l. joints.
1. Campanulate (Campanulatæ). Bell-shaped. When the joints are obconical, with the vertex of the cone rounded.
2. Pateriform (Pateriformes). When the joints are somewhat dilated and very short, shaped something like a shallow bowl.
3. Patellate (Patellatæ). When the whole joint is dilated and shaped something like a patella or platter.—Ex. Prosopis dilatata (Melitta *. b. K.) Plate [XXV]. Fig. 12. a.
4. Lobate (Lobatæ). When they are expanded at the tip into a lobe.—Ex. Belostoma, Cerocoma. Plate [XI]. Fig. 21, 22.
5. Torulose (Torulosæ). When they are a little tumid.
m. appendages.
1. Auriculate (Auriculatæ). When they have an ear-like process at their base.—Ex. Gyrinus, Parnus. Plate [XII]. Fig. 29. a. Plate [XXV]. Fig. 28. a.
2. Appendiculate (Appendiculatæ). When they have one or two antenniform processes at their base.—Ex. Otiocerus. Plate [XXV]. Fig. 29. b.
III. TRUNK (truncus).
1. Monomerous (Monomerus). When the trunk has no suture or segment.—Ex. Araneidea.
2. Dimerous (Dimerus). When the trunk consists of two greater segments.—Ex. Coleoptera, &c.
3. Trimerous (Trimerus). When the trunk consists of three greater segments.—Ex. Neuroptera, &c.
4. Isthmiate (Isthmiatus). When an isthmus is formed between the Prothorax and Elytra, either in consequence of the former being constricted behind so as to form a neck, or the scutellum not being interposed between the elytra at their base, or the chief part of the mesothorax not being covered by the prothorax.—Ex. Clerus, Passalus, and Spondylis.
i. MANITRUNK (manitruncus).
a. prothorax.
1. Clypeiform (Clypeiformis). When the prothorax by its magnitude and distinct separation forms one of the most conspicuous pieces of the upper side of the trunk, so as nearly to represent the whole thorax; the mesothorax and metathorax being mostly hidden by the elytra and other organs for flight.—Ex. Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c. Plate [VIII]. Fig. 1, 10.
2. Colliform (Colliformis). When the prothorax is short and narrow, and not so conspicuous as the other pieces of the trunk.—Ex. Libellulina. Plate [IX]. Fig. 6.
3. Cerviculate (Cerviculatus). When the prothorax is elongate, attenuate, and distinguished from the Antepectus by no suture; so as to form a distinct and usually long neck. Plate [III]. Fig. 6.
4. Evanescent (Evanescens). When no distinct prothorax is discoverable or it is only represented by membrane.—Ex. Most Hymenoptera, Diptera, &c.
5. Marginate (Marginatus). When an impressed line or channel separates the edge of the prothorax from the rest of its surface, and so forms a margin.—Ex. Harpalus, &c.
6. Immarginate (Immarginatus). When it has no such margin.—Ex. The Rhyncophorous beetles.
7. Explanate (Explanatus). When its sides are so depressed and dilated as to form a broad margin.—Ex. Necrophorus, Silpha.
8. Emarginate (Emarginatus). When a segment of a circle is taken out of its anterior part for the reception of the head.
9. Ambient (Ambiens). When this sinus is so large as to receive the whole head.—Ex. Chilocorus.
10. Circumambient (Circumambiens). When its sides are elongated anteriorly and curve inwards, their ends lapping over each other and the head, so as to form a circle round the posterior part of the latter, and leave a space open for the eyes to see objects above them.—Ex. Heleus.
11. Clypeate (Clypeatus). When it quite covers and overshadows the head.—Ex. Lampyris, Cassida, Cossyphus.
12. Cucullate (Cucullatus). When it is elevated into a kind of ventricose cowl or hood which receives the head.—Ex. Dictyonota crassicornis. Plate [XIII]. Fig. 18. a[1100].
13. Alate (Alatus). When its sides are expanded into a kind of wing.—Ex. Dictyonota crassicornis.
14. Auriculate (Auriculatus). When it expands on each side into two processes resembling ears.—Ex. Ledra aurita.
15. Angulate (Angulatus). When its sides or base jut out into one or more angles.—Ex. Copris.
16. Cruciate (Cruciatus). When it has two elevated longitudinal obtusangular lines, the angles of which approach each other in its middle, so as nearly to form a St. Andrew's cross.—Ex. Locusta. Plate [XIII]. Fig. 17.
17. Obvolving (Obvolvens). When there are neither ora nor suture to separate it from the antepectus.—Ex. Stenus, Curculio L.
18. Pulvinate (Pulvinatus). When in consequence of being depressed in one place, it seems to puff out in another.—Ex. Aleochara canaliculata, picea, &c.
19. Producted (Productus). When behind it terminates in a long scutelliform process which covers the Mesothorax, Metathorax, and great part of the Abdomen.—Ex. Acrydium, Centrotus.
b. antepectus.