The study of old bridges is strongly recommended, particularly with respect to stress and strain, which in structures new or old, occur possibly as may be expected—certainly as they must. Consideration of existing work may thus be a useful check upon the fanciful requirements of some methods of design. There is a recent tendency, for instance, in English practice to over-stiffen the webs of plate-girders, such that if the theory upon which the results are based were true, many old bridges carrying their loads with no sign of distress, should have failed long ago. Excess in riveting is a common extravagance, to which the same criticism may in a less degree apply. Considerable impact allowances for girders of large span may also be referred to as an application of empiric theory not justified by experience, which, as in all cases where such considerations fight with facts, should be modified or rejected.
INDEX
- Abutments, leaning, [82], [173]
- — movements of, [158]
- — settlement of, [78]
- Adjustment of centre girders, [128]
- — of distributing girders, [120]
- Angular distortions, [88]
- Arches, equilibrium of, [162]
- — repair of, [163]
- Arrangement of cross girders, [21], [175]
- Asphalt, [26]
- Ballast, [29]
- Bearing pressure on rivets, [47], [51], [57]
- Bearings, skew, [4]
- Bottom booms, end bays, [18]
- Bracing, additional, [117]
- — effects of, [34]
- — flat bars, [37]
- — incomplete, [41]
- — sea piers, [42]
- Bridge floors, [20]
- — repairs, [107]
- — surveys, [107]
- Bridges, life of, [165]
- Breaks in T bars, [16]
- Buckling of webs, [16]
- Camber, [24], [80]
- Cast-iron arches, [80], [145]
- — — bridges, [141]
- — — columns, [7],144
- — — girders, [141]
- — — in sea water, [101]
- Centre girders, [122]
- Cinder ballast, [29]
- Cold-blast iron, [141]
- Cooling stresses in cast iron, [145]
- Construction depth, [173]
- Corrugated sheeting, [29]
- Cost of centre girders, [135]
- — of maintenance, [168]
- Counterbracing, [19]
- Cracked bedstones, [3]
- — columns, [7]
- — web plates, [13], [14], [15], [50]
- Cross girder arrangement, [21]
- — girders, fixed ends, [22], [118]
- — — rusted, [29], [97]
- — — weak, [30], [66]
- Decay and painting, [96]
- — of floor plates, [109]
- — of timber, [28], [150]
- Deflection, [85]
- — due to booms and web, [86]
- — exceptional cases, [88]
- — in new and old work, [85]
- — working formulæ, [87]
- Deformations, [73]
- Depth of girders, [23], [89], [184]
- Diagonal ties, [19], [42]
- Distortion due to temperature changes, [79], [84]
- Distributing girders, [120]
- Drainage holes, [25]
- “Drop” loads, [89]
- Dwarf walls under floors, [26]
- Early steel girders, [68]
- Economy, [184]
- Effect of earth slips, [157]
- — of floor on deflection, [88]
- — — — on stresses, [23], [30]
- — of high stress, [86]
- — of permanent way on stresses, [18]
- —of skew on bridge floors, [25]
- — — — on centre girders, [131]
- — of transverse bracings, [34]
- — of vibration on masonry, [162]
- — of wave action on sea piers, [42]
- End bays, bottom booms, [18]
- Equilibrium of masonry arches, [162]
- Examination of bridges, [107]
- Examples of cast-iron bridges overstressed, [141]
- — of high stress, [70]
- — of life of bridges, [167]
- — of rivet stress, [56]
- — of strengthening, [114]
- — — — by centre girders, [131], [134]
- Excessive bearing pressure, [51]
- Faulty workmanship, [80]
- Fixed ends to cross girders, [22], [118]
- Flange stresses, [63], [66], [67]
- Flanges, side loaded, [9], [73]
- Flat bar bracing, [37]
- Flexing of girders, [9], [74], [76]
- Flexure curves, [138]
- Fractured bedstones, [3]
- — rails, [30]
- — webs, [13], [14], [15], [50]
- Fractures in cast iron, [7], [145]
- Girder bearings, [2]
- Girders on columns, [7]
- — on masonry, [8]
- Girderwork in masonry, [101]
- Headway, [173]
- High stress, [61]
- — in cast iron, [141]
- — in rivets, [47], [52]
- Holes for drainage, [25]
- Impact, [20], [62]
- Inclination of girder ends, [23], [53]
- Incomplete bracing, [41]
- Initial set, [88]
- Interference with traffic, [177]
- Jack arches, [29], [101]
- Joints in rails, [29], [109]
- — in trough floors, [28], [180]
- Junction between metallic and masonry bridges, [183]
- — — new and old masonry bridges, [182]
- — — new and old metallic bridges, [180]
- Lattice girder stresses, [47]-[66]
- Liberal depth to girders, [23], [89], [184]
- Life of bridges, [165]
- Limit of elasticity, [61]
- Linen tapes, [172]
- Longitudinal floor girders, [23]
- Loose rivets, [21], [25], [51], [53], [56], [109]
- Main girders, [9]-[17]
- Masonry bridges, [157]
- — enduring character of, [161]
- Memel timber, [150]
- Methods of calculation, [46], [61]
- — of observing deflection, [90]
- — of setting out deflection curves, [138]
- Movements of abutments, [158]
- — of cast-iron bridge, [82]
- — of piers, [42], [83], [159]
- — of rollers, [7]
- — of wrought-iron bridges, [4], [21], [38], [73]
- New members to old work, [116]
- Oiling steelwork, [99]
- Old drawings unreliable, [108]
- — rivets, [21], [51], [54], [55]
- Open webs, [17]
- Overhead bracing, [39]
- — girders, [118]
- Painting, [98]
- Parapets, [79]
- Permissible stress in old work, [110]
- Piers, movements of, [42], [83], [159]
- — out of plumb, [159]
- Piles, decay of, [102], [150]
- Pitch pine, [28]
- Plasticity, [61]
- Plate webs, [9]
- Plated floors, [23], [25], [30]
- Pointing masonry, [164]
- Proposed rivet stresses, [58]
- Quickly applied loads, [89]
- Rail joints, [29], [109]
- Rails, breaks in, [30]
- Reaction of cross girder with centre support, [127]
- Red-lead, [98], [100]
- Relative merits of bridges, [169]
- Relief by centre girders, [122]
- Repainting, [100]
- Repair of bridges, [107], [147], [155], [163]
- — of timber piles, [156]
- Replacing flange plates, [110]
- — rivets, [111]
- Resistance of cast iron to rust, [101]
- Riveted connections, [45], [86]
- Rivets in cramped positions, [20]
- — in cross girder ends, [21], [49], [53], [54]
- — in road bridges, [60]
- — in webs of main girders, [46]
- — spacing of, [60], [80]
- — stresses in, [56]
- Rocking of piers, [8], [83], [159]
- Roller bearings, [7]
- Rubble masonry, [161]-[164]
- Running load and deflection, [95]
- Rusting, instances of, [29], [96]
- — of steelwork, [99]
- — over sea-water, [98]
- Sag in timber bridges, [150]
- — of tapes, [172]
- Scour under piers, [161]
- Sea piers, [42], [102]
- Setting bedstones, [3], [129], [176]
- Settlements, [76], [157]
- Skew bearings, [4]
- — bridges, right and left, [173]
- — — floors, [25]
- Skirting plate, [26]
- Slope of girder ends, [92]
- Softening of cast-iron in sea-water, [101]
- Spacing of rivets, [60], [79]
- Spread of abutments, [157]
- Spring joints, [23]
- Steel trough girders, [68]
- — troughing, [70]
- Stiffening girders from floor, [12], [40]
- — to webs, [16], [38], [185]
- Stop piers, [158]
- Strength of light top booms, [40]
- Strengthening of bridges, [107], [122]
- — bridge floors, [118]
- — cross girders, [123]
- Stress in plated floors, [31]
- Study of old bridges, [185]
- Tall piers, [42], [159]
- Timber bridges, [149]
- — floors, [27]
- — staging, [177]
- Top booms, [18]
- Traffic during reconstruction, [177]
- Transverse bracing, [34], [117]
- Trough floors, [27], [180]
- — girders, [50], [74]
- T stiffeners, breaks in, [16]
- Twin girders, [15], [75]
- Twisting of girders, [11], [68], [73]
- — — — corrected, [12]
- Types of reconstruction, [174]
- U-shaped booms, [18]
- Uncomplicated stress, [62]
- Uniform pressure on bearings, [6]
- Value of E in deflection formulæ, [87]
- Vibration, [162]
- Wasted webs, [14], [29], [96]
- Water, scour of, [161]
- Web buckling, [16]
- — plates, cracked, [13], [14], [15], [50]
- — rivets, [46], [50]
- — stiffening, [16], [38], [185]
- Widening masonry bridges, [182]
- — metallic bridges, [179]
- Wide spaced rivets, [79]
- Wind pressure, [41], [43]
- Yielding of piers, [8], [83], [159]
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
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