{
Insta-muntha. Iron Eagle.
Ko-inga. Little Thunder.
Op-po-hom-mon-ne.
E'en-brick-to.
491. Little Pipe, with Missouria chief and interpreter.
496. Medicine Horse, Baptiste Devoin, and interpreter.
10. PONCAS.
The Poncas were originally part of the Omaha tribe, to whom they are related. Lived originally on the Red River of the North, but were driven southwestwardly across the Missouri by the Sioux, and fortified themselves on the Ponca River. United for a time with the Omahas for protection, but have generally lived apart. Were so exposed to the forays of the savage Sioux that they were almost exterminated at one time, but after the treaties of 1817 and 1825 rallied and began to increase. Were estimated then at 750, which has remained their average number ever since. In 1858 sold their lands and went on a reservation near the Yanktons, but being too near their old foes, and not being able to raise any crops, were in 1865 removed down to the mouth of the Niobrara, where they now have three villages. Are still exposed to raids from the Sioux, retarding very much their progress toward a self-supporting condition. Efforts are being made to have them join their relatives, the Omahas.
List of illustrations.
517-518.
{
Ash-nom-e-kah-ga-he. Lone Chief.
Ta-tonka-nuzhe. Standing Buffalo.
Wa-ga-sa-pi. Iron Whip.
Waste-co-mani. Fast Walker.