8. Auxilia (Occasiones) (dues from vassals):
a. Praestitiones.
b. Dona.
c. Gratuita.
d. Mutua.
More common after the year 1000 A.D.; but, for an example in the
year 878, see a Diploma of Lewis II., published by Puricelli
in his Monumenti della Basilica Arnbrosiana.
III. Under head of "lands owned by Crown or Publicum":
1. Terra Censualis. Holder of t.c. owed these duties:
a. Glaudaticum,
b. Escaticum,
c. Herbaticum,
d. Datio,
e. Alpaticum,
f. Agrarium.
Payments for right to pasture cattle and swine on public lands.
Cf. Chron. da Volturno, a. 972. Chron. Farfensis. Privileg. Lud.
Pii, et al. loc.
g. Terraticum, amount of produce given for right to cultivate.
h. Pascuarium, payment for sheep pastured on the public land.
i. Boazia, tax levied on every pair of oxen; probably not
developed before XII. century.
The taxes and so forth mentioned in this list are by no means all that were levied, but are a fair representation of them. After the year 1000 their feudal character is even more strongly marked.
[42:] This statement, while true of all integral parts of the Lombard kingdom, must, however, be modified in regard to the great duchies of Spoleto and Beneventum, which were under a different system of internal government from the kingdom of Lombardy proper—were, in fact, small tributary kingdoms under great dukes enjoying practically royal powers. The Duchy of Beneventum seems to have been divided into gastaldata, divisions of territory similar to the civitates of Lombardy, but presided over by a gastald instead of by a dux or comes. In the charter of division made between the dukes of Beneventum and of Salerno in the year 851—v. Muratori, Ant. Ital. Diss. X.—are mentioned "integra gastaldata, seu ministeria Tarentum, Latinianum, Cusentia, etc." And, at an earlier date, Paulus Diaconus—De Gest. Long., Lib. V., cap. 29—tells of a certain "Alzeconis Dux de Bulgaris," to whom Grimoald, Duke of Beneventum, gives "ad habitandum … Lepianum, Bovianum et Inferniam, et aliis cum suis territoriis civitates; ipsumque Alzeconem mutato dignitatis nomine, de duce gastaldium vocari praecepit."
[43:] v. Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. III., Pars II., p. 162D.
[44:] Liutprandi: Leg. Lib. VI., Leg. 29. v. Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. I., Pars II.
[45:] Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. X., Vol. I., P. I., p. 121.
[46:] Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. III., p. 155A.
[47:] Ed. Rhotari: Leg. 23 and 24. v. Muratori: op. cit., Tom. I., Pars II.