An English Grammar

by William Malone Baskervill; James Witt Sewell

40. He had four children, and it was confidently expected that they would receive a fortune of at least $200,000 between them.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] More for convenience than for absolute accuracy, the stages of our language have been roughly divided into three:—

(1) Old English (with Anglo-Saxon) down to the twelfth century.

(2) Middle English, from about the twelfth century to the sixteenth century.

(3) Modern English, from about 1500 to the present time.

---

INDEX.

THE NUMBERS REFER TO PAGES.

A, origin of, [119.]
syntax of, [310.]
uses of, [124.]
Absolute, nominative, [47.]
Abstract nouns, [20.]
with article, [25], [124.]
Active voice, [133.]
Address, nominative of, [47.]
Adjective clauses, [260.]
Adjective pronouns, demonstrative, [90.]
distinguished from adjectives, [89.]
distributive, [91.]
numeral, [92.]
Adjectives, adverbs used as, [116.]
as complements, [239.]
comparison of, [107.]
definition of, [98.]
demonstrative, [102.]
from nouns, used as nouns, [27.]
function of, [97.]
how to parse, [115], [116.]
in predicate, [239.]
not compared, [109.]
of quality, [99.]
of quantity, [101.]
ordinal, [103.]
plural of, [106.]
pronominal, [104.]
syntax of, [303.]
Adverbial clauses, [262.]
Adverbial objective, [48], [242.]
Adverbs, between to and infinitive, [323.]
classes of, [185], [187.]
definition of, [184.]
distinguished from adjectives, [190.]
how to parse, [191.]
position of, in sentence, [325.]
same form as adjectives, [190.]
syntax of, [325.]
used as adjectives, [116.]
used as nouns, [27.]
what they modify, [183.]
Adversative conjunction, [194.]
After, uses of, [114], [195], [207.]
Against, uses of, [207.]
Agreement, kinds of, [275.]
of adjective with noun, [303.]
of personal pronoun with antecedent, [287.]
of relative pronoun with antecedent, [291.]
of verb with subject, [148], [316.]
All, syntax of, [302.]
Alms, [42.]
Alternative conjunctions, [194], [328.]
Among, between, [207], [331.]
An. See A.
Anacoluthon with which, [295.]
Analysis, definition of, [231.]
of complex sentences, [264.]
of compound sentences, [271.]
of simple sentences, [252.]
And who, and which, [296.]
Antecedent, agreement of pronoun and. See Agreement.
definition of, [74.]
of it, [67.]
of personal pronouns, [74], [287.]
of which, [79.]
Any, as adjective, [101.]
as pronoun, [90.]
syntax of, [300.]
Apostrophe in possessive, [51.]
Apposition, words in, [47], [49], [67], [240.]
Are, derivation of, [150.]
Arrangement in syntax, [275.]
Articles, definite, [120.]
definition of, [120.]
how to parse, [127.]
indefinite, [124.]
syntax of, [309.]
As, after same, [294.]
uses of, [84], [225.]
As if, as though, [198.]
At, uses of, [208.]
Auxiliary verbs, [148.]
Bad, comparison of, [110.]
Be, conjugation of, [149.]
uses of, [150.]
Better, best, [110], [111.]
Between. See Among.
Brethren, [39.]
Bridegroom, [37.]
But, uses of, [84], [224.]
with nominative of pronoun, [283.]
But what, [330.]
By, uses of, [210.]
Can, could, [161.]
Case, definition of, [46.]
Case, double possessive, of nouns, [54.]
of pronouns, [64.]
forms, number of, in Old and Modern English, [46.]
nominative, of nouns, [47.]
of pronouns, [62], [279.]
objective, of nouns, [48.]
of pronouns, [66], [279.]
possessive, of nouns, [49], [278.]
of pronouns, [63.]
syntax of, [278.]
Cause, clauses of, [262.]
conjunctions of, [194], [195.]
Cherub, plurals of, [45.]
Children, [39.]
Clause, adjective, [260.]
adverb, [262.]
definition of, [257.]
kinds of, [257.]
noun, [258.]
Cleave, forms of, [158.]
Clomb, [157.]
Cloths, clothes, [43.]
Collective nouns, [18.]
syntax of, and verb, [312], [315.]
Colloquial English, [12.]
Common nouns, [18.]
derived from material, [24.]
derived from proper, [23.]
Comparative and superlative, double, [113], [307.]
syntax of, [307.]
Comparison, defective, [111.]
definition of, [108.]
degrees of, [108.]
irregular, [110.]
of adjectives, [107.]
of adverbs, [189.]
syntax of, [305.]
Complement of predicate, [239.]
Complementary infinitive, [248.]
Complex sentence, analysis of, [264.]
definition of, [257.]
Compound nouns, plural of, [43.]
possessive of, [53.]
Compound predicate and subject, [244.]
Compound sentence, [268.]
analysis of, [271.]
Concessive clause, in analysis, [263.]
with subjunctive, [143.]
Concord. See Agreement.
Conditional clause, in analysis, [263.]
with subjunctive, [138.]
Conditional conjunctions, [196.]
Conditional sentences, [139.]
Conjugation, definition of, [149.]
of be, [149.]
of other verbs, [151.]
Conjunctions, and other parts of speech, same words, [195], [207.]
coördinate, [194.]
correlative, [194.]
definition of, [193.]
how to parse, [199.]
subordinate, [195.]
syntax of, [328.]
Conjunctive adverbs, [188.]
Conjunctive pronoun. See Relative pronoun.
Contracted sentences, analysis of, [255.]
Coördinate clauses, [269.]
Coördinate conjunctions. See Conjunctions.
Coördinating vs. restrictive use of relative pronouns, [289.]
Copulative conjunction, [194.]
Could. See Can.
Dative case, in Old English, replaced by objective, [66.]
Declarative sentence, [231.]
Declension of interrogative pronouns, [73.]
Declension, of nouns, [51.]
of personal pronouns, [60.]
of relative pronouns, [80.]
Defective verbs, [160.]
Definite article. See Articles.
Definite tenses, [148], [152.]
Degree, adverbs of, [185.]
Degrees. See Comparison.
Demonstrative adjectives, [102.]
syntax of, [303.]
Demonstrative pronouns, [90.]
Dependent clause. See Subordinate clause.
Descriptive adjectives, [99.]
Descriptive use of nouns, [26.]
Dice, dies, [43.]
Die by, for, from, of, with, [333.]
Direct discourse, [320.]
Direct object, vs. indirect, [48], [242.]
retained with passive verb, [242.]
Distributive adjectives, [102.]
syntax of, [287], [315.]
Distributive pronouns, [91.]
syntax of, [288], [300.]
Double comparative. See Comparative.
Double possessive. See Case.
Drake, duck, [35.]
Drank, drunk, [158.]
Each, adjective, [102.]
pronoun, [90], [92.]
syntax of, [287.]
Each other, one another, [92], [299.]
Eat (ĕt), [158.]
Eaves, [42.]
Either, as adjective, [102.]
syntax of, [287.]
as conjunction, [194.]
syntax of, [328.]
as pronoun, [90], [92.]
syntax of, [300.]
Elder, older, [110], [112.]
Elements of the sentence, [234], [257.]
Ellipsis, a source of error in pronouns, [280.]
in complex sentence, [255.]
'Em, origin of, [62.]
Empress, [34.]
-En, added to plural, [39.]
feminine suffix, [32.]
plural suffix, original, [38.]
English, literary, spoken, vulgar, [12.]
periods of, [33.]
Enlargement of predicate, [241.]
of subject, object, complement, [240.]
-Es original of possessive ending, [51.]
plural suffix, [40.]
-Ess, feminine suffix, [33.]
Every, adjective, [102.]
syntax of, [287.]
Expect of, expect from, [334.]
Expected to have gone, etc., [319.]
Factitive object, [48], [235.]
Farther, further, [110], [112], [189.]
Feminine, [30.]
Few, a few, [126.]
First, [103], [112.]
First two, two first, etc., [308.]
Fish, fishes, [43.]
For, redundant, with infinitive, used as a noun, [212], [238.]
uses of, [211.]
Foreign plurals, [45.]
Former, the, adjective, [102.]
pronoun, [91.]
From, uses of, [212.]
Further. See Farther.
Future tense, [147], [152.]
Future perfect, [148], [152.]
Gander, goose, [36.]
Gender, "common gender," [31.]
definition of, [30.]
distinguished from sex, [30.]
in English, as compared with other languages, [29.]
modes of marking, in nouns, [32.]
of personal pronouns, [60.]
of relative pronouns, [80.]
Genii, geniuses, [43.]
Gerund, distinguished from participle and verbal noun, [177.]
forms of, [176.]
in syntax, possessive case with, [285.]
Girl, [35.]
Got, [159.]
Government, definition of, kinds of, [275.]
Grammar, basis of, [12.]
definition of, [12.]
divisions of, [13.]
opinions on, [9.]
province of, [10.]
H, an before, [120.]
Had better, had rather, [175.]
Hanged, hung, [159.]
He, she, it, [61.]
His for its, [61.]
Husband, [36.]
I, personal pronoun, [60.]
Imperative mood, [144.]
of first person, [145.]
Imperative sentence, [231.]
Imperfect participle, [173.]
Indefinite adjective, [101.]
Indefinite article. See Articles.
Indefinite pronoun, [93.]
Indefinite use of you, your, [67.]
Independent clause, [257.]
Independent elements, [245.]
Indexes, indices, [43.]
Indicative mood, uses of, [136.]
Indirect discourse, [320.]
Indirect object. See Direct object.
Indirect questions. See Questions.
Infinitive, active, with passive meaning, [176.]
not a mood, [153.]
syntax of, [319], [323.]
uses of, [248.]
-Ing words, summary of, [178.]
Interjections, [227.]
Interrogative adjectives, [105.]
Interrogative adverbs, [188.]
Interrogative pronouns, [72.]
declension of, [73.]
in indirect questions, [85.]
syntax of, [283.]
Interrogative sentence, [231], [233.]
Intransitive verbs, [131.]
made transitive, [131.]
Irregularities in syntax, [276.]
Irregularly compared adjectives, [110.]
adverbs, [189.]
It, uses of, [67.]
"It was me," etc., [63], [281.]
Its, history of, [61.]
Kind, these kind, etc., [303.]
Kine, double plural, [39.]
King, queen, [36.]
Lady, lord, [36.]
Last, latest, [110], [113.]
Latter, the, adjective, [102], [113.]
pronoun, [91.]
Lay, lie, [170.]
Less, lesser, [110.]
Lie. See Lay.
Like, syntax of, [227.]
uses of, [226.]
Literary English, [12.]
Little, a little, [126.]
Logic vs. form, in syntax, [276.]
Logical subject and predicate, [245.]
Lord. See Lady.
-Ly, words in, [190.]
Madam, [36.]
Manner, adverbs of, [185], [188.]
conjunctions of, [195.]
Many, comparison of, [110], [112.]
Many a, [126.]
Mapping out sentences, [256], [265.]
Mare, [36.]
Master, mistress, [34.]
May, might, [160.]
Means, construction of, [41.]
Mighty as adverb, [187.]
Mine, of mine, [64.]
Modifier, adverb, position of, [325.]
Modifiers. See Enlargement.
Mood, definition of, [135.]
imperative, [144.]
indicative, [136], [137.]
subjunctive, 137-[144.]
-Most, in superlatives, [113], [114], [189.]
Much, comparison of, [110], [112], [189.]
Must, [161.]
Near, nearer, nigh, etc., [110], [112.]
Negative, double, [326.]
Neither, adjective, [102.]

syntax of, [287.]
conjunction, [194.]
syntax of, [328.]
pronoun, [90], [92.]
syntax of, [300.]
Neuter nouns, definition of, [30.]
or gender nouns, according to use, [30.]
two kinds of, [32.]
News, [41.]
No in analysis, [246.]
Nominative. See Case.
None, syntax of, [301.]
Nor, [194], [328.]
Not a, etc. [126.]
Noun clause, [258.]
Nouns, [17.]
abstract, [20.]
become half abstract, [25], [124.]
become proper, [25.]
formation of, [21.]
case of, [46.]
collective, [19.]
common, [18.]
definition of, [17.]
descriptive, [26.]
gender of, [29.]
how to parse, [56.]
kinds of, 17
material, [19.]
become class nouns, [24], [125.]
neuter, used as gender nouns, [30.]
number in, [38.]
once singular, now plural, [42.]
other words used as, [27.]
plural, how formed, 38-[41.]
of abstract, 41
of compound, etc. [43.]
of foreign, [45.]
of letters and figures, [46.]
of material, [41.]
of proper, [41.]
same as singular, [39.]
two forms of, 42
with titles, [44.]
proper, [18.]
become common, [23.]
syntax of, [278.]
use of possessive form of, [278], [285.]
with definite article, [121.]
with different meaning in plural, [42.]
with indefinite article, [124.]
Nouns, with no singular, [42.]
with one plural, two meanings, [43.]
with plural form, singular meaning, [41.]
with singular or plural construction, plural form, [41.]
Now as conjunction, [195], [196.]
Number, definition of, etc., in nouns.
See Nouns.
in adjectives, [106.]
in pronouns, personal, [60.]
in verbs, [148.]
Numeral adjectives, definite, [101.]
distributive, [102.]
indefinite, [101.]
Numeral pronouns, [92.]
Object, adverbial, [48.]
definition of, [48.]
direct and indirect, [48.]
in analysis, [235.]
of preposition. See Preposition.
modifiers of, [240.]
retained with passive verb, [242.]
Objective case, adverbial, dative, [48], [242.]
in spoken English, [281.]
instead of nominative, [279.]
nominative instead of, [282.]
of nouns, [48.]
of pronouns, [66.]
syntax of, [279.]
Of, uses of, [213.]
Older. See Elder.
Omission of relative pronoun, [87], [293.]
On, upon, uses of, [216.]
One, definite numeral adjective, [101.]
indefinite pronoun, [94.]
possessive of, 93
One another. See Each other.
One (the), the other, as adjective, [103.]
as pronoun, [91.]
Only, as conjunction, [194.]
position of, as adverb, 325
Order, a part of syntax, [275.]
inverted, in analysis, [233], [237.]
Ordinal adjectives, treatment of, [103.]
Other with comparatives, [306.]
Ought, [161.]
Our, ours, [64.]
Ourself, [69.]
Oxen, [38.]
Pains, [41.]
Parsing, models for, [56], [117.]
of adjectives, [115], [116.]
of adverbs, [191.]
of articles, [127.]
of conjunctions, [199.]
of nouns, [56.]
of prepositions, [219.]
of pronouns, [95.]
of relatives, [80.]
of verb phrases, [180.]
of verbals, [181.]
of verbs, [179.]
some idioms not parsed, [56.]
what it is, [56.]
Part from, part with, [335.]
Participial adjective, [100.]
Participial phrase, [247.]
Participle, definition of, [172.]
distinguished from other -ing words, [177.]
forms of, [174.]
kinds of, [173.]
syntax of, [322.]
uses of, [150], [172.]
Parts of speech, article included in, [119.]
words used as various, [27], [28.]
Passive voice, [134.]
Peas, pease, [43.]
Pence, pennies, [43.]
Person, agreement of verb and subject in, [317.]
of nouns, [59.]
of pronouns, [59.]
of verbs, [148.]
Personal pronoun, absolute use of, [63.]
agreement of, with antecedent, [287.]
as predicate nominative, [281.]
case of, [62.]
compound, or reflexive, [69.]
uses of, [70.]
definition of, [59.]
double possessive of, [64.]
'em and them, [62.]
history of, [61.]
objective of, for nominative in spoken English, [63], [281.]
syntax of, [281.]
table of, [60.]
triple possessive of, [64.]
uses of it, [67.]
Personification, of abstract nouns, [25.]
of other nouns, [37.]
Phrase, definition of, [236.]
kinds of, [236.]
infinitive, [248.]
participial, [247.]
prepositional, [247.]
Place, adverbs of, [185], [188.]
conjunctions of, [195.]
prepositions of, [206.]
Plural, of adjectives, [106.]
syntax of, [303.]
of nouns. See Nouns.
of pronouns, [60], [61.]
Politics, singular or plural, [41.]
Positive degree. See Comparison.
Possessive, appositional, of nouns, [49.]
as antecedent of relative, [285.]
double, of nouns, [54.]
double, of pronouns. See Personal pronoun.
objective and subjective, [50.]
of compound nouns, [53.]
of indefinite pronoun, [303.]
omission of s in singular, [52.]
origin of 's, [51.]
syntax of, [278.]
with modified noun omitted, [53.]
with two objects, [278.]
Predicate, complement of, [235.]
complete, [245.]
definition of, [232.]
logical vs. simple, [245.]
modifiers of, [241.]
Prefixes, gender shown by, [32.]
Prepositions, certain, with certain words, [332.]
classification of, [206.]
definition of, [203.]
followed by possessive case, [54], [64.]
by nominative case, [283.]
how to parse, [219.]
objects of, [203.]
position of, [202.]
relations expressed by certain, [208.]
same words as other parts of speech, [187], [195], [207.]
syntax of, [331.]
uses of, [129], [132], [205.]
various, with same meaning, [333.]
Present tense used as future, [147.]
Pretty as adverb, [186.]
Pronominal adjectives, interrogative, [105.]
relative, [104.]
what, exclamatory, [105.]
Pronouns, [58.]
adjective, [89.]
all, singular and plural, [302.]
any, usually plural, [300.]
each other, one another, [299.]
either, neither, with verbs, [300.]
none, usually plural, [301.]
somebody else's, [303.]
definition of, [58.]
how to parse, [95.]
indefinite, [93.]
interrogative, [72.]
who as objective, [283.]
personal, [59.]
after than, as, [280.]
antecedents of, [287.]
nominative and objective, forms of, [279.]
nominative form of, after but, [284.]
objective form of, for predicate nominative, [281.]
objective form of, in exclamations, [282.]
possessive form of, as antecedent of relative, [285.]
possessive form of, with gerund, [286.]
relative, [74.]
agreement of, with antecedent, [291.]
anacoluthon with which, [295.]
and who, and which, [296.]
as, that, who, and which after same, [295.]
how to parse, [80.]
omission of, [87], [293.]
restrictive and unrestrictive, [289.]
two relatives, same antecedent, [297.]
syntax of, [279.]
usefulness of, [58.]
Proper nouns. See Nouns.
Purpose, clauses of, [263.]
conjunctions of, [195.]
Quality, adjectives of, [99.]
Quantity, adjectives of, [101.]
Questions, direct and indirect, adverbs in, [188.]
pronominal adjectives in, [105.]
pronouns in, [85.]
indirect, subjunctive in, [142.]
Quotations. See Direct discourse.
Rank, adjectives of same and different, [115.]
Rather, [189.]
Reflexive pronouns, history of, [69.]
how formed, [69.]
Reflexive use of personal pronoun, [68.]
Relative pronoun, [74.]
but and as, [84.]
distinguished from interrogative, in indirect questions, [85.]
function of, [74.]
indefinite or compound, [83.]
omission of, [87], [293.]
restrictive use of, [289.]
syntax of, [289.]
use of, [74.]
Result, clauses of, [263.]
conjunctions of, [196.]
Retained object, [242.]
Riches, [42.]
S, plural suffix, [40.]
'S, possessive ending, [51.]
Same as, that, who, which, [294.]
Sat, sate, [159.]
Seeing, conjunction, [195], [196.]
Self in reflexive pronoun, [69.]
Sentences, analysis of complex, 26
of compound, [271.]
of elliptical, [255.]
of simple, [252.]
complex in form, simple in effect, [259.]
Sentences, definition of, [231.]
kinds of, [231.]
Sequence of tenses, [319.]
Set, sit, [170.]
Sex and gender, [29.]
Shall, should, will, would, [162.]
Shear, forms of, [159.]
Shot, shots, [43.]
Simple sentence. See Sentences.
Singular number, [38.]
Sir, [36.]
Somebody else's, etc., [303.]
Sort, these sort, [303.]
Spelling becoming phonetic in verbs, [169.]
Spinster, [33.]
Split infinitive, [323.]
Spoken English, [12.]
-Ster, feminine suffix, use of, in Middle English, [32.]
in Modern English, [33.]
Subject, complete, [245.]
definition of, [233.]
grammatical vs. logical, [67], [245], [258.]
modifiers of, [240.]
things used as, [237], [258.]
Subjunctive mood, definition of, [137.]
gradual disuse of, [144.]
uses of, in literary English, [138.]
in spoken English, [144.]
Subordinate clause, [257.]
adjective, [260.]
adverb, [262.]
definition of, [257.]
how to distinguish, [270.]
kinds of, [257.]
noun, [258.]
other names for, [257.]
Such as adverb, [186.]
Such a, [126.]
Suffix -en. See -En.
-s, -es, [38.]
Suffixes, foreign, [33.]
Superlative degree, double, [307.]
in meaning, not in form, [107.]
not suggesting comparison, [109.]
of adjectives, [108.]
of adverbs, [189.]
syntax of, [306.]
with two objects, [306.]
Syntax, basis of, [277.]
definition of, [275.]
in English not same as in classical languages, [275.]
Tense, definition of, [147.]
Tenses, definite, meaning of, [148.]
in Modern English, made up of auxiliaries, [147.]
number of, in Old English, [147.]
sequence of, [319.]
table of, [152.]
Than me, than whom, [280.]
That, omission of, when subject, [88.]
when object, [87.]
relative, restrictive, and coördinating, [289], [290.]
that ... and which, [297.]
uses of, [222.]
That, this, as adjectives, [106.]
as adverbs, [186.]
history of plural of, [106.]
The, as article, [120.]
as adverb, [123], [186.]
history of, [119.]
syntax of, [309.]
Their, they, [61.]
Then, "the then king," etc., [116.]
There introductory, [191.]
These kind, syntax of. See Kind.
These, this, those. See That, history of.
Thou, thy, thee, uses of, [61.]
Time, adverbs of, [185], [188.]
conjunctions of, [195.]
prepositions of, [207.]
To, before infinitive, [175.]
in exclamations, [175.]
omitted with certain verbs, [175.]
uses of, as preposition, [217.]
T'other, the tother, [119.]
-Trix, feminine suffix, [33.]
Try and, try to, [330.]
Two first, first two, etc., [308.]
Under, adjective, [114.]
Upon, uses of. See On.
Upper, [114.]
Utter, uttermost, [111], [114.]
Verb phrases, [128.]
parsing of, [180.]
Verbal noun, [20.]
distinguished from other -ing words, [21], [173.]
Verbals, cleft infinitive, [323.]
gerund, [176.]
how to parse, [181.]
infinitive, [174], [248.]
kinds of, [172.]
participle, [172.]
carelessly used, [322.]
uses of, in analysis, [247.]
syntax of, [322.]
Verbs, agreement of, with subject in number, 312-

[316.]
in person, [317.]
auxiliary, [148.]
conjugation of, [149.]
defective, [160.]
definition of, [129.]
how to parse, [179.]
in indirect discourse, [320.]
intransitive, made transitive, [131.]
mood of, [135.]
of incomplete predication, [150], [236.]
passive form, active meaning, [151.]
person and number of, [148.]
retained object with passive, [242.]
strong, definition of, [154.]
remarks on certain, [157.]
table of, [155.]
syntax of, [312.]
tense of, [147.]
sequence of, [319.]
transitive and intransitive, [130.]
voice of, [133.]
weak, definition of, [154.]
spelling of, [169.]
table of irregular, [167.]
Vixen, [33.]
Vocative nominative, [47.]
in analysis, [245.]
Voice, active, [133.]
passive, [134.]
Vowel change, past tense of verbs formed by, [154.]
plural formed by, [39.]
Vulgar English, [12.]
Weak verbs, regular, irregular, [167.]
spelling of, becoming phonetic, [169.]
Went, [159.]
What, uses of, [223.]
but what, [330.]
what a, 105. [126.]
Whereby, whereto, etc., [85.]
Whether, conjunction, [194.]
interrogative pronoun, [72.]
Which, antecedent of, [79.]
as adjective, [104], [105.]
as relative pronoun, [75.]
in indirect questions, [85.]
indefinite relative, [83.]
interrogative pronoun in direct questions, [72.]
syntax of, 295-[299.]
whose, possessive of, [78.]
Who, as relative, [75.]
in direct questions, [72.]
in indirect questions, [85.]
indefinite relative, [83.]
objective, in spoken English, [73.]
referring to animals, [77.]
syntax of, [296], [299.]
Widower, [37.]
Wife, [36.]
Will, would. See Shall.
Witch, wizard, [36.]
With, uses of, [218.]
Woman, [32.]
Words in -ing, [178.]
in -ly, [190.]
Worse, worser, [111.]
Y, plural of nouns ending in. [40.]
Yes in analysis, [246.]
Yon, yonder, [103.]
You, singular and plural, [61.]
Yours, of yours, [64.]
Yourself, yourselves, [70.]