [178], [188]
Scandinavians. See [Norsemen]
Scharff, R. F., [21]
Schott, Gerhard, [30]
Schuchert, Charles, [23]
Schuller, Rudolph, [13]
Scorafixa, [185]
Scylax of Caryanda, [27]
Seller, John, [176]
Seven Cities (island), [68], [188];
Antillia and, [69];
Brazil (island) and, [68];
on Desceliers map of 1546, [75];
home of Portuguese refugees, [71];
later reappearance as an island, [75];
mainland location, [74];
name in the Azores, [78];
on Ortelius map of 1570, [75]
Shepherd, Thomas, [177]
Shetland, [131], [181]
Ships, early, [2]
Skraelings, [111]
Solberg, T., [57], [161]
Soley, J. C., [30], [31]
Spanish Friar. See [Book of the Spanish Friar]
Stefánsson (Sigurdr) map of 1590 (?), Greenland on, [106];
Helluland, Markland, and Vinland on, [116];
reproduction (ill.), [107]
Stevens, John, [73]
Stevenson, E. L., “Atlas of Portolan Charts,” [74], [141], [147];
“Facsimiles of Portolan Charts,” [57], [86], [155];
“Maps Illustrating Early Discovery,” [117], [140];
“Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Jannensis,” [146];
“Portolan Charts,” [27]
Stokafixa, [185]
Stokes, Whitley, [34]
Storm, Gustav, [111], [184]
Strabo, [42], [169]
Straumey, [188]
Straumfiord, [188]
Submarine banks, [24]
Sylvanus map of 1511, Brazil (island) on, [65]
Tachylyte, [23]
Termier, Pierre, on Atlantis, [14];
theory of ancient Atlantic continent, [19], [21], [23]
Thevet, André, [169]
Thorláksson map of 1606, reproduction (ill.), [98]
Tobago, [99]
Torfaeus’ “Gronlandia,” [96–97], [98], [106], [107], [116]
Toscanelli, Paolo, [69], [144]
Trouvères, [36]
Tulloch, Captain, [100]
Uzielli, Gustavo, [45], [57], [70], [86], [151], [172], [183]
Valsequa map of 1439, [57]
Van Keulen’s chart of 1795, [177]
Vespucius, [10]
Vignaud, Henry, “Columbian Tradition,” [10];
on the Toscanelli letter, [144]
Vinland, [188];
Hovgaard’s suggestion, [119]
Vlaenderen and Mayda, [89]
Weare, G. E., [68]
Weimar map (after 1481), Antillia on, [150], [159]
Westropp, T. J., “Brasil,” [26], [34], [36], [60], [61], [96];
“Early Italian maps,” [54];
on submerged lands near Iceland, [25]
Wiars, Thomas, [175]
Wineland the Good, [116]. See also [Vinland]
Winsor, Justin, [59], [60], [65], [85], [89], [132], [178]
Wonderstrands, [116], [188]
World map in portolan atlas of about 1508, Antiglia on, [147];
Iceland on, [141];
reproduction of section (ill.), opp. [74];
Seven Cities (island) on, [74]
Yule, Sir Henry, [53]
Zaltieri map of 1566, [61], [87], [98], [132]
Zeno, Antonio and Nicolò, [9], [124]
Zeno, Nicolò, the younger, [124], [134], [135], [143]
Zeno map of 1558, Finland and Iceland on, [141];
Greenland on, [105], [139];
Icaria on, [142];
reproduction (ill.), [126]
Zeno narrative, account of the book, [124];
brief summary, [135];
discrepancies of the fisherman’s story, [133];
geographical implication, [129];
Lucas’ study, [137];
Major’s study, [136];
Markland and, [122];
narrative quoted, [128]

Transcriber’s Note

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.