These tables consist of mixtures having the power of generating or creating cold, with or without the aid of ice, sufficient for all useful and philosophical purposes, in any part of the world at any season:
FREEZING MIXTURES WITHOUT ICE. | |||||
| MIXTURES | Thermometer Sinks. | Degree of cold Produced. | |||
Muriate of ammonium | 5 parts |  | From +50° to +10° | 40 | |
Nitrate of potassium | 5 parts | ||||
Water | 16 parts | ||||
Muriate of ammonium | 5 parts |  | From +50° to +4° | 46 | |
Nitrate of potassium | 5 parts | ||||
Sulphate of sodium | 8 parts | ||||
Water | 16 parts | ||||
Nitrate of ammonium | 1 parts |  | From +50° to +4° | 46 | |
Water | 1 parts | ||||
Nitrate of ammonium | 1 parts | | From +50° to -7° | 57 | |
Carbonate of sodium | 1 parts | ||||
Water | 1 parts | ||||
Sulphate of sodium | 3 parts | | From +50° to -3° | 53 | |
Dilute nitric acid | 2 parts | ||||
Sulphate of sodium | 6 parts | | From +50° to -10° | 60 | |
Murate of ammonium | 4 parts | ||||
Nitrate of potassium | 2 parts | ||||
Dilute nitric acid | 4 parts | ||||
Sulphate of sodium | 6 parts | | From +50° to -14° | 64 | |
Nitrate of ammonium | 5 parts | ||||
Dilute nitric acid | 4 parts | ||||
Phosphate of sodium | 9 parts | | From +50° to -12° | 62 | |
Dilute nitric acid | 4 parts | ||||
Phosphate of sodium | 9 parts | | From +50° to -21° | 71 | |
Nitrate of ammonium | 6 parts | ||||
Dilute nitric acid | 4 parts | ||||
Sulphate of sodium | 8 parts | | From +50° to 0° | 50 | |
Muriatic acid | 5 parts | ||||
Sulphate of sodium | 5 parts | | From +50° to +3° | 47 | |
Dilute sulphuric acid | 4 parts | ||||
FREEZING MIXTURES WITH ICE. | |||||
| MIXTURES | Thermometer Sinks. | Degree of cold Produced. | |||
Snow or pounded ice | 2 parts | | F r o m a n y t e m p e r a t u r e | to -5° | .. |
Muriate of sodium | 1 parts | ||||
Snow or pounded ice | 5 parts | | to -12° | .. | |
Muriate of sodium | 2 parts | ||||
Muriate of ammonium | 1 parts | ||||
Snow or pounded ice | 24 parts | | to -18° | .. | |
Muriate of sodium | 10 parts | ||||
Muriate of ammonium | 5 parts | ||||
Nitrate of potassium | 5 parts | ||||
Snow or pounded ice | 12 parts | | to -25° | .. | |
Muriate of sodium | 5 parts | ||||
Nitrate of ammonium | 5 parts | ||||
Snow | 3 parts | | From +32° | to -23° | 55 |
Dilute sulphuric acid | 2 parts | ||||
Snow | 8 parts | | From +32° | to -27° | 59 |
Muriatic acid | 5 parts | ||||
Snow | 7 parts | | From +32° | to -30° | 62 |
Dilute nitric acid | 4 parts | ||||
Snow | 4 parts | | From +32° | to -40° | 72 |
Muriate of calcium | 5 parts | ||||
Snow | 2 parts | | From +32° | to -50° | 82 |
Crystallized muriate of calcium | 3 parts | ||||
Snow | 3 parts | | From +32° | to -51° | 83 |
Potash | 4 parts | ||||
COMBINATIONS OF FREEZING MIXTURES. | |||||
| MIXTURES | Thermometer Sinks. | Degree of cold Produced. | |||
Phosphate of sodium | 5 parts | | From 0° to -34° | 34 | |
Nitrate of ammonium | 3 parts | ||||
Dilute nitric acid | 4 parts | ||||
Phosphate of sodium | 3 parts | | From -34° to -50° | 16 | |
Nitrate of ammonium | 2 parts | ||||
Dilute nitric acid | 4 parts | ||||
Snow | 3 parts | | From 0° to -46° | 46 | |
Dilute nitric acid | 2 parts | ||||
Constant Water Baths.
[American Chemical Journal.]
The following simple form of constant water bath, which wastes no water, I have found to be very convenient:
A tube of glass or metal, not less than 1/4 of an inch internal diameter, the ends of which are cut off obliquely, is bent as shown in the cut. It should make an angle of about 30 deg., or a little greater, with the horizontal. The angle may be diminished if the bore of the tube is increased. One end is inserted in the water bath, the other in an inverted bottle. The height of the water in the bath is regulated by the depth of immersion of the tube in it. The boiling is not interrupted by the feeding, which takes place slowly and regularly. It is necessary that the ends of the tubes should be cut off obliquely. The same form of tube answers equally well for keeping a constant level in a filter or drying chamber.
A brass tube is much better than a glass one, as it does not crack at the water level after using for a time. Brass tubes can easily be bent by ramming full of sand, stopping the ends, and bending them over a curved surface. A large number of baths can be run by this apparatus by connecting them with a bath fed by it.—Charles T. Pomeroy.