Inventions in the Century

by William Henry Doolittle

The gusts of wind that drove against the molten lava thrown from the crater of Kilauea, producing as it did, a fall of white, metallic, hairy-like material resembling wool, suggested to man an industrial application of the same method. And at the great works of Krupp at Essen, Prussia, for instance, may be witnessed a fine stream of molten slag flowing from an iron furnace, and as it falls is met by a strong blast of cold air which transforms it into a silky mass as white and fine as cotton.

---

INDEX.

A.
Abbe, Prof. Ernst, [412], [473].
Abbott Museum, N.Y., [242].
Abrading machines, [332].
Acetylene, [70], [456].
Accumulators, [177].
Achromatic lens, [410].
Acoustics, [406].
Addressing machines, [285].
Aeolipile, [74].
Affixers, [285].
African inventions, [340], [476].
Agriculture, Chap. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].
Agricultural chemistry, [64].
Agricultural societies, [16].
Aeronautics. (See Air Ships and Balloons, [169], [445], [448].)
Air Atomizers, [467].
Air brakes, [89], [108], [193].
Air Brushes, [195], [418].
Air Compressors and propellers, [195].
Air Drills, [194].
Air Engines, [89], [193], [194].
Air propellers. (See Pneumatics.)
Air Pumps, [55], [113], [194], [195], [196], [197], [404].
Air Ships, [446], [449].
Airy, [410].
“Alabama,” The, [261].
Alarm Locks. (See Locks.)
Alchemistry and alchemists. (See Chemistry.)
Alcohol, [65].
Alfred the Great, [386], [457].
Alembert, D., [167].
Alhambra, [373].
Allen, Horatio, [83].
Allen, Dr. John, [168].
Allotropic phosphorus. (See Matches.)
Allen and Yates. (See Puddling.)
Alloys, [237], [238].
Altiscope, [413].
Aluminium, [238].
Amalgamators, [380].
American Inventions, [341].
Ammonia, [191], [215].
Ammoniacal gas engines, [191].
Ampère, [122], [130].
Amontons air engines, [193].
Ancient smelting. (See Metallurgy.)
Anæsthetics, [2], [71].
Aniline dyes, [69].
Annealing and tempering, [248].
Antiseptics, [2], [72].
Antwerp, Siege of, [261]. (See Ordnance.)
Aoisseau, Chas., [466].
Apollo, [400].
Applegath, [283], [284].
Aqueducts, [93], [166], [167].
Arabs, [253], [274].
Arabic notation, [2].
Arago, [122], [410], [411], [416].
Arc Lamps, [137].
Archimedes, [9], [165], [185], [442].
Aristotle, [58].
Argand burner, [456].
Arkwright, Richard, [42], [296], [298], [301].
Arlberg tunnel, [107].
Armor, plate, [262], [264], [265], [266].
Arnold, Asa, [301].
Arnold, watchmaker, [389].
Armstrong, Sir William G., [176], [263], [264].
Arquebus. (See Ordnance.)
Artesian Wells, [38].
Artificial Stone. (See Pottery.)
Artificial Silk. (See Glass.)
Arts, Fine, [197], [347], [353], [371], [400], [414], [418].
Art, Scientific, [228].
Artificial Teeth. (See Dentistry.)
Artillery. (See Ordnance.)
Asbestos, [421].
Assembling machines and system. (See Sewing machines, Watch, and Ordnance.)
Assyrians, [24].
Astronomical inventions, [390]. (See Horology and Optics.)
Athens. (See Greece.)
Athanor, Alchemist’s stone. (See Chemistry.)
Atmospheric and Gas pressure, [194].
Atoms—atomic theory, [59], [60], [453].
Atomizer, [197], [467].
Attraction of Gravitation, [2].
Augurs, [348], [349].
Auricular instruments, [406].
Australia, [40].
Austria, [24], [50], [358].
Autoharps, [405].
Automobiles, [89], [435].
Axes, [340].
B.
Babbitt, Isaac, metal, [237].
Babylonians, [384].
Bach. (See Pianos.)
Bacon, Roger, [214].
Bacteria, [213].
Bailey, 1822; [37].
Bain, Alex., [147].
Baling and Bale ties, [51], [52], [53].
Balloons, [169], [446].
Band Saw, [348].
Barber, John, [185].
Barker’s Mill, [171].
Barlow looms, [305].
Barlow, Prof., [123].
Barrel making. (See Wood Working.)
Bartholdi, [105].
Bastie, [473].
Batcheller, [318].
Baths—closets, [178].
Bath system, Porcelain, [466].
Battam, Thomas, artificial marble, [466].
Baude, Peter, [224].
Beadlestone, metallurgist, [231].
Bean, B. W., [318].
Beaulieu, Col. (Ordnance), [264].
Beating engines. (See Paper.)
Becher, [58].
Bechler, [413].
Becquerel, [44].
Beds, [355].
Bed—printing, [282].
Beer. (See Chemistry.)
Bellaert, Jacob, [280].
Bell, Alex. Graham, [140], [141], [142], [407], [414].
Bell, C. A., [408].
Bell, Sir L., metallurgy, [223].
Bell’s history of metallurgy, [223].
Bell, Rev. Patrick, [36], [38].
Bells and Bell making—Metallurgy.
Bending wood, [349], [357]. (See Woodworking.)
Bennett, Richard, [46].
Bentham, Sir Sam’l, [242], [342], [349], [374].
Bergman, [61].
Berliner, Emile, [408].
Bernoulli, D., [167].
Berthollet, [64], [454].
Berzelius, [60].
Bessemer, Henry, and process, [176], [232], [233].
Besson, Prof. J., [75], [242].
Bicheroux, potter, [465].
Bicycles, [431].
Bigelow, E. B., [305].
Billings, Dr., [210].
Binding books. (See Printing.)
Binders, grain and twine, [39].
Bicycles, [431] to [435].
Bischof, Simon, [191].
Blacksmithing. (See Metallurgy.)
Blaew of Amsterdam, [281].
Black, chemist, [58].
Blair, iron and steel, [234].
Blakely Gun. (See Ordnance.)
Blake, Eli. W., Blake crusher, [376], [377].
Blanchard, Thos., [268], [343], [344], [350], [356], [369].
Blasting, [107].
Blast, steel. (See Bessemer.)
Blauofen furnace. (See Metallurgy.)
Bleaching and Dyeing, [69].
Blenkinsop, [82].
Blithe, Walter, [14].
Block Printing. (See Printing.)
Blodgett & Lerow, sewing machines, [318].
Bloomaries. (See Metallurgy.)
Blunderbuss, [257].
Bobbins—spinning, [302].
Boerhaave, [58].
Boetius, [365].
Bohemia, [357].
Boilers. (See Steam Engineering.)
“Boke of Husbandry,” 1523, [14].
Bollman bridge, [103].
Bolting. (See Milling.)
Bolt making. (See Metal Working.)
Bombards, [254].
Bombs. (See Ordnance.)
Bomford, Col., [260].
Bonaparte, [89], [90], [256].
Bonnets and ladies’ hats, [324].
Bonjeau, M., [325].
Bonelli, M., [305].
Book making and binding, [287], [288].
Boots and shoes, [366] to [371].
Boring machines, [345], [348].
Boring square holes, [346].
Bormann, Genl., [259].
Bottle stoppers, [358].
Boulton and Watt, [84], [452].
Bouton, [415].
Bourseuil, Chas., [407].
Boyce, 1799, [35].
Boyle, Robert, [58], [184], [193], [194].
Box making. (See Woodworking Machinery.)
Braiding. (See Sewing Machines.)
Braithwaite, [83].
Brakes, bicycle, [433]-[436].
Brakes, steam, Railway and Electric, [87], [436].
Brakes and gins, [297].
Bramah, Jos., [82], [154], [170], [242], [244], [342], [349], [424].
Branch, [342].
Branco, [75].
Brahe, Tycho, [183], [388].
Brass, [219].
Brayton, G. H., [190].
Brazil, [281], [476], [477].
Breech-loaders, [257], [263], [264], [265], [269]. (See Ordnance.)
Brewster, Sir David, [410].
Brickmaking machines, kilns and processes, [457], [464].
Bridges and Bridge Building, [93] to [104], [197].
Bright, John, [138].
Broadwood piano, [403].
Bronsen, [412].
Broom-making, [328], [329].
Brot, [411].
Brothers of the Bridge, [94].
Bronze, [218], [219].
Brooklyn bridge, [98], [99].
Brown, Sir Saml., [95], [187], [188].
“Brown Bess,” [258].
Bruce, David, [284].
Brunel, I. K., [97].
Brunel, I. M., [351], [367].
Brunton, [82].
Brush—Brush light, [137].
Brushes and Brush making, [330].
Buchanan’s Practical Essays, [244].
Buckingham, C. L., [148].
Buffing machines, [365].
Builders’ hardware, [250].
Buildings, tall, [152], [153].
Buffers, [437]. (See Railways, Elevator, etc., [160], [161].)
Bunsen, Robt. W., [119], [120], [230].
Bunsen light, [456].
Burden, Henry, [95].
Burdett, Wm., [188].
Burke, Edmund, [182].
Burns, Robert, [31].
Butter, [54], [55].
Button-hole machines, [323].
Bunsen. (See Chemistry.)
C.
Cable transportation, [109].
Cæsar, [457].
Cahill, Thaddeus, [287].
Caissons, [100].
Calcium-carbide, [70], [456].
Calico making and printing, [325], [326].
California, [382].
Cameo cutting, [475].
Camera obscura, [414].
Campbell printing press, [285].
Canada, [40], [430].
Canals, and boats for, [84], [106], [107], [109], [110], [440].
Canal locks, [110].
Cane woven goods, [308].
Cannons and firearms, [252]-[272].
Cantilever bridges, [103], [104].
Caoutchouc. (See Rubber, [476].)
Caps,—gun, [259].
Car heating, [211].
Cars, sleeping, [431]. (See Railways.)
Car tracks, [108].
Car rails, [108].
Car wheels, [108].
Carbines, [266]. (See Ordnance.)
Carbon—chemistry.
Carbonating, [68].
Carborundum, [70].
Cardan, [183].
Carding, [298], [300].
Cardova. (See Leather.)
Carlyle, [310].
Carnot. (See Ordnance.)
Carpentry, [339], [352].
Carpets and Looms, [305].
Carré Brothers, [214].
Carriages and carrying machines, [82], [428]-[437].
Carthagenians, [164].
Carts. (See Coaches and Waggons.)
Cartridges, [267].
Cartwright, Rev. Edwd., [297].
Carving machinery, [346].
Case-shot. (See Ordnance.)
Cash registers, [395].
Cast iron, [223].
Catalan furnace, [222]. (See Metallurgy.)
Cauchy, [410].
Caus, Salomon de, [75].
Cavendish, [58].
Caxton, [280].
Centennial Exhibition. 1876; [38], [39], [40], [140], [246], [320], [352], [353], [393], [402], [430].
Centrifugal machines (pumps), [172], [173].
Charcoal. (See Metallurgy.)
Chairs. (See Furniture.)
Chaff separator. (See Milling.)
Chain wheels—hydraulics, [156].
Chairs, tables, desks, etc. (See Furniture, [351], [358].)
Challey, M., [97].
“Champion harvesters”—Harvesters.
Chance & Co., Glass makers, [470].
Channelling shoes. (See Leather.)
Chanute, Octave, [110].
Chappe, M., [125].
Charles I. (See Ordnance;
Charles II., [242];
Charles V., [387];
Charles VIII., [265].)
Chemistry, [58], [70].
Chemical Telegraph. (See Telegraphy.)
Chester-dial telegraph, [146].
Chili, [461].
Chill hardening, [250].
Chickering pianos, [403].
Chimes, [196].
China and Chinese inventions, [24], [52], [165], [222], [241], [253], [257], [273], [275], [280], [384], [386], [400], [423], [465].
Chlorates, [70].
Chlorine, [237].
Chlorination, [237].
Chromium, [70].
Chronometers, [390], [394].
Chubb-safes, [422], [425].
Cigar and cigarette machines, [56], [57].
Cincinnati Bridge. (See Engineering.)

Cincinnatus, [17], [31].
Circulation of blood, [2].
Civil Engineering, [93]-[110].
Clark, Alvan, [412].
Clavichord, [402].
Clayton, Dr., 1688, [451].
Clay, Treatment of. (See Brick and Pottery making.)
Cleaning grain, etc. (See Mills.)
Clement, metal worker, [244].
Clementi, pianist, [403].
Clepsydra, [384], [385], [386].
“Clermont.” (See Steam Ships.)
Clippers, Ships, [439].
Clocks, [384]. (See Horology.)
Clocks, Essential parts of, [386].
Closets. (See Baths.)
Cloth, Making, Finishing, [306];
Drying, [306];
Printing, [306];
Creasing and pressing, [306];
Cutting, [306]-[324];
Fancy woven, [205]-[306].
Clothes. (See Garments.)
Clover Header, [32].
Clutches, [161]-[162].
Clymer, of Philadelphia, press, [282].
Coaches, stages, mail, etc., [428]-[431].
Coach lace, [306].
Coal, [225], [378], [380];
Coal breakers and cleaners, [378]-[380].
Coal gas, [450];
Coal tar colors. (See Chemistry.)
Coal mining. (See Ores.)
Coaling Ships, [110].
Coehorn, shell, [255].
Coffin, journalist, [25].
Coke. (See Metallurgy.)
Cold metal punching, working and rolling, [246]-[247].
Colding of Denmark, [63].
Collards, pianos, [403].
Collen, Henry, [417].
Collins line. (See Steam Ships.)
Collinge, [430].
Coloring cloth, [325].
Colors and coloring, [464]-[467].
Color process. (See Photography, [417], Printing, [290].)
Colt, revolvers, [260], [267], [322].
Columbiad, [261].
Colossus of Rhodes, [34].
Comminges of France, [255].
Comminuting machines. (See Grinding.)
Compartment vessels, [442].
Compass, [2].
Compensating devices, [391].
Compound engines, [87]-[89].
Compressed air drills, [376].
Compressed air and steam, [193], [194], [378].
Compressed air ordnance, [265], [269].
Condensers, [87].
Condamine, [477].
Conservation of forces, [2].
Constitution, U.S., [8].
Convertibility of forces, [2].
Containers, [175].
Conveyors, transportation, [152], [153], [154], [158], [159], [160].
Cook, Telegraphy, [127], [146].
Cooke, Prof. J. P., [59].
Cooke, James, [25].
Cooking. (See Stoves.)
Cooper, Peter, [84].
Coopering. (See Wood Working.)
Copernicus, [183].
Copper, [218], [219], etc.
Corliss, [88].
Corn:
Cultivators, [29]-[30];
Mills, [46];
Planters, [28].
Correlation of forces, [2].
Cort, Henry, [226]-[231].
Corundum, [70], [334].
Coster, [280].
Cotton, [42], [43];
Gin, [42], [43], [297];
Harvester, [40].
Cotton seed oil, [69].
Cotton and wool machinery, [298]. (See Textiles.)
“Counterblast to Tobacco,” [155].
Couplers, [437].
Cowper, [31].
Cowper, printer, [283].
Cowley, [77].
Cradle, grain, [33].
Cranes and derricks, [110], [152], [153], [171].
Crecy, (1346). (See Ordnance.)
Cristofori, pianist, [402].
Crompton, Saml., [42], [297], [298], [301].
Crompton, George, [305].
Crookes, Prof. Wm., [149].
Crooke tubes, [149].
Cros, Charles, [407].
Crushers, stone and ore, [376].
Crystal Palace, [470].
Ctesibius, [74], [165], [168], [385].
Cultivators, [29], [30].
Curtet, [121].
Cugnot, 1769, [81].
Culverin. (See Cannon.)
Cunard line, [86].
Cuneus, [115].
Curtains Shades and Screens, [356].
Cyanide. Cyanide process, [236].
Cyclometers, [396].
D.
Daguerre, [415]-[416].
Daguerreotype, [415].
Dahlgren, Cannon, [264].
Danks, Rotary puddler, [231].
Dalton, John, [59]-[60], [186], [194], [453].
Damascus Steel, [221]. (See Metallurgy.)
Dana, Prof., [126].
Daniell’s battery, [119], [126].
Darby, Abraham, 1777, [95], [225].
Darwin, Dr., 18th cent., [73].
Davy, Humphry, Sir, [16], [63], [64], [70], [118], [122], [125], [188], [209], [236], [415].
David’s harp, [6].
Decker, piano, [403].
Delinter, [43].
Dentistry, [72].
Dental Chairs, [72], [358];
Drills, [72];
Engines, [72];
Hammers, [72];
Pluggers, [72].
Deoville, St. Clair, [238].
Derricks, [110].
“Deutschland,” The, [445].
Desks, [355].
De Susine, [192].
Dewar, Prof., [216].
Dial Telegraphs. (See Telegraphy.)
Diamonds. (See Milling; Polishing; Artificial, [70].)
Diamond Drill, [375].
Diana, Temple of, [34].
Diastase, [54].
Didot, Francois, 1800, [276].
Dickenson, [277].
Digesters. (See Chemistry.)
Differential motion, [301].
Dioptric Lens, [410].
Diorama, [415].
Direct Acting Engines, [88].
Direct Feed Engines, [88].
Discoveries, distinct from inventions, [1], [2].
Disk Plows, [21], [30].
Distaff and Spindle. (See Textiles, [292].)
Dodge, James M., [159].
Doffers, [301].
Dog Carts. (See Carriages.)
Dollond, John, [410].
Donkin, [277].
Donovan, [454].
Don Quixote, [222].
Douglass, Nicholas, [105].
Draining, [105], [106], [107].
Drags and Drays. (See Waggons, [430]-[431].)
Drais, Baron Von, [432].
Drake, E. S., Col., [382].
Draper, J. W., Prof., [412], [416], [450].
Drawing Machines, Spinning, [296], [298], [301].
Dredging, [105], [106], [107].
Dressing;
of thread and cloths, [299], [302];
of skins. (See Leather.)
Drills, seeders, [20], [27].
Drills, stone ore and iron, [375], [378].
Drying apparatus. (See Kilns.)
Dreyse, [266].
Dualine, [270].
Duboscq, [137].
Dudley, Dud, [224].
Duncan, John, [311].
Dundas, Charlotte, [84].
Dundonald, Lord, [451].
Dundas, Lord, [83], [440].
Dunlop, J. B., Bicycles, [433].
Duplex Engines, [88].
Dulcimer. (See Music.)
Dust Explosions and Collectors, [50].
Dutch Paper, [277];
Printing, [280].
Dutch Canals, [107].
Dutch Clocks, [388], [391].
Dutch Furnaces and Stoves, [203].
Dutch Locks, [424].
Dutch Ships, [439].
Dutch Ware, [459].
Dutton, Maj. C. E., [261].
Dynamometer, [187], [398].
Dynamite, [270].
Dynamo Electric Machines, [130], [134], [251].
E.
Eads, James B., [102].
Eames of U. S., [234].
East River Bridge, [98], [99].
Eddystone Lighthouse, [105].
Edison, [137], [144], [145], [148], [407], [408].
Egyptian agriculture, arts and inventions, [5], [13], [42], [45], [58], [164], [184], [220], [241], [273], [292], [340], [354], [400], [402], [423], [457], [460], [470].
Eiffel, M., [105].
Electricity, [5], [111]-[151].
Electric Alarms. (See Locks.)
Electric Batteries, [117]-[132].
Electric Cable, [138].
Electric Heating, [213].
Electric Lighting, [108], [119], [121] to [137], [360], [456].
Electro-Chemistry, [70].
Electro-magnets, [120]-[133].
Electro Metallurgy, [70], [238], [249].
Electrodes, [113], [135].
Electrolysis, [129], [131].
Electrometer, [113], [122].
Electrical Music, [148].
Electro Plating, [249].
Electric Railway, [143], [144].
Electric Signals and Stops, [160], [162].
Electric Telegraphy, [2], [114], [122], [123], [145], [146], [147].
Electrotyping, [283], [290].
Electric Type Printing, [147], [148].
Electric Type Writer, [287].
Electric Voters, [396].
Elevators, [6], [148], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157].
Eliot, Prof., [410].
Elizabeth, Queen, [402].
Elton, John, [46].
Elvean, Louis T. van, [155].
Embossing, [346], [347].
Embossing, weaving, [306].
Embroidery, [310], [313].
Emery, abrading, [70], [334].
Emery, testing machines, [398].
England, [8], [17], [25], [50], [188].
Engraving Machines, [290].
Enamelling. (See Pottery.)
Enamelled Ware, [459], [468].
Engineering. (See Civil.)
Electric, [143];
Hydraulic, [168];
Marine, [442];
Mining, [373];
Steam, [2].
Eolipile. (See Hero.)
Erard, pianist, [403].
Erasmus, [183].
Ericsson, John, [83], [86], [441], [443], [444].
Euclid, [9].
Euler, [167], [173].
Evans, Oliver, 1755-1819; [46], [47], [48], [81], [83], [87], [154], [374].
Evaporating, [52].
Evelyn, John, 1699; [25].
Evolution of modern inventions, [153].
Excavating, [105], [106].
Explosives, [270].
Eylewein, [167].
F.
Fabroni, [66], [118].
Faience, [459], [466].
Fairbairn, Sir Wm., [100], [176], [226], [440].
Fairbanks, scales and testing, [397].
Fahrenheit, [183].
Fanning Mills, [45].
Faraday, Michael, [63], [118], [129], [130], [131], [133], [134], [138], [188], [209], [411], [472].
Fan mills, [41].
Fare registers, [395].
Farmer, Moses G., [133], [135], [145].
Factory life, [298].
Faure, M. Camille, [120].
Faur, Faber du, [230].
Faust, [280].
Felt making, [325].
Fermentation, [65], [66], [67].
Fertilizers—machines and compositions. (See Agriculture.)
Field, Cyrus W., [138].
Filament-carbon, [360]. (See Electric Lighting.)
Filters, filtering, [167], [180], [181].
Filter Press, [465].
Fink bridge, [103].
Fire-arms, [252]-[272].
Fire crackers, [252].
Fire engines, [76].
Fire place, [205].
Fiske, range finder, [266].
Fiske, [148], [413].
Fitch, John, 1784, [81].
Fitzherbert, Sir A., 1523, [14].
Fireproof safes. (See Locks.)
Flax machines, [42].
Flax brakes, [42].
Flaxman, [464].
Flax-threshers, [41], [42].
Fleming, [247].
Fleshing machines, [364].
Fletcher, [244].
Flexible shafts, [350].
Florence, [459].
Flour. (See Mills.)
Fly Shuttle. (See Spinning and Weaving.)
Foods, preparation of, [53], [54].
Force feed-seeders, [26].
Forneyron, [171], [172].
Forsythe, Rev. Mr., [259], [260].
Foucault,

[137].
Fourcroy, [64].
Fourdrinier, [277]. (See Paper making.)
Frackelton, Susan, portable kiln, [465].
France, [63], [203], [253], [274], [275], [313].
Francis, S. W., [286].
Frank, pottery, [463].
Franklin, Benj., [5], [111], [112], [115], [116], [117], [121], [125], [168], [203], [281], [446].
Franklin Institute, [455].
Fraunhofer, von, Jos., [61], [412].
Frederick, Henry, [255].
Freiberg Mining Academy, Metallurgy, [223].
Fresnel, [410].
Frictional Electricity, [111].
Frieburg Bridge. (See Bridges.)
Frogs, R. R., [108].
Flintlock, firearms, [258].
Froment, [146].
Frontinus, on Roman aqueducts, [166].
Fruits, Preparation of, [51], [53].
Fruit jars, [359].
Fry, Laura, [467].
Fulton, Robt., [84]-[85].
Furnaces, hot air; hot water, [206], [207].
Furniture, [351], [354], [359].
Furniture machinery, [351], [352].
Fuses, [259].
G.
Gaffield, Thos., glass, [472].
Gale, Prof., [126].
Galileo, [1], [166], [183], [388], [409].
Gally, self-playing pianos, [406].
Galton, Capt. Douglas, [205].
Galvani, [5], [117], [118], [125].
Galvanism, [112],121.
Galvanic batteries, [121], [122].
Galvanic music, [148], [406].
Galvanometer, [122], [139].
Gamble, [277].
Garay, Blasco de, [75].
Garments, [310]-[327].
Gas, [450];
illuminating, [69], [185], [450]-[456].
Gases, motors, [188], [190].
Gas checks, [266].
Gas engines, [76], [18], [184]-[194].
Gasoline and stoves, [213].
Gas pumps, [190].
Gatling, Dr., gun, [269].
Gaul, [32], [33].
Gauss, [126].
Gay-Lussac, [60], [185], [194], [209].
Ged, Wm., [281].
Geissler tubes, [135], [149].
Generator, Electric, [113].
Gentleman Farmer, 1768, [20].
George III., [389].
German inventions, [50], [203], [255], [313], [387], [391], [430], [473].
Germ theory, [67].
German clock and watch making, [387].
Gibraltar, [253].
Giffard-injector, [173].
Gilbert, Dr., 1600, [5], [113].
Gill, J. G., [268].
Giers, [234], [250].
Gin-cotton, [297].
Gladstone, inventor, 1806, [35].
Glass, [469], [474].
Glass, wool, and silk, [474], [480].
Glazes, [475]. (See Porcelain.)
Glauber, [58].
Glycerine, [69].
Gold. (See Metallurgy.)
Goodyear, Chas., [434], [476], [478], [479], [480].
Googe, Barnaby, [14].
Gompertz, [432].
Gordon, [82].
Gothic architecture, [373].
Governors, [87].
Graham (chemist), [391].
Graham. (See Horology.)
Grain Binder. (See Harvesters.)
Grain cradles, drills, and seeders. (See Agriculture.)
Grain elevator, [110].
Grain Separators, [49].
Gramme, Z., [134], [136], [137].
Gramophone, [406], [408].
Graphophone, [406], [408].
Grass burning stoves, [211].
Gray, Elisha. (See Electricity.)
Gray, S., 1729, [114], [125].
“Great Britain,” The, [440].
“Great Republic,” The, [439].
Great Urgroez, [357].
Greece and Greek antiquities and inventions, [9], [13], [18], [45], [74], [113], [164], [182], [218], [257], [340], [386], [457], [459].
Grenades, [255].
Green, N. W., driven well, [383].
Greenough, J. J., [318].
Gribeauval, [256].
Griffith, Julius, [82].
Griffiths of U. S., [234].
Grinding by stones, [45] to [49].
Grinding glass, [475].
Grindstones, [375].
Grossat, [477].
Grover and Baker sewing mach., [320].
Grooving, [245].
Grove, Sir Wm. Robert, [119].
Gruner, [234].
Gun carriages. (See Ordnance.)
Gun cotton, [270].
Gun making, [345].
Gunpowder, [253], [262], [263], [270].
Gunpowder eng., [192].
Gun-stock, [345].
Guericke, Otto von, [113], [183], [193].
Guillaume, Puy, [253].
Gurney, [82].
Guttenberg, John, [280].
H.
Hales, Dr., [451].
Hall, John H., [267].
Hall safes, [422].
Hamberg, [58].
Hamblet, [146].
Hamilton (stove inventor), [212].
Hammers, steam and air, [88], [244].
Hanckwitz, Godfrey, 1680, [199].
Hancock, Walter, [82].
Handel, [402].
Hanging Gardens, [34].
Hardening metals, [249].
Hardware. (See Metal Working.)
Hargreaves, Jas., [42], [294], [297].
Harnesses, [431].
Harp, The, and the Harpsichord, [6], [402].
Harvesters, [32], [33], [35], [39], [40], [41], [322].
Hartshorn, spring roller shades, [356].
Harveyized steel, [234], [249].
Harrows, [22], [28].
Hautefeuille, [77].
Hauteville, Abbé, [185], [389].
Hat making, [325].
Haydn, [402].
Hay, rakes and tedders, [15], [40].
Headers, [32].
Heat as power, [186], [187].
Heating, [86], [199], [210].
Hebrews, [45], [362], [423].
Hele, P., [388].
Helmont, J. van, [58], [184].
Hell Gate, [107].
Helmholtz, [66], [131], [141], [403], [406], [407], [411], [417].
Hendley, Wm., [82].
Henry, Joseph, [63], [123], [124], [126], [131], [146], [210].
Henry, rifle, [267].
Henry, Wm., [78].
Herissent, M., [477].
Hermetical sealing, [359].
Herodotus, [362].
Hero of Alexander, [5], [9], [74], [76], [87], [89], [165], [171], [404].
Herring, safes, [421].
Herschel, [228], [412].
Hides, treatment of. (See Leather.)
Hide mills, [364].
High and low pressure engines, [87], [88].
Hindoos, [220], [241], [254], [273], [292], [340], [384].
Hodges, James, of Montreal, [101].
Hoe, Robert, and son, R. M., [284].
Hoe drill-seeders, [27].
Hoes, [29], [30].
Hoffman, Dr., [464].
Hoisting, conveying, and storing, [152]-[163].
Holland, [18], [255], [257], [275].
Holley, A. L., [232].
Holtzapffel, J., [241].
Homer, [459].
Hooke, Dr., [388], [389].
Hoopes and Townsend, [247].
Hoppers. (See Mills.)
Hopper boy. (See Mills.)
Hoosac tunnel, [107].
Hornblower, 1781, [87].
Horrocks, [305].
Horse power, [187].
Horseshoes, [248].
Horology, [384]-[395].
Hot air engines, [185].
Hot air blast, [231].
Hot furnaces. (See Heating.)
Hot water circulation. (See Heating.)
Hotchkiss gun, [270].
Houdin regulator, [137].
Houses, their construction, [351], [352].
Houston. (See Telegraphy.)
Howe, Elias, [314]-[318].
Howe bridge, [103].
Howitzer. (See Ordnance.)
Hunt, Walter, [314], [315].
Hungary, [357].
Huggins, Dr., [63], [412].
Hughes, D. E., [147].
Hugon, [189].
Hulls, Jonathan, [78].
Huntsman, Benj., [225].
“Husbandry, The whole art of.” (See Agriculture.)
Huskisson, [83].
Hussey, 1833, [37], [38].
Huxley, [65].
Huygens, [61], [77], [183], [184], [192], [388], [391].
Hydraulicising, [174].
Hydraulic elevators, [156], [157], [164], [165], [166].
Hydraulic jacks, [174].
Hydraulic motors, [164]-[181];
pumps, rams, [166], [168];
press, [52], [53], [154], [155], [168], [171], [175];
testing, [398], [399].
Hydrogen gas, [454].
Hydrostatic engines and presses, [166], [190], [194].
I.
Ida, mountains of, iron, [218].
Illuminating gas. (See Gas.)
Impulse pump. (See Ram.)
Incandescent light, [135], [456].
Incubators, [207].
India, [373], [400].
Industrial mechanics, [328]-[338].
Injectors, [173].
Intensifiers, [174].
International Exposition, London, [246], [352].
Invention, what it is, how induced, distinctions, growth, protection of, [1]-[8].
Iron, [218].
Iron Ships. (See Ships.)
Iridescent glass, [474].
Ironing machines, [338].
Italy, [255], [280].
Ives. F. E. (three-color process), [417].
J.
Jablochoff, M. Paul, [136].
Jacks, [245].
Jacobi, of Russia, [249].
Jackson, C. T., Dr., [71].
Jacquard Loom, The, [304], [323], [326].
Jacquard, Joseph Marie, [304], [305].
Jenk’s ring frame, [302].
Jenkins, Prof. F., [192].
Jefferson, Thos., [16],18.
Jenkin, Prof. Fleeming, [144].
Jewelry, [333].
“Jimcrow,” [245].
Johnson, Denis. (See Bicycle.)
Jones, iron and steel, [234].
Jonval, [172].
Joule, [2].
Jupiter, statue of, [34].
K.
Kaleidoscope, [410].
Karnes, Lord, 1768, [20].
Kaolin. (See Lighting.)
Kay, John, [293], [295].
“Kearsarge,” The, [261].
Kepler, [183].
Kennedy, Diss and Cannan, [331].
Kilns, [463], [464], [465].
Kinetic energy, Age of, [86].
Kinetograph, [417].
Kirchoff, G. R., [62], [412].
Kitchen and table utensils, [356].
Knabe piano, [403].
Knight, Edward, [36], [51], [170], [202], [232], [276], [321], [429].
Knitting, [307], [308].
König and Bauer, [283].
König, acoustics, [407].
Koops, [277].
Koster, 1620, rifle, [258].
Krag-Jorgensen rifle, [268].
Kramer, [146].
Krupp, steel, [234].
Krupp, Fredk., guns, [264].
Krupp, glass, [480].
Kutler, Augustin, [258].
L.
La Condamine, [477].
Labor organizations, [11].
Labor, how affected by inventions; reducing, and increasing, [152], [153], [162], [163], [293], [308], [380], [381], [460].
Lace making, [306].
Laconium, [202].
Ladd electric machine, [133].
La Hire, [167], [170].
Laird, John, [440], [443].
Lallement, P. (See Bicycle.)
Lamps and lamp lighting, [359], [450].
Lancaster, cannon, [263].
Land reclamation, [107].
Lane, 1828, [37].

Lane-Fox light, [137].
Langen and Otto. (See Gas Engine.)
Langley, Prof., [4].
L’Hommedieu, [348].
Lapping-cotton, [299], [300].
Lasts, making of, [344], [345].
Lathes, [241]-[243], [340], [345], [349];
for turning irregular forms of wood, [344].
Lattice work bridges, [103].
Laundry, [335].
Lavoisier, [58], [60], [63].
Lawn mowers, [40].
Lazy tongs mechanism, [160].
Le Bon, 1801, [185], [452].
Leaching, [236].
Lead, [219]. (See Metallurgy.)
Leather, [361]-[372].
Leeuwenhoek of Holland, [65].
Leeu, [280].
Leckie, [41].
Le Conte, [63].
Lefaucheux, M., [267].
Leibnitz, [183].
Lenoir, [189].
Lesage, [121].
Lescatello, 1662, [24].
Leyden jar, [114].
Libavius, [58].
Liebig, [64].
Lieberkulm, Dr., [409].
Light, [2].
Lighting. (See Lamps and Gas.)
Light Houses, illumination, [105], [410].
Linotype, [288], [289], [290].
Linville bridge, [103].
Lippersheim, [409].
Liquid air, [216], [217].
Livingstone, Dr., [221].
Livingston, Robt., [84], [85].
Lixiviation, [236].
Locks, [420]-[427].
Locomotives, [82], [83], [84], [88].
Looms, [293], [297], [302]. (See Textiles.)
Loomis, Mahlen, [150].
“London Engineering,” [288].
London exhibition, 1851, [470].
London Times, [283], [285].
Lontin regulator, [137].
Lost arts, [219].
Louis XI., XIV., [254], [255].
Lowell, Francis C., [298].
Lowe, T. S. C., gas, [454], [455].
Lubricants, [237].
Lyall, James, [306].
Lyttleton, [442].
M.
MacArthur-Forrest, cyanide process, [236].
Macaulay, Lord, [10].
Mackintosh, of Glasgow, [477].
Machine guns, [269].
Madersperger, Jos., [312].
Magdeburg, [193].
Magic lantern. (See Optics.)
Magnets and Magnetic Electricity, [112], [122], [123], [124], [130], [133].
Mail bags and locks, [427].
Mail service, [427].
Mail marking, [285].
Majolica. (See Pottery.)
Malt, [65], [66].
Man a tool-using animal, [310].
Manning, 1831, [37].
Marble, artificial, [468], [469].
Marine propulsion, [442].
Marconi, [151].
Mariotte’s law of gases, [184], [194].
Markers and cutters, [324].
Markham, [30].
Marsland, looms, [301].
Marr, Wm., [421].
Martin, Prof., [63].
Marvin’s safes, [421].
McClure’s Magazine, [445], [447].
McCormick reaper, [37], [38].
McCallum bridge, [103].
McKay, ships, [439].
McKay, shoe machines, [369].
McMillan bicycle, [433].
Mary, Queen, [402].
Mason, Prof. O. T., [458].
Massachusetts, mills, [298], [369].
Massachusetts, shoe making, [370].
Master locks, [423], [426].
Matches, [199], [200], [201].
Matting, [309], [312].
Maudsley, Henry, [243], [349].
Maurice of Nassau, [255].
Maurice, Peter, [167].
Mauser rifle, [269].
Mausoleum, [34].
Maxim electric light, [137].
Maxwell, [417].
Mayer, Prof., [404].
Meares, 1800, [35].
Meat, Preparation of, [55].
Mechanical powers, [4].
Medicine and surgery, [70], [71], [72].
Meigs, General M. C., [102].
Meikle, 1786, [41].
Megaphone, [407].
Melville, David, [452].
Menai Straits bridges, [96].
Mendeljeff, [2].
Menzies of Scotland, [41].
Mergenthaler, [288].
Merrimac and Monitor, [268], [441].
Metals and Metallurgy, [218]-[239].
Metal founding, [249].
Metal working and turning, [240];
boring, planing, [251];
hammering, shaping, [240];
modern metal working plant, [250].
Metal, personal ware, buckles, clasps, hooks, buttons, etc., [250].
Meters, gas and water, [178].
Mexico, [281], [292].
Microphone, [148].
Microscope, [409].
Middlings purifier, [49], [50].
Milk, milkers, [54], [55].
Millet, [30].
Mills, [45] to [51].
Milling, high, low, [49].
Miller, wood working, [342].
Miller and Taylor, [81].
Millwright, The Young, [47].
Milton, [105], [218].
Mineral wool, minerals and mining, [373]-[383].
Minneapolis mills, [50].
Mitrailleuses, [269].
Modern machinery, its commencement, [364].
Mohl, von, Hugo, [67].
Moigno, Abbé, [411].
Mold, aging. (See Chemistry.)
Moulding. (See Wood-working and Glass making.)
Monks, [387].
“Monitor,” The, [268], [441].
Montgolfier, [169].
Moody, Paul, [298].
Moors, [253].
Morin, Genl., [209], [238].
Morland, Sir Sam’l, [77].
Morrison, Chas., [115].
Morse, S. B. F., [126], [127], [128], [129].
Mortars, [253].
Mortise making, [345].
Morton, Dr. W. T. G., [71].
Motor vehicles, [435].
Mont Cenis Tunnel, [107].
Mowers, [32], [33], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39].
Moxon, Jos., [242].
Mozart, [402].
Murdock, Wm., [185], [452].
Music, [400]-[406].
Musical instruments, [6], [400].
Musical electrical apparatus, [406].
Muschenbroeck, Prof., 1745, [114], [115].
Mushet, iron and steel, [234].
Muskets. (See Ordnance.)
Muzzle loaders, [263], [264].
N.
National Assembly, France, [9].
Napoleon. (See Bonaparte.)
Naphtha, [454].
Nasmyth, [243], [245].
Needle, [310], [313].
Needle gun, [266].
Niedringhaus, [468].
Netting. (See Spinning.)
Newcomen, [5], [77], [78], [79], [167], [187].
Newbold, Chas., [19].
Newbury, Wm., [348].
Newton, Sir Isaac, [9], [11], [61], [114], [167], [183], [414].
Niagara bridges, [97], [98], [104].
Niagara power, [171], [172].
Nicholson and Carlisle, [118].
Nicholson, Wm., of England, [282].
Nickel. (See Metallurgy.)
Niepce, Jas. N., [415].
Nitro-glycerine, [270].
Noah’s Ark, [438].
Nobel, A., [192].
Nollet, Prof., [132].
Noria, The, [165].
Norway, [266], [430], [439].
Nozzles, flexible, [174];
water, [179].
O.
Oersted, [121], [130].
Ogle, 1822, [36].
Ohm, G. S., [125].
Oils and fats, [69].
Oil cloth, [306].
Oil lamps, [359].
Oil stoves and furnaces, [190], [212].
Oiling waves, [446].
Oil wells, [190], [382].
Omnibus. (See Stages and Carriers.)
Opening and blowing machines, cotton, [299].
Opthalmoscope, [411].
Optical instruments, [409]-[412].
Ordnance, arms, explosives, [252] to [272].
Ores, treatment of, [229], [250], [251], [373] to [380].
Ore separators, [379]. (See Metallurgy.)
Organs, [404].
Ornamental iron work. (See Metal Working.)
Ornamental wood work. (See Wood Working.)
Oscillating engines. (See Steam.)
Osmund furnaces. (See Metallurgy.)
Otis elevators, [155].
Otto, Nicolaus A., Otto engine, [190], [191].
Oxygen, [58], [453]. (See Priestley.)
P.
Paddle wheels and vessels, [443].
Paints, [466].
Painting, [418], [419], [459].
Painting machines, [193], [418], [467].
Paixhans, Genl., [261], [264].
Page, Prof. C. G., [132], [141].
Page, Ralph, [224].
Palissy, Bernard, [458].
Palmer, stage-coaches, [429].
Palladius, [32].
Panoramas, [415].
Paper and printing, [273]-[291].
Paper bag machinery, [279].
Papin, [5], [77], [184], [192], [193].
Papyrus, [273], [274].
Paraffine. (See Oils.)
Parchment, [274].
Parkinson, Thos., [194].
Parliament, House of, [209].
Parquetry. (See Wood-working.)
Parrott, gun, [264].
Parthenon, [373].
Partridge, Reuben, matches, [200].
Pascal, [166], [168], [170], [183].
Pasteur, [68].
Patents, their origin and purpose, [8], [21].
Pattern making. (See Wood, Metal, and Textiles.)
Pauley, Col., [266].
Pegs, [367], [368].
Pencils, [418].
Pendulum. (See Horology.)
Pendulum machines, [365].
Penelope, [306].
Pennsylvania fireplace, [203].
Percussion caps, [259], [260].
Percy. (See Metallurgy.)
Permutation locks, [425].
Pernot, [234].
Perin & Co., saws, [348].
Persians, [362].
Petroleum, [359], [382].
Petzold, [403].
Pfaff, [121].
Pharos of Alexandria, [34].
Phelps, G. M., [147].
Phœnicians, [439], [459].
“Phœnix,” The. (See Ships.)
Phonautograph, [141], [407].
Phonograph, [2], [406].
Phonophone, [414].
Phonoscope, [414].
Photophone, [414].
Phosphorus matches, [200].
Photochromoscope, [417].
Photography, [410], [414], [416], [418].
Photo-processes, [417].
Piano, [6], [401]-[404].
Picking machine, [298], [299].
Picker-motion, looms, [297].
Piezometer, [262].
Pigments, [70].
Pitt, inventor, 1786, [33].
Pixii, [131].
Planes, [340], [350]. (See Wood-working.)
Planing machines, [245], [349], [350]. (See Wood-working.)
Planté, G., [120].
Planters. (See Chap. III.)
Plaster, [469].
Plato, [385].
Platt, Sir Hugh, [14].
Platt, Senator, [35].
Pliny, [32], [164], [223], [227], [273], [340].
Ploughs, [5], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [24], [27], [28], [29], [30].
Plucknett, 1808, [35].
Pneumatics, [165], [182] to [198].
Pneumatic machines, [195], [197], [198].
Pneumatic propellers, [444].
Pneumatic tires, [433].
Pneumatic tubes and transmission, [159], [196].
Polemoscope, [413].
Polishing glass, [475].
Pope, Alexander, [394].
Porcelain, [465], [466].
Poririer (match machine), [201].
Porta Baptista, [414].
Porta G. della, [75].
Portable engines, [88].
Potato planters, [28].
Potassium, [236].
Potter, Humphrey, [78].
Pottery, [457]-[469].
Pousard, [465].
Powder, [253].
Power, measure of, [187].
Prehistoric inventions. (See beginning of each Chapter.)
Pressing machines, [51], [52], [53].
Priestley, [58], [453], [477].
“Princeton,” The, [443].
Printing press, [2],

[6], [273]-[291].
Prince of Orange, [255].
Projectiles, [253]-[270].
Prometheus, [199], [200].
Protoplasm, [67].
Prussia, [266].
Providence, R. I., Tool Co., [322].
Psalteries, [401].
Ptah, [241].
Puckle’s patent breech loader, [258], [259].
Puddling, [226], [227], [231].
Pug mills, [461].
Pullman car, [107].
Pulp, [275]-[279].
Pumps, [187].
Ptolemy, [428].
Puillet, [411].
Puy Guillaume, battle of, 1338, [253].
Pyramids, [34], [93].
Q.
Quadruplex telegraphy. (See Telegraphy.)
“Queen Ann’s Pocket Piece,” [256].
Queen of Sheba, [326].
Quern, [45].
Quilting machine, [324].
R.
Radcliffe, [305].
Radiation and radiators, [205], [206].
Railways, rails and tracks, [106], [108];
cars, [108], [109];
frogs, [108].
Railway cars, [436], [437].
Rakes. (See Agriculture.)
Ramage Press, [281].
Ramseye, David, 1630, [76].
Ramelli, Cardan, [75].
Ramsey, David, 1738, [168], [389].
Ram, water. (See Pumps.)
Randolph, David M., [367].
Randolph, Elder and Co., [440].
Ranges. (See Stoves.)
Range finder, [413].
Raphael, [418].
Rawhides. (See Leather.)
Read, Nathan, 1791, [87].
Reapers. (See Harvesters, [32], [33], [36], [37], [38].)
Reichenbach, [382].
Reis, Prof., [141], [407].
Refining metals, [227].
Refrigeration, [213], [214], [216].
Regenerators, [465].
Regenerative furnace. (See Metallurgy, also, [464].)
Registers, [395].
Regulators, Electric, [137];
time, [137].
Rennie, [244].
Repeating watches, [389].
Reservoirs, [166], [180].
Resonators, [404].
Revault, 1605, [75].
Revolvers. (See Fire Arms.)
Rhode Island, [298].
Ribbon making, [306].
Rickel, Dr., [451].
Rider bridge, [103].
Riehle, testing mach., [398].
Rifles, [258], [259], [260].
Rifled cannon, [262], [263].
Ring frame-spinning, [302].
Ritter, [118], [121].
Riveting, [176].
Road carriage, steam, [83].
Roads, [106], [107].
Road making, [106].
Robia, Luca della, [459].
Robert, Louis, [276].
Roberts, [244].
Rock drilling, [107].
Rockers, ore, [235].
Rockets, [253].
Rodman, General, gun, [264].
Roebling, John A., engineer, [98], [99].
Roebling, Washington, [98], [100].
Roentgen, X rays, [149].
Rohes, M. Beau de, [189].
Rogers, Saml. B., metallurgist, [229], [230].
Rogers, type maker, [289].
Roller press, [283], [284].
Roman arts, inventions, etc., [10], [13], [14], [45], [93], [164], [166], [178], [202], [274], [457], [459].
Rookwood pottery, [467].
Romagnosi, G. D., [121].
Roscoe, Prof. (See Chemistry.)
Rose, H., [238].
Rotary engines. (See Steam.)
Rotary printing press, [284]. (See Printing.)
Rotary pumps. (See Water and Steam Eng.)
Roving, spinning, [298], [299].
Rubber, [69], [434].
Ruhmkorff coil, [132].
Rumford, Count, [63].
Rumsey, James, [81], [168].
Russia, [40], [254], [430].
Russian leather, [362].
Rust, Saml., [282].
Ruth, [16].
S.
Sabot, projectiles, [262], [263].
Safes and locks, [420]-[427].
Safety valves, [87].
Saint, Thomas, sewing machine, [311].
Salman, scales maker, [396].
Salonen, 1807, mower, [36].
Samians and Samos, [459].
Sand blast, [332], [334], [475].
Sand filters. (See Filters.)
Sandwich, Earl, 1699, [25].
Saracens, [274].
Sarnstrom, Prof., [234].
Savery, Thos., [5], [77].
Saws, [340], [341], [342], [348], [351].
Saw mills, [341], [342].
Saxton, Jos., [131].
Scales, [395].
Scaliger, [183].
Scandinavians, [363].
Scarborough, [85].
Schilling, Baron, [126].
Schönbein, [270].
Schapper, Hartman, [241].
Schoeffer, Peter, [270].
Schreiber, [403].
Schrotter (matches), [200].
Schweigger, S. C., [126].
Scoops, [178].
Scotland, [19], [20], [33].
Scott, phonautograph, [141], [407].
Scott, Sir Walter, [45], [80].
Scott, Gen. W., [260].
Scott, Rich’d, [420].
Scouring machines. (See Leather and Cloth, and Grain.)
Screw, Archimedean. (See Ships and Propeller.)
Screw, press, [52].
Screw propeller, [85], [443].
Screw making, [245], [246].
Scythians, [362], [428].
Scythes, [32], [33], [35].
Seed drills, [24], [25], [26], [27].
Seely, F. A., [3].
Self-playing Instruments, [406].
Seguin, [83].
Sellers, Wm., [234], [247].
Separators, Grain, [48], [49];
milk, [54];
ore, [379]. (See Mills.)
Seppings, Sir Robert, [440].
Serrin, [137].
Serviere, [166].
Seward, Wm. H., [3].
Seven Wonders, The, [34], [35].
Sewing machines, [311]-[323].
Sewer construction, [107].
Shades and screens, [356].
Shaping machines, [245].
Sharp’s carbine, [267].
Shaw, Joshua, [260].
Sheele, [415].
Sheet metal ware, [250].
Shells, [264].
Shingle making, [350].
Shinar, Brick making in, [457].
Ships, war, and others, [261], [343], [438]-[449].
Shoes and machinery, [365]-[371].
Sholes, inventor, type writing, [286].
Shrapnel, [259].
Shuttles, [293]. (See Textiles.)
Sickle, [32], [33].
Side wheel steamboats, [85].
Siemens, Dr. Werner, [133].
Siemens, Wm., Sir., [144], [171].
Siemens and Halske, [144], [146].
Siemens, C. L., [147], [234], [465].
Silk making. (See Spinning.)
Silk, artificial. (See Glass.)
Silver, [219].
Singer, sewing machine, [319], [320].
Sinking shafts, Mode of, [106], [107].
Skiving. (See Leather.)
Slade, J. T., [155].
Slater, Thomas, [298].
Slaughtering, [55].
Sleighs, [430], [431].
Slide, rest, [243], [349].
Slotting machines, [245].
Small arms, [266]. (See Ordnance.)
Small, Jas., 1784, [18].
Smeaton, [87], [105].
Smelting, [220]. (See Metallurgy.)
Smiles, Self Help, [95].
Smith & Wesson, revolvers, [269].
Snellus, [234].
Snow ploughs, [109].
Soda, pulp, [278].
Solarmeter, [413].
Solomon’s temple, [242].
Somerset, Marquis of Worcester. (See Steam.)
Sound, [406]. (See Acoustics.)
Sowing, [23].
Spanish inventions, [25], [75], [253], [274], [280], [292].
Spectacles. (See Optics.)
Spectrum, analysis, [60], [61], [62], [63], [412].
Spectroscope, [2], [412].
Speed Indicators, [396].
Spencer, gun, [267].
Spencer, metal coating, [249].
Spinet, [402].
Spinning, [6], [292], [296], [300]. (See Textiles.)
“Spinning Jenny,” [297].
Spinning Mule, [297], [300].
“Spiritalia,” [404].
Splitting, leather, [366].
Spooling, [302].
Springfield musket, [268].
Spun glass. (See Spinning and [474].)
Stamp mills and metal working, [236], [250].
Standard time, [394].
Stanhope, Earl, [282].
St. Gothard tunnel, [107].
St. Louis bridge, [102].
Steam engines, [2], [5], [73] to [95];
boilers, [86];
heating, [207];
pumps, [79], [81], [88].
Steam ships, [2], [84], [85], [440].
Stearns, [145].
Steel, manufacture of. (See Metallurgy.)
Steinheil, [126], [412].
Steinway, pianos, [403].
Stenographing, [290].
Stereoscope, [410], [411].
Stereotyping, [281].
Sterilisation, [54], [213].
Stephenson, Geo., [82], [83], [84], [85], [98].
Stephenson, Robert, [98], [100], [101], [155].
Stevens, John C., [84], [85], [86], [443].
Stevinus, [166].
Stitching machines. (See Sewing.)
Stocking making, [307].
Stone cutting, carving and dressing, [374], [375].
Stone crushing, [376].
Stone, artificial, [468].
Storage battery, [120].
Storm, W. M. (Gunpowder Engine,) [192].
Store service, [152], [153], [158], [159].
Stoves, [200]-[206].
Street, Robert, [185].
Street sweeping, [331].
Stow, [350].
Stückofen, metallurgy, [224].
Sturgeon, inventor, [122], [123], [124].
Sturtevant, B. F. (shoes), [368].
Submarine blasting, etc., [107].
Suez canal, [107].
Sugar, [69].
Sun-dial, [384].
Subdivision of labor, [392]. (See Ordnance and Sewing Machines.)
Surgery and instruments, [70].
Suspension bridges, [95], [96]-[100].
Swan, light, [137].
Sweden, [266].
Sweeping machines, [331].
Swiss manufactures, (See Watches, etc.)
Switzerland, [16], [46], [391].
Symington, [81], [83], [85].
Syphon recorder, [139].
T.
T-rail, [108].
Tables, [354]. (See Furniture.)
Tachenius, [58].
Tack making, [344].
Tainter, C. S., [408], [414].
Takamine, [68].
Talus, or Perdix, saw inventor, [340].
Tanning. (See Leather.)
Tapestry, [275].
Teasling, [306].
Tedders, [40].
Telegraph, [124]-[128], [139], [140].
Telegraphic pictures, [419].
Telephone, [2], [140], [141], [142], [406].
Telescope, [2], [409].
Telpherage, [144].
Telford, [95], [96].
Tennyson, [67].
Tesla, [145].
Testing machines, [398].
Textiles, [292]-[309].
Thermo-electricity, [112], [120].
Theodore of Samos, [340].
Thimonnier, [313].
Thomson, Sir Wm., [63], [139].
Thompson, Robt. Wm., [433], [435].
Thompson & Houston, [137].
“Three color process,” [417].
Thread making. (See Spinning.)
Threshing machines, [40], [41].
Throstle, [296].
Thurston, Prof. R. H., [86].
Tiles, [350].
Tilghman, B. F., sand blast, [332], [475].
Time locks, [425].
Time measuring of the ancients, [384].
Tissier, [238].
Tobacco and machinery, [55], [56], [57].
Tools, primitive, [310], [328], [339].
Torpedo vessels, [271], [445].
Torpedoes, [271].
Torricelli, [166], [183].
Tour, Cagniard de la, [65].
Towne’s lattice bridge, [103].
Traction railways and engines,

[436].
Transplanters, [29].
Transportation, [107], [109].
Treadwell, Daniel, [284].
Tresca, M., [247].
Trevithick, Richard, [81], [82].
Tripler, C. E., liquid air, [216].
Trolley lines. (See Electric, etc.)
Trough batteries. (See Electricity.)
Truss bridges, [102], [103].
Tubal Cain, [218], [239].
Tubes and tubing, making, [248].
Tubular bridges, [100], [102].
Tull, Jethro, 1680-1740, [14], [25].
Tungsten. (See Metals.)
Tunnels, [106], [107].
Turbines, [89], [168], [171], [172].
Turning, Art of, [242], [339], [344].
Tusser, Thomas, [14].
Tweddle, [176].
Twine binders. (See Harvesters.)
Twinings (inventor, refrigerator), [215].
Tympanum, [164].
Tyndall, John, [411], [412].
Type, [280], [281].
Type Distributor, [279].
Type setter, [278], [279].
Type writers, [6], [286].
V.
Vail, Alfred, [126].
Valerius, [388].
Valves, valve gear, [87], [89].
Vapor engines, [190]-[192].
Vapor stoves, [200]-[206], [212].
Varley, Alfred, [133].
Varro, [32].
Vegetable cutters, [51].
Velocipedes, [431].
Venetians, [280].
Ventilation, [209].
Veneering, [351].
Vestibule cars, [437].
Vick, Henry de, clockmaker, [387].
Victoria bridge. (See Bridges.)
Vienna, [38].
Vienna exposition, [348].
Vince, Leonardo de, [75].
Virgil, [32].
Virginal, [6], [402].
Vitruvius, [227].
Volta, voltaic electricity, [112], [117], [118], [112] to [120], [125], [133], [134], [249].
Von Alteneck, H., [138].
Von Drais, [432].
Vortex theory, [2];
Vortex wheel, [171].
Voting machines, [395].
Vulcan, [246].
Vulcanisation. (See Rubber.)
W.
Waggons, [431].
Walker, John (matches), [200].
Walker, Joseph, [367].
Wales, Thos. C., [477].
Wallace and Maxim, [137].
Wall paper, [275], [279].
Walter, John, [285].
Watches, [391]. (See Clocks.)
Waltham watches, [393].
War, effect on by inventions, [271], [272].
Washington, [15], [16].
Washing and ironing machines, [335]-[338].
Wasp, first paper maker, [273].
Watches. (See Horology.)
Water. (See Hydraulics.)
Water clocks, [385], [386].
Water closets, [178].
Water distribution, [167], [178];
gas, [454].
Water wheels, [165];
mills, [167];
engines, [178].
Water frame. (See Spinning.)
Water metres, [178];
scoops, [178].
Watts’ Dictionary of Chemistry, [59].
Watt, James, [5], [8], [78], [79], [80], [81], [86], [154], [167], [170], [176], [182], [203], [206], [296], [341], [460].
Watson, Bishop, [451].
Weaving, [6], [292], [304]. (See Textiles.)
Weaver’s shuttle, [307].
Weber piano, [403].
Webster, Daniel, [91].
Wedgwood, [459], [460], [464].
Weeks, Jos., [364].
Weighing, scales, etc., [396], [397], [398].
Weisenthal, C. F., [310], [312].
Welding, [248].
Wellington, Duke of, [83].
Wells, making and boring of, [373], [379]-[383];
driven, [382];
Artesian, [381].
Welsbach lamp, [456].
Westinghouse, electric light, [137], [138].
Weston, Sir Richard, [14].
Weston, electrician, [137].
West (destroyer of bacteria), [213].
Whaleback ships, [438].
Wheat, its cultivation, [25], [26].
Wheatstone, Chas., [127], [133], [146], [147], [410].
Wheeler and Wilson, [319].
Wheelbarrow, seeder, [24].
Whewell, [166].
Whitehurst, Geo., [168].
Whitney, Eli, cotton gin, [42], [43], [297].
Whitworth, Sir J., [244], [246], [263].
Wilde, electric magnet, [133].
Wilder, safes, [421].
Wilkes, [277].
William of Malmesbury, [75].
Wilson, A. B., sewing machinery, [319].
Wilson, Genl. John M., [180].
Winchester rifle, [267].
Wind mills, wheels, etc., [404]. (See Mills.)
Window glass, window screens, [359].
Wine making. (See Chemistry.)
Winter, Sir John, [225].
Wire working, [250].
Wire wound gun, [263].
Wireless telegraphy, [150], [151].
Wolf, aeronaut, [447].
Wöhler, chemist, [238].
Wollaston, [60], [249], [412].
Woodbridge, Dr. W. E., [262], [263].
Woodbury, Oscar D. and E. C., [330].
Woodworth, Wm., planing machinery, [349].
Wood, lathe turning, [344].
Wood, bending and trenting of, [347], [352], [356].
Wood working machinery, [242], [339], [352], [369].
Woods, variety and beauty, [352].
Wood carving, [346].
Wool. (See Spinning, Weaving, Textiles.)
Wool, mineral, [474], [480].
Wooden shoes, making of, [367].
Worcester, Marquis of, [5], [75], [77], [81].
Work shop, a modern, [251].
World’s fair, 1851, [36], [38].
Woven goods, variety of, [308], [309].
Wright (gas engine), [188].
Wren, architect, [209].
Wyatt of Lichfield, [294], [295].
X.
X rays, [149], [150].
Xyloplasty, [347].
Y.
Yale, Linus, Jr., locks, [425].
Yankee clippers, [438].
Yarn. (See Weaving, etc.)
Yeast, [65].
York, Duke of, [124], [125].
Young of America, [63], [417].
Young, Arthur, 1741-1800, [14], [15].
Youmans, Prof., [450].
Z.
Zanon, 1764, [24].
Zech, Jacob, [388].
Zeppelin, Count, [446].
Zimmermann, self-playing pianos, [406].
Zinc, [236].
Zinc batteries. (See Electricity.)