Saalburg, military operations at, ii. 428.
Saale, River, military operations on the, ii. 429-433; iv. [19], [23], [25].
Saar, River, military operations on the, iv. [58].
Sachsen, Gen., leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72.
Sacken, Gen., in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;
checks Schwarzenberg, 369;
reinforces Blücher at Montmirail, iv. [63];
held by Mortier, [74];
battle of Craonne, [78].
St. Aignan, French envoy to Saxon duchies, iv. [42];
imprisoned at Gotha, [42];
conducts negotiations with N., [42], [43], [45].
St. Amand, d'Erlon ordered to move on, iv. [186].
St. André, mayor of Mainz, anecdote concerning N. and, iii. 421.
St. Bartholomew's Day, fears of a repetition of the massacre of, iv. [147].
"St. Bartholomew of privilege," the, i. 110.
St. Bernard range, Austrian watch on the, ii. 170, 171.
See also [Great St. Bernard]; [Little St. Bernard].
Saint-Cannat, N. at, iv. [139].
St. Cloud, proposed councils at, ii. 101-104, 106, 109 et seq.;
Bernadotte plans to head a force at, 109;
Murat commanding guard at, 109;
the 18th and 19th Brumaire at, 111 et seq.; iv. [258];
N. declines a gift of, ii. 244;
promulgation of the decree creating the empire from, 322;
return of N. from Tilsit to, iii. 72;
social vices at, 92;
important levee at, Aug. 15, 1808, 169;
N. and Maria Louisa at, 258;
the imperial court at, 258;
N. returns to, iv. [39], [47].
Saint-Cyr, Elisa Buonaparte educated at, i. 55, 176, 182;
the Academy at, 176, 182.
Saint-Cyr, Carra, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220, 221.
Saint-Cyr, Gen., military successes of, i. 274;
at battle of Biberach, ii. 167;
engagement on the Mettenberg, 168;
fails to come up at Messkirch, 167;
reinforces Moreau at Engen, 167;
enters Naples, 287;
ordered to occupy Naples, 362;
Villeneuve ordered to coöperate with, 371;
at La Junquera, iii. 183.
Saint-Cyr, Gouvion, strength of his corps, March, 1812, iii. 324;
losses of his Bavarian corps in Russia, 337;
Wittgenstein resumes offensive against, 359;
junction with Victor, 360;
checks Wittgenstein, 361;
holds Dresden, iv. [7], [8], [25], [27];
battle of Dresden, [9];
sent to support Vandamme at Kulm, [15];
guarding roads from Bohemia, [18].
St. Denis, tumults at, i. 86;
restoration of the cathedral at, iii. 74;
defense of, iv. [109].
St. Dizier, military movements near, iv. [58], [60], [95];
N. at, [95], [96], [101];
military council at, [103].
St. Florent, N. prepares plans for its defense, i. 91;
French fleet at, 125;
disorders at, 126, 191;
expedition against Ajaccio from, 203-208;
French power in, 207;
English capture of, 260.
St. George, Provera at, i. 414.
St. Gotthard Pass, Suvaroff's disasters in, ii. 141;
French passage of, 169, 172-174;
Austrian watch on, 170.
St. Helena, N.'s will made at, i. 127;
N.'s reminiscent statements made at, 146, 232, 289, 306; ii. 47, 75, 79, 81, 118, 145, 208, 292; 311; iii. 85, 210, 277; iv. [16], [62], [153], [156], [177], [191];
N.'s death at, ii. 82; iv. [234];
N.'s ambition concerning, ii. 289;
early proposition to deport N. to, iv. [145];
chosen as the place of exile, [224]-229;
N.'s objections to the rock, [226];
special form of government for, [227], [229];
the voyage to, [227], [287];
landing of N. at, [229];
topography, climate, etc., [228], [232];
N.'s life on, [229]-235;
violent storm in, [234];
the exile's court at, [288].
Saint-Hilaire, Gen., in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 388;
in Eylau campaign, iii. 15.
St. Ildefonso, the treaties of, ii. 204.
St. Jean d'Acre. See [Acre].
"St. Jerome," Correggio's, i. 374.
St. Julien, Count, blundering negotiations by, ii. 187, 188;
imprisonment of, 188.
St. Lambert, Grouchy ordered to, iv. [190];
Bülow at, [193].
St. Leu, proposal that Louis withdraw to, iii. 276.
St. Mark, actions at, i. 410, 412, 413.
St. Maximin, Lucien Buonaparte in, i. 238.
St. Michael, seizure of, by Masséna, i. 436.
St. Michel, battle of, i. 410.
St. Napoleon, i. 39.
St. Peter, island of, capture, ii. 13.
St. Peter's, Rome, N. claims coronation in, ii. 396.
St. Petersburg, the French envoy dismissed from, ii. 348;
return of the Czar from Tilsit to, iii. 64;
the peace of Europe in, 65;
the French ambassador at, 87;
diplomatic intrigues at, 97;
Alexander fears for, 98;
diplomatic crisis in, 108, 109;
court intrigue in, 115;
terror of the British fleet in, 117;
situation at, 118;
social and diplomatic life in, 166;
Caulaincourt's mission to, 165, 168, 169;
Frederick William III at, 194;
news of the Austrian marriage at, 255;
N. threatens to march to, 304;
Lauriston sent to replace Caulaincourt at, 318;
defense of, 336;
demoralization at, 336;
military enthusiasm in, 337;
founding of the Russian Bible Society in, 351;
England's diplomacy in, 417.
See also [Alexander I]; [Paul I]; [Russia].
St. Pierre, arrest of the Prince of Monaco at, iv. [154].
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, rewards to, for literary work, iii. 297.
St. Priest, Gen., captures Rheims, iv. [80];
killed at Rheims, [82].
St. Quentin, the canal of, ii. 349.
St. Roch, the mêlée at the church of, i. 301-303.
Saint-Ruff, Abbé de, N.'s social relations with, i. 69, 81;
death of, 149.
St. Stephen, attack on, i. 192.
St. Sulpice, banquet to N. in church of, ii. 100, 101.
St. Tropez, N.'s embarkation from, iv. [135], [137], [139];
place of N.'s embarkation changed to Fréjus, [139].
Saladin, founds the military organization of Mamelukes, ii. 58.
Salamanca, Sir John Moore at, iii. 186;
battle of, 290, 377;
defeat of Marmont at, iii. 343.
Salicetti, Christopher, represents Corsica in the National Assembly, i. 116-121;
succeeds Buttafuoco, 133;
influence in Corsica, 185, 197, 204;
plans invasion of Sardinia, 187-189;
arrives in Corsica, 201;
relations with N. and influence on his career, 201, 202, 205-209, 219, 225, 228, 252-257;
adheres to France, 202;
defends the Corsican commission, 205;
arrives in Paris, 207;
heads a commission to Corsica, 219;
in siege of Toulon, 232, 233;
influence in France, 233;
plans expedition to Corsica, 233;
ambition, 238;
blamed for insurrection in Corsica, 254;
seeks his own safety, 254;
influence among the Thermidorians, 254, 255;
friendship with Mme. Permon, 285;
concealed by Mme. Permon, 285, 286;
N.'s address to, 285, 286;
levies forced contributions in Genoa, 345;
plans of the Directory concerning, 364;
rapacity, 376;
duplicity, ii. 109, 110;
gives Genoa a consular constitution, 233.
Salm, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.
Salo, the revolutionary movement in, i. 436;
engagement at, 437, 441.
Salzburg, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;
ceded to Austria, 391;
Lefebvre at, iii. 211;
embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, 239.
Sambre, River, military movements on the, iv. [170], [173]-175, [181].
Sampiero, i. 14;
resemblance to N., 26;
N.'s sketch of, 92.
Sand, George, in Madrid during the war, iii. 292.
San Domingo, influence of Louverture in, ii. 237;
declares its independence, 237;
unsuccessful attempt to conquer, 237;
failure of N.'s ambition concerning, 289;
plan for French recovery of, 333.
Sandoz-Rollin, Prussian minister in Paris, ii. 31.
San Giuliano, military operations at, ii. 178, 179.
San Miniato, the Buonaparte family in, i. 30.
Sansculottes, the, i. 249.
Sansculottides, the, i. 249.
San Sebastian, captured by the French, iii. 132.
Santa Lucia, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333.
Santander, besieged by Bessières, iii. 156.
Santarem, Masséna withdraws toward, iii. 286;
"Marshal Stockpots" deserters at, 291.
Santerre, A. J., leader of the mob of Aug. 10, 1792, i. 178;
favored by N., 178;
N.'s threat against, ii. 108.
"Santissima Trinidad," the, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.
Santon, Mount (Austerlitz), ii. 386, 387.
Saorgio, N. at taking of, i. 255.
Saragossa, siege of, iii. 154-159, 184-186.
Sardinia, weakness of, i. 22;
compared with Corsica, 25;
hostilities between France and, 187-193, 196, 206, 214, 243, 247, 261, 262;
goes to defense of Toulon, 221;
operations in Piedmont, in 1794, 341;
revolutionary spirit in, 345;
signs armistice, 350, 354, 356;
Victor Amadeus, king of, 352;
conclusion of peace with France (1796), 363, 364, 400;
N. opens negotiations with, ii. 11;
provoked by France into Italian quarrels, 87;
N.'s bad faith with, 144;
Russia demands indemnity for the king of, 330, 417-418;
Prussia bound to secure indemnity for king of, 377.
Sardinia, island of, Charles Emmanuel king of, i. 356;
Charles Emmanuel retires to, ii. 39, 141;
Nelson seeks shelter at, 57.
Sart-â-Walhain, Grouchy's movements via, iv. [188], [193].
Sarzana, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27.
Satschan Lake, Russian disasters at, ii. 388.
Saumarez, Sir James, blockades the Russian fleet, iii. 117.
Sauvinières, military movements near, iv. [185].
Savary, Gen., aide-de-camp to N., ii. 306;
share in Duc d'Enghien's trial and execution, 306, 308-310;
mission to Alexander I at Austerlitz, 382, 383;
reports interview of Alexander I with N., 389;
unsavory career, 412;
marries Mlle. de Coigny, 412;
in Eylau campaign, iii. 13;
on N.'s mental and personal vigor, 19;
expels the Russians from the Narew and Ostrolenka, 19;
in battle of Heilsberg, 29;
report of the meeting at Tilsit, 41;
accompanies the Czar to St. Petersburg, 64;
French ambassador to Russia, 98, 105;
influence over the Czar, 64;
disliked in Russia, 64;
created Duke of Rovigo, 86;
mission to Madrid, 142, 143;
recognizes Ferdinand as king, 143;
reproached by Ferdinand, 143;
encourages Ferdinand to rely on N., 143, 144;
accompanies Ferdinand toward Bayonne, 143, 144;
notifies Ferdinand of his deposition, 145;
hatred of, in Paris, 275;
minister of police, 275, 376;
episode of the Malet conspiracy, 376;
provides for time of danger, 51;
records N. correspondence, 97;
alarm for the safety of Paris, 97;
member of the Empress-regent's council, 105;
character, 105;
reproved by N., 107;
Talleyrand to, on the flight of the Empress, 109;
surprises Talleyrand and De Pradt together, 109;
accompanies N. to Rochefort, 219;
negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 223.
Save, River, territory on, ceded to France, iii. 239.
Savigny, F. K. von, characterization of the Code, ii. 223.
Savona, military operations at, i. 253, 352, 353; ii. 160;
imprisonment of Pius VII at, iii. 243, 306.
Savoy, military operations against, in Piedmont, i. 213;
captured by France, 222;
France's ambition to conquer, 276;
France's claims to, 327;
lost to Sardinia, 352;
Kellermann in, 365;
Chabran's forces in, ii. 169;
proposal that France should keep, iv. [41].
Savoy, House of, the, French schemes against, i. 187;
importance of France gaining over, 342;
its system of government, 345;
vicissitudes, 352;
Francis I's hostility to, ii. 141;
loses the support of Paul I, 232;
lineage, 317.
Saxe-Gotha, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;
spread of liberal ideas in, 443.
Saxe-Weimar, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;
spread of liberal ideas in, 443.
Saxony, withdraws from the coalition, i. 385;
neutrality of, 1796, 385;
seizure of the English minister to, ii. 330;
excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine, 403;
proposal to include her in North German Confederation, 418;
reported French advance on, 420;
proposed independence for, 420;
military movements in, 424-425;
alliance with Prussia, 429;
takes part in the Jena campaign, 443;
spread of liberal ideas in, 443;
abandons Prussia and adopts neutrality, 443;
proposed exchange of territories, iii. 50;
united with the Rhine Confederation, 56;
acquires Kottbus, 62;
independence, 73;
the Archduke Charles proposes to march into, 198;
furnishes troops to France, 202;
troops in Dresden, 203, 324;
defeated at Nossen by the Black Legion, 234;
in vassalage to France, 279;
supports N., 322;
the levies in, 387;
peculiar relations toward N., 394;
turns to Austria, 394;
threatened war in, 394;
secret agreement with Austria, 399;
Prussian designs on, 399;
the campaign of 1813 in, 401 et seq.; iv. [1];
strategy of the campaign in, iii. 404;
abandons Austria, 407;
declares in favor of France, 407;
proposed allotment of territory to, 409;
Prussia promises to cede part of, to Hanover, 417;
invaded by Austro-Russian troops, iv. [8];
national spirit in, [19];
revulsion of feeling against France, [20], [22];
refuge of the allies in, [24];
defection of troops at Leipsic, [33];
character of the campaigns in, [38].
Say, J. B., member of the tribunate, ii. 151.
Scandinavia, effort to bring her into the coalition, iii. 22.
Schaffhausen, N. plans operations at, ii. 163.
Scharnhorst, Gen., plan of the Prussian campaign, ii. 427-429;
in battle of Eylau, iii. 16;
institutes military reforms in Prussia, 103, 161;
mission to Vienna, 320;
hostility to N., 396;
limits to his means, 403;
killed at Lützen, 406.
Scheldt, River, the, reopening of, i. 194;
closing the navigation of, 450;
a French river, iii. 270;
scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399.
Schérer, Gen., commanding the Army of Italy, i. 344;
ordered to upper Italy, ii. 88;
driven behind the Mincio and Oglio, 88;
defeated at Magnano, 88;
succeeded by Moreau, 88;
incompetency, 88, 91.
Schill, F. von, N.'s abuse of, iii. 213;
attempts to rouse the German spirit, 213;
final stand and death at Stralsund, 213, 233;
helps insurrection in Westphalia, 225;
denounced by Frederick William, 233.
Schimmelpenninck, R. J., Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic, ii. 233;
represents the Batavian Republic at Amiens, 262;
intrigues to make Louis Buonaparte king of Holland, 397.
Schlapanitz, military operations near, ii. 385.
Schleiermacher, F. E. D., member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416;
influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103.
Schleiz, engagement at, ii. 428.
Schleswig, Denmark's loss of, iii. 70.
Schloditten, military operations near, iii. 14.
Schönbrunn, N. establishes headquarters in palace at (1805), ii. 369, 378; (1809) iii. 212;
interview between N. and Haugwitz at, ii. 399;
treaties of, 417; iii. 241, 244, 252;
N.'s proclamations from, 215;
N. leaves for the Lobau, 226;
Prince Liechtenstein at, 239;
accident to N. near, 240;
attempt to assassinate N. at, 240;
N. returns to Paris from, 245;
virtual imprisonment of Maria Louisa at, iv. [143].
Schrattenthal, Kutusoff at, ii. 379.
Schwarzenberg, Prince, reliance on Peccadeuc, i. 65;
Austrian minister to France, iii. 253;
suggests the marriage of N. and Maria Louisa, 253;
toasts the King of Rome, 261;
commands Austrian contingent in Russian campaign of 1812, 324;
in Volhynia, 338;
holds back Tormassoff, 341;
opposed by Tormassoff and Tchitchagoff, 350;
retreats behind the Bug, 358;
expected to cover the crossing of the Beresina, 363;
driven back, 366;
checked by Sacken, 369;
lukewarmness, 382;
retreats across the Vistula, 385;
evacuates Warsaw, 385;
seeks shelter in Cracow, 393;
held back by Metternich, 395;
commanding the Army of the South, iv. [3];
hampered by presence of the allied sovereigns, [3];
military incapacity, cowardice, and reputation, [6], [64], [69], [89], [90]-94;
N. moves against, [8];
battle of Dresden, [9];
Vandamme's pursuit of, [15];
Murat fails to check, [17];
protects Austria from invasion, [18];
moves on Dresden, [18];
southern movement by, [21];
gets to southward of Leipsic, [22];
Murat ordered to hold, [23];
contemplated attack on, [23];
proposed junction of Blücher and Bernadotte with, [26];
battle of Wachau, [28];
battle of Leipsic, [27]-32;
suggests compromise plan of invasion of France, [57], [58];
at Langres, [58];
crosses the Rhine at Basel, [58];
movement toward Auxerre, [60];
junction with Blücher, [60];
strength, Feb. 9, 1814, [62];
N.'s contemplated movement against, [62]-65;
steady advance of, [65];
crosses Switzerland, [67];
danger of his advancing to Fontainebleau, [72];
sends flag of truce to Berthier, [73];
retreats to Troyes, [73];
quails before N.'s advance, [73];
Macdonald and Oudinot in pursuit of, [73];
checks Oudinot, [73];
strength at Troyes, [74];
withdraws behind the Aube, [74];
justifies his course, [74];
at Bar-sur-Aube, [74];
N. prepares to attack, [74];
at Congress of Châtillon, [77];
Blücher cut off from, [77], [78];
N. plans to attack him at Châlons, [77];
regains communications with Blücher, [80];
moves against Macdonald, [84];
dismayed at the capture of Rheims, [85];
supposed retreat to the Vosges, [86];
engagements at Arcis and Torcy, [87];
sickness, [89], [90];
on the European policy of 1814, [88];
retreats to Troyes, [90];
N. misled by his actions, [90];
apprehensions of N.'s strength, [92];
strength, [92];
battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, [93];
Blücher seeks a junction with, [94];
his communications threatened, [95], [96];
junction with Blücher, [95], [97];
favors movement on Paris, [98];
determines to seek a battle, [98];
proposes to pursue N., [100];
at peace council in Paris, [114];
enters Paris with the allies, [114];
seduces Marmont, [119];
sows treason in the French army, [120];
Marmont reveals his plot to, [125];
plan for the campaign of the Hundred Days, [169].
Schweidnitz, the allied forces near, iii. 413;
N.'s strategy at, 413.
Science, N. advises encouragement of, ii. 347.
Scrivia, River, the, Ott driven back to, ii. 176;
the country of, 176-178.
Sebastiani, Gen. F. H. B., mission to Persia and the Levant, ii. 272-274;
obtains thorough knowledge of the East, ii. 440;
strategy and diplomacy at Constantinople, 20;
end of his influence in Turkey, 33;
defeats a Spanish division, 237;
moves up the Aube, iv. [91];
battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, [92].
Secret police, license vice, iii. 92.
Segovia, French success at, iii. 156.
Ségur, Count, minister to Russia, ii. 324;
appointed master of ceremonies at the Tuileries, 324, 328;
foresees France's discontent, iii. 326;
transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. [132];
plans the ratification of the Additional Act, [166].
Seine, River, the, the quays of, iii. 74;
military movements on the, iv. [65], [69], [71], [73], [85], [90], [104], [112], [116].
Selim III, dismisses viceroys of Moldavia and Wallachia, ii. 441;
moves against Russia, 441;
declares war against England, iii. 20;
overthrow of, 33, 51, 106, 162;
held prisoner in the Seraglio, 162;
murdered by Mustapha IV, 162.
Semaphore, use of, in warfare, iii. 205.
Semlino, disposition of the spoils of Moscow at, iii. 358.
Semonville, Huguet de, envoy to Constantinople, i. 197;
dreads a new Terror, ii. 94.
Sénancour, S. P. de, "Obermann," ii. 351.
Senarmont, Gen., in battle of Friedland, iii. 31.
Senate, the, in 1799; ii. 126, 127, 150-153;
orders deportation of suspects, 241;
subservience to N., 242-244;
new methods of electing to, 247;
enlargement of its powers, 247;
the tool of the First Consul, 320;
steps toward creating the empire, 319-322;
changes in, under the constitution of 1804, 322;
announces the result of the plebiscite, 341;
substitution of a hereditary house for the elective, iii. 82;
its members ennobled, 87;
confirms the divorce, 247;
decrees the annexation of the Papal States, 262;
decadence of constitutional forms in, 295;
speech of Maria Louisa before the, iv. [106];
ordered to draft a new constitution, [114];
absolves the army from allegiance to N., [119];
proclaims Louis XVIII, [129], [132].
Sens, military movements near, iv. [62], [68];
proposal to continue the war from a center at, [103];
N. at, [105];
the French garrison at, [118].
"Sentimental Journey to Nuits," N.'s, i. 146.
September 22, celebration of, ii. 195.
Serfdom, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;
abolished in Warsaw, iii. 67.
Serpalten, military operations near, iii. 14.
Sérurier, Gen., general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345;
at siege of Mantua, 415, 418;
storms Gradisca, 433;
delivers Venice to Austria, ii. 24;
action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;
commanding at the Point-du-Jour, 108;
excites the soldiery at St. Cloud, 116;
recreated marshal, iv. [167].
Serves, N. visits, i. 141.
Servia, the rise of, iv. [300].
Seurre, disorders in, i. 96.
Seventh Regiment of the Line, supports N. on his return from Elba, iv. [156].
Seven Years' War, the, i. 17, 22; iv. [261], [296].
Sextuple Alliance, the, iv. [295].
Seychelles, deportation of suspects to the, ii. 241.
Sézanne, N. at, iv. [61];
Marmont at, [74];
N.'s plan of movement via, [85].
Shebreket, Mameluke attack on the French at, ii. 59;
action at, 61.
Shipping, harassing regulations by France, ii. 269.
Shuvaloff, Count, Russian commissioner at Poischwitz, iii. 414, 417.
Sicily, Ferdinand IV king of, i. 421; iii. 319;
Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, ii. 57;
Nelson returns to, 61;
Joseph made king of, 395, 401;
proposal that the Bourbons retain power in, 401;
N. offers England territory as substitute for, 404, 405;
England demands the surrender of, 405;
withdrawal of English troops from, iii. 111;
proposed French seizure of, 111, 112;
English troops sent to Portugal from, 122;
England threatened with loss of trade with, 272;
English expedition to, 284, 294;
French expedition against, 308.
Siena, Pius VI withdraws to, ii. 39;
position in the French Empire, iii. 279.
Sierra Moreña, defeat of Dupont in, iii. 156.
Sieyès, Abbé, pamphlet of the Third Estate, i. 107, 330;
character, 330, 331; ii. 92;
declines service in the Directory, i. 330, 331;
relations with N., 330, 331; ii. 35, 49, 94, 100-102;
president of the Ancients, 35;
venality, 35;
mission to Berlin, 41;
checkmates Prussia, 43;
charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43;
theories of government, constitution-building, etc., 49, 96, 100-102, 117, 118, 125, 126, 149, 322;
member of the Directory, 83, 92;
relations with Joubert, 92;
schemes for a dictatorship, 94, 95;
suspected of plotting with the House of Brunswick, 95;
brought into the Bonapartist ranks, 96-98;
surrenders his leadership, 100;
proposed resignation of, 101;
scheme to make him consul, 102;
difficulty of holding him in the traces, 102, 103;
resigns from the Directory, 106, 115;
at St. Cloud, 19th Brumaire, 111;
consul of France, 123;
proceedings for election of First Consul, 129;
accepts the estate of Crôsne, 130;
chief of the Senate, 129, 130;
keeper of the Directory's secret funds, 129;
negotiations and intrigues in Prussia, 155, 156;
relations with the Directory, 155;
monarchical schemes for France, 155, 156.
Siguenza, Castaños collects his troops at, iii. 185.
Silesia, wrested from Austria by Prussia, i. 325;
Austria seeks compensation for, 325;
Austria's ambition concerning, ii. 358;
offer of part of, to Austria, ii. 445;
military operations in, iii. 20; iv. [17];
N. offers it to Austria, iii. 22;
N.'s reserve forces in, 22;
Prussia retains her strongholds in, 42;
position in Europe, 55;
remains Prussian, 55, 56;
N. offers to offset the Danubian principalities against, 106-108, 112;
French occupation, 116;
Alexander demands relinquishment of designs on, 116;
Davout ordered to, 165;
Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320;
to be connected with Old Prussia, 398;
Austria rejects N.'s offer of, 400;
the Army of the East in, iv. [3];
contemplated operations in, [7];
military operations in, [17];
strength of her forces under Blücher, [62];
army of, moves on Paris, [98].
Silk culture, introduced into Corsica, i. 80.
Simplon, creation of the department of the, iii. 278.
Simplon Pass, to pass under French control, ii. 40;
the crossing of the, 169, 172;
military road through, 233, 349; iii 74.
Sisteron, N.'s welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. [154].
Slave-trade, revival of the, ii. 236, 237, 245, 269, 270;
England protests against, 270.
Slobozia, armistice concluded at, iii. 105;
treaty of, 163.
Smith, Adam, N.'s study of, i. 78.
Smith, Sir Sidney, captures French transports, ii. 71;
at the siege of Acre, 71, 73;
occupies Jaffa, 75;
watching N. at Alexandria, 79;
allows N. to slip through his fingers, 82;
puts into Cyprus, 82;
concludes treaty at El Arish, 181;
commanding British fleet at Lisbon, iii. 121;
urges Don John to embark for Brazil, 121.
Smohain, the farms of, iv. [195];
fighting at, [206].
Smolensk, N.'s plan to seize, iii. 333;
military movements near, 333, 336-340, 350, 355, 356, 362;
enthusiasm among the Russians at, iii. 338;
strategical position, 338;
battle of, 338-341;
N.'s military blunder at, 340-343;
the shrine at, 339, 343;
compared with Acre, 340;
French garrison in, 342, 358;
concentration of French troops at, iii. 347;
guerrilla warfare around, 350;
arrival of the French army at, in its retreat, 362;
massacre of French stragglers in, 362;
shameful scenes in, 362;
abandonment of wounded at, 363;
the march to Lithuania from, 363;
reorganization of the army at, 363;
destruction of the fortifications of, 363;
Ney's perilous retreat from, 364.
Smorgoni, N.'s desertion of his army at, iii. 373, 375.
Social contract, N.'s views concerning the, i. 77, 267.
Social customs, privileges, etc., i. 100-103;
N.'s study of, 137, 138, 145, 150.
Södermannland, Duke of, attempts the siege of Hameln, ii. 416.
Soignes, fears of Wellington's withdrawal behind, iv. [190];
Wellington's position in front of, [192], [195].
Soissons, Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 257;
Mortier at, iv. [74], [86];
Blücher recruits his forces at, [76];
surrenders to the allies, [77], [83];
French retreat to, [80];
N. at, [80];
the French army leaves, [81].
Sokolnitz, fighting at, ii. 385-388.
Solano, Gen., makes ineffectual movement against the French, iii. 149.
Solothurn, the plundering of, ii. 40.
Solre, Gen. d'Erlon at, iv. [170].
Sombreffe, military movements near, iv. [171], [175]-180.
Somerset, Gen. F. J. H., in battle of Waterloo, iv. [202].
Sommepuis, military movements near, iv. [91].
Sommesous, military movements near, iv. [91].
Somosierra, crossing the pass of, iii. 186.
Sophia Dorothea, wife of Jerome, iii. 322.
Sortlack, Forest of, military movements in the, iii. 30.
Souham, Gen., in battle of Leipsic, iv. [32];
at Nogent, [102];
left in command at Essonnes, [124];
seduced by Marmont, [125];
summoned to Fontainebleau, [126];
delivers his army prisoners to the Austrians, [126], [127].
Soult, Marshal, commanding force at Tarentum, ii. 204;
service in the Army of England, 291;
created marshal, 323;
character, 364; iii. 286;
seizes Memmingen, ii. 366;
reaches Hollabrunn, 379;
battle of Austerlitz, 384-388;
at Münchberg, 428;
battle of Jena, 429-432;
invests Magdeburg, 436;
battle of Pultusk, iii. 4;
strength in Poland, 7;
campaign of Eylau, 15;
at Osterode, 18;
battle of Heilsberg, 28;
pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31;
created Duke of Dalmatia, 86;
yearly income, 87, 296;
movement against Blake, 185;
lack of vigor of movement, 185;
ordered to Mansilla, 188;
entrusted with the pursuit of Moore, 189;
battle of Corunna, 188;
crosses the Esla, 188;
defeated by Wellesley in Portugal, 236;
causes Wellesley to withdraw, 237;
service in Spain, 284;
ordered to Andalusia, 286;
ordered to join Masséna in Portugal, 286;
jealousy of Masséna, 286;
before Cadiz, 286;
fails to relieve Masséna, 286;
defeated in attack on Sir John Moore, 286;
captures Badajoz, 287;
invasion of Portugal (1809), 287;
occupies Oporto, 287;
expelled from Portugal, 287;
failure in Spain, 287;
battle of Talavera, 287;
made commander-in-chief, 287;
bickerings with Joseph, 287;
battle of Ocaña, 287, 288;
aims to win the crown of Portugal, 287, 296;
retreats toward the south coast, 289;
returns to Cadiz, 289;
defeated at Albuera, 289;
marches to relief of Badajoz, 289;
joins Masséna, 289;
marches to Joseph's aid, 290;
abandons Cadiz, 290;
despatched on Pyrenean campaign, 421;
shut up in Bayonne, iv. [40];
thrown back on Toulouse, [81];
strength, March, 1814, [102];
available forces of, [118];
defeat at Toulouse, [148];
appointed minister of war, [148];
revival of imperial sentiment in his army, [157];
opposed to Murat, [157];
recreated marshal, [167];
chief of staff in the Waterloo campaign, [171], [190];
blunder before Charleroi, [173], [174];
cognizant of Blücher's movement to Wavre, [191];
orders to Grouchy, [194], [214];
battle of Waterloo, [204];
on inspiration, [248].
Sound, the, threats to close it to English commerce, iii. 69.
South America, Spanish concessions to France in, ii. 205;
England's commerce with, iii. 55;
England threatens to make Spanish colonies independent, 71.
Spain, affinity with Corsica, i. 9;
Bourbon influence in, 22;
expected enmity of, i. 187;
goes to defense of Toulon, 221;
blockades Mediterranean ports, 239;
N.'s relations with, and attitude toward, 247; ii. 18, 203, et seq., 289, 332, 405; iii. 54, 71, 127, 131, 139, 149, 151, 157, 178, 190, 280 et seq., 293, 307, 319; iv. [30], [52];
growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276;
withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324;
relations and alliances with France, 341, 421; ii. 203-206, 288-290, 332, 349, 358, 359, 371; iii. 78, 120, 132, 190;
N. proposes to hand Rome over to, i. 420;
drives Admiral Mann from the Mediterranean, 421;
destruction of fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 456;
diplomatic offset of Naples against, ii. 18;
war with Portugal, 18;
preparations for action in, 37;
schemes of revolutionary propaganda for, 44;
naval inaction, 67;
low intrigues in, 204;
effect of Marengo in, 204;
Godoy prime minister, 204;
proposed incorporation of Portugal with, 211;
recovers colonies under the peace of Amiens, 262;
exchanges Louisiana for Etruria, 272;
England attacks her commerce, 289;
exasperated over sale of Louisiana, 289;
treaties with France, 289, 332;
loses Trinidad and Louisiana, 332;
war with England, Dec., 1804, 332;
her maritime forces controlled by France, 332;
humiliates Portugal, 332;
naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 374;
N. offers part of her territory to England, 405;
called on for troops by France, iii. 22;
proposal that she acquire Portugal, 67;
attempt to bring her into the coalition, 71;
incapacity of the Bourbons in, 70;
N. encourages dissensions in, 71;
decay and humiliation, 71, 123, 126, 134, 150;
revolt against Godoy, 70;
embargo on English commerce, 72;
the fleet ordered to Toulon, 71;
necessity for the "regulation" of her affairs, 111;
the situation in, 118;
secret compact with France for partition of Portugal, 120;
new title for the king, 120;
plans for invasion of, 120;
scheme to acquire Portugal, 120;
depletion of the army, 123;
depopulation, 124;
corruption, 124;
social life, 124;
degradation of the Church in, 124;
primogeniture and land tenure, 124;
factions of the crown prince and of the prime minister, 125;
N. tempted by her colonies, 127, 133;
arrest of the crown prince, 126;
fortifying the French frontier, 126;
announcement of the crown prince's conspiracy, 127;
the "secret hand" in, 128;
expected regeneration by France, 127;
Dupont ordered to invade, 128;
benefits accruing to England from troubles in, 131;
N. on the intestinal troubles in, 131;
the crown given to Joseph, 131, 150, 169, 280, 318;
French invasion and occupation of, 132-135, 149, 151;
deposition of Godoy from office, 134;
Murat assumes command in, 135;
popular outbreaks, 135, 140;
abdication of Charles IV, 136;
patriotic and national spirit in, 137-141, 151-156, 284, 288, 290; iv. [290];
enthusiasm for Ferdinand VII, iii. 138;
political intrigues in, 139-141;
Murat Protector of, 140;
attitude of the people toward Murat, 141;
deposition of the Bourbons, 145;
Murat appointed dictator, 146;
N. assumes the royal and hereditary rights of the throne of, 148;
Louis refuses the crown of, 148;
military movements in western Spain and on the Baltic, 149;
character of the people, 149-152, 153, 154, 190, 288;
convocation of notables at Bayonne, 149;
adoption of a new constitution, 150, 152;
destruction of her commerce, 152;
lack of centralization in, 151, 152, 374;
guerrilla warfare, iii. 152-155, 190, 291;
influence of the clergy in the rebellion, 154;
French disasters in, 154, 290, 291;
fate of French soldiers in, 155;
French movement against southern, 156;
French pillage in, 158;
national uprising against France, 158, 192;
difficulties of the French campaign in, 157;
offer of the throne to Archduke Charles, 166;
N. returns to, 182;
caliber of the French army in, 183;
N.'s strength in, Nov. 3, 1808, 183, 184;
regular and irregular forces, 184;
N. assumes command in, 184;
lack of military genius in, 185;
Sir John Moore enters, 186;
sympathy between Portugal and, 186;
abolition of the Inquisition and of the feudal system, 189;
N. institutes reforms in, 189;
formation of a liberal constitution for, 191;
N. threatens to assume the crown, 191;
question of annihilating its nationality, 191;
statements as to N.'s leaving, 196;
reinforcements for, 202;
Wellesley prepares for invasion of, 236;
need of prompt action in, 238;
the war in, 249;
the crown offered to Louis and rejected, 270;
England's loss of trade with, 272;
Fouché's offer to restore the Bourbons to, 271;
seizures of American ships in, 275;
annexation of part of, to France, 278;
open warfare in, 282;
seizure of northern provinces of, 282;
"the natural continuation of France," 282;
policy of total annexation, 282;
French rapine in, 282;
policy of military administration for, 282;
quality and strength of the French armies in, 283;
Masséna in command in, 283;
Wellington's provisions for French victories in, 284;
blunders by the insurrectionary leaders, 288;
Wellington enters, 289;
French occupation, close of 1812, 290;
Soult abandons the south of, 290;
discipline of the French army in, 291;
England's expeditions to, 293;
confiscation in, 296;
troops withdrawn from Germany for service in, 307;
N.'s offer of peace in, refused by England, 318;
England to be driven from, 328;
compared with Russia, 374;
French disasters in, 377;
exhaustion of, 382;
recall of commanders from, 386;
treaty with Russia, July, 1812, 391;
in grand coalition against N., 392;
N. offers peace to England in, 392;
Wellington's reverses in, 392;
proposal to restore Bourbon rule, 416;
N. abandons, 420;
Wellington's successes in, 423;
French defeats in, iv. [14];
N. offers to restore the independence of, [30];
rises in support of Wellington, [40];
proposed independence of, [41];
prolongation of the war in, [51];
restoration of the king to, [52];
relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, [52];
adoption of a new constitution, [52];
member of the Vienna coalition, [164];
N.'s dread of capture in, [221].
Spandau, capitulation of, ii. 436;
proposed siege of, iv. [2].
Spartel, Cape, Nelson's fleet off, ii. 372.
Specialist, the work of the, iv. [251].
Speculation, mania for, in France, i. 288, 289; ii. 219.
Spirding, Lake, military movements near, iii. 10.
Splüglen Pass, proposed movement of the reserve army via, ii. 169;
crossed by Macdonald, 192.
Spree, River, military movements on the, iii. 407, 409; iv. [14].
Stadion, Count, Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381;
Austrian minister of state, iii. 21, 104, 194, 199;
letter from Metternich, July 26, 1807, 104;
urges prompt action, 199;
resigns, 253;
mission to the allies' camp, 408.
Staël, Mme. de, relations with, enmity toward, and criticisms of N., ii. 22, 119, 139, 197, 199, 259; iii. 94, 297-301;
procures revocation of Talleyrand's exile, ii. 34;
N.'s study of her writings, 53;
"Influence of the Passions," 53;
on liberty in France, 119;
her salon, 199;
her character, 259; iii. 297-301;
banishments of, ii. 411;
relations with Mme. Récamier, ii. 411, 412;
returns to Paris, iii. 26;
ordered back to Geneva, 26;
at Coppet, 298;
difficulties with the Directory, 298;
criticizes Josephine Beauharnais, 298;
difficulties with the Committee of Public Safety, 298;
poverty, 299;
her book on Germany, 300.
Stage, censorship of the, ii. 349.
Standing armies, i. 67.
Staps, attempts to assassinate N., iii. 240.
Starhemberg, Count, Austrian ambassador to London, iii, 104;
leaves London, 104.
Starsiedel, fighting at, iii, 406.
State, N.'s conceptions of the, i. 78.
State system, the, iv. [298].
States of the Church, Pius VII strives to augment the, ii. 346.
Steffens, Prof., summons German students into the ranks, iii. 398.
Stein, Baron H. F. C., Prussian statesman, ii. 415; iii. 103;
frees the serfs, 103;
introduces military reforms in Prussia, 162;
resigns his ministry, 162;
N. demands his dismissal, 162, 178;
seeks refuge in Vienna, 178;
exile from Prussia, 193;
effect of his reforms, 320;
adviser to Alexander I, 351;
reorganizes Prussian provinces, 385;
formulates the treaty of Kalish, 385;
relations with Alexander, 385, 396;
hostility to N., 397; iv. [57], [67];
joins Frederick William at Breslau, iii. 396;
on the unification of Germany, 397;
character, 397;
leading part in Prussia's awakening, 398;
prepares to govern the conquered territories, iv. [34].
Sterling, Adm., naval operations of, ii. 359.
Stettin, capitulation of, ii. 436;
Davout's force in, 202;
proposed French movement on, 393;
held by the French, 402;
relief of the French in, iv. [2].
Stewart, Sir Charles, English minister at Berlin, iii. 417;
influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417.
Steyer, armistice signed at, ii. 192.
Stockach, battle of, ii. 88;
captured by Lecourbe, 166.
Stockholm, installation of Bernadotte at, iii. 281.
"Stockpot, Marshal," iii. 291.
Stötteritz, fighting at, iv. [33].
Strabo, N.'s study of, i. 78.
Stradella, Desaix commanding corps at, ii. 177;
fortified camp at, 175;
military operations near, 185.
Stralsund, threatened by Mortier iii., 19;
Schill's final stand at, 213, 234;
capture of, 234.
Strasburg, Moreau's army at, i. 347;
Moreau and Desaix cross the Rhine near, 440;
retirement of Cardinal Rohan from, ii. 301;
imprisonment of Duc d'Enghien at, 304, 305;
French expeditions to, 304; iii. 203;
Caulaincourt's mission to, 107;
Maria Louisa's progress through, 257;
Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, iv. [95], [96];
sends troops to relief of Paris, [102].
Strebersdorf, military operations near, iii. 217, 218.
Street of Peace, the, iii. 74.
Street of Rivoli, the, iii. 74.
Strehla, fighting near, iv. [9].
Striefen, fighting near, iv. [9].
Striegau, Blücher at, iv. [3], [6].
Stuart, British envoy to Vienna, ii. 302.
"Study in Politics, A," projected by N., i. 289.
Studjenka, the passage of the Beresina at, iii. 368-371.
Stura, River, the, Masséna's advance through valley of, i. 243;
Austrian force on, ii. 170.
Stuttgart, Bourrienne in diplomacy at, i. 174;
machinations of Méhée de la Touche in, ii. 297, 298;
expulsion of the English envoy at, 330.
Styria, junction of Austrian troops in. ii. 367;
Prince Eugène in, iii. 225;
Archduke John banished to, 230.
Suchet, Marshal Louis-Gabriel, retreat before Melas, ii. 165;
expected to attack Melas, 170;
military operations on the Var, 174;
pursues the Russians, 378;
battle of Austerlitz, 387;
service in Spain, iii. 283;
annihilates Blake's Spanish army, 289;
captures Aragon and Valencia, 289;
captures Tarragona, 377;
contrasted with Augereau, iv. [94];
strength, March, 1814, [102];
available forces of, [118].
Sucy, N.'s letters to, i. 165;
prophesies as to N.'s future, ii. 28.
Suez, Isthmus of, importance of, ii. 46.
Suez Canal, suggested by D'Argenson, ii. 46.
Suicide, N.'s views concerning, and his attempts to commit, i. 80, 81; ii. 75; iv. [130], [131], [217], [232], [287].
Sunday, resumption of its observance, ii. 258.
"Supper of Beaucaire," the, i. 212-221, 286.
Survilliers, Comte de. See [Buonaparte, Joseph].
Suvaroff, Gen. A. V., defeats Macdonald on the Trebbia, ii. 92;
holds Piedmont, 141;
driven by Masséna to Bavaria, 142;
disasters in the Alps, 141.
Swabia, treaty with France (1796), i. 450;
demonstrations of emigrants in, ii. 307;
withdrawal of Austrian troops from, 311;
French occupation of, 405.
Sweden, excluded from Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27;
joins the "armed neutrality," 194;
N.'s hatred for the royal house of, 416;
Joachim I's aspirations to the crown of, 416;
Prussia recommended to go to war with, 420;
member of the coalition, iii. 20;
held back by Mortier, 19;
internal dissensions, 35;
neutrality of, 46;
failure of commercial negotiations with England, 49;
proposed commercial war against England, 55;
virtual dependence on France, 66;
English regulations concerning American trade with, 100, 101;
supposed assistance from England to, 113;
N. hints at rectification of her boundaries, 113;
proposed Russian invasion of, 113;
makes obstinate resistance in Finland, 117;
failure of the demonstration against, 159;
Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 165;
N. promises to restore Pomerania to, 268;
promises to exclude British commerce, 267;
treaty with Russia, Sept. 17, 1809, 268;
cedes Finland to Russia, 268, 281;
Frederick VI hopes to acquire, 280;
N.'s ambitions concerning, 280;
accession of Charles XIII, 280;
selection of Bernadotte as heir to the throne, 280;
abdication of Gustavus IV, 280;
Mme. de Staël in, 299;
Alexander offers Norway to, 314, 321, 350;
Russia opens negotiations with, 316;
demands and acquires a liberal constitution, 317;
eagerness to escape from French protection, 318;
N. offers Finland to, 321;
bids for her alliance by France and Russia, 320, 321;
Davout occupies Pomerania, 321;
treaty with Russia, April 12, 1812, 321;
Alexander demands better terms for, 329;
in grand coalition against N. (1813), 392;
Metternich seeks to embroil Russia and, 395;
subsidized by England, 399;
ambition to secure Norway, 399;
N. attempts to win over, 399;
evacuates Hamburg, 407;
commercial agreement with England, 424;
inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424;
Bernadotte seeks to annex Norway to, iv. [55];
struggle with Norway, [164];
member of the Vienna coalition, [164].
Swiss Guard, at the Tuileries, i. 299.
Switzerland, republican schemes and revolutionary movements in, i. 329; ii. 27, 40;
N.'s schemes and influence in, i. 448; ii. 12, 144, 233, 234;
French plundering of, 40;
organization of the Helvetian Republic, 86;
Masséna ordered to command in, 87;
Russian military operations in, 91-93;
Berthier commanding in, 140;
Masséna's successes in, 140;
Masséna makes a forced levy in, 153;
falls into French hands, 164, 234, 281;
Kray's retreat via, cut off, 166;
jealousy of Piedmont, 233;
factions in, 234;
adoption of the name, 234;
neutrality of, 234;
the Act of Mediation, 234;
furnishes contingents to N.'s armies, 234; iii. 3, 20, 323;
occupied by Ney, ii. 272;
lends aid to France in 1803, 289;
independence of, 354;
N.'s claim to, 354;
Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377;
Mme. de Staël banished to, 411;
relations of France with, iii. 54, 73;
Valais separated from, 278;
violation of her neutrality by the allies, iv. [56], [57], [66], [67];
fails to support the Emperor, [57], [59];
reported rising in, [88];
Jerome and Joseph take refuge in, [135].
Syria, Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition off the coast of, ii. 57;
N.'s schemes of conquest in, 61, 62;
Turkish movements in, 68-70;
the French advance into, 68, 69.
Szuczyn, Russian retreat to, iii, 8.
T
Tabor, Mount, battle near, ii. 72.
Tabor Bridge, Murat crosses the, ii. 368.
Tacticus, N.'s references to, ii. 235.
Tactics and strategy, the lessons of Austerlitz, ii. 391, 392.
Tafalla, Moncey at, iii. 183.
Tagliamento, River, military operations on the, i. 430-432.
Tagus, River, the, British fleet in, iii. 121;
French attempt to capture the fleet in, 121;
Dupont holds, 156;
the lines of Torres Vedras, 285;
military operations on, 285.
Taine, H. A., on the Napoleonic régime, iv. [294].
Talavera, battle of, iii. 236, 284, 287.
Talleyrand, Prince, minister of foreign affairs, ii. 17, 34, 35, 130, 153, 323;
relations with and views on N., ii. 17, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33-35, 96, 97; iii. 81, 94-96, 133, 151, 168, 175, 179, 301; iv. [165], [233];
attempts to force N.'s hand, ii. 23;
relations with Mme. du Barry, 33;
expelled from England, 33;
Mirabeau's opinion of, 33;
relations with the Directory, 34;
career, 33-35;
system of national education, 33, 225-227;
charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43;
member of the Institute, 47;
advocates seizure of Egypt, 47, 48;
intrigue with N., Barras, and Sieyès for a new constitution, 49;
ascribes the Egyptian expedition to N., 51;
proposed mission to Constantinople, 66;
dreads a new Terror, 94;
critical moment in his house, before the 18th Brumaire, 103;
influence on Barras, 107;
Bourbon sympathies of, 122;
N. proposes a constitution to, 126;
offers peace to Portugal, 154;
monarchical views of, 158;
discusses possibility of N.'s death, 186;
negotiations with Count St. Julien, 188;
negotiations with Cobenzl, 189;
demands bribes from American envoys, 212;
the Pope's ban removed from, 216;
carves up German principalities, 265;
demands to know England's intentions concerning Malta, 273;
Lord Whitworth's utterances to, 284;
his explanation of the scene of March 13, 1803, 284;
urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304;
notifies Baden of the seizure of Duc d'Enghien, 308;
charged with suppressing despatches, 306;
Josephine's dread of, 308;
blamed by N. for the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 311; iii. 198;
murder of the Duc d'Enghien sits lightly on, ii. 312;
Grand Chamberlain, 324;
attitude of Pius VII toward, 326;
excommunication taken off from, 326;
replies to Russia's demands, 330;
diplomatic replies to Pius VII, 346;
at Vienna, 382;
created Prince of Benevento, 396; iii. 94, 279;
negotiations with Lord Yarmouth, ii. 400, 401;
bribed by German princes, 403;
on the proposed North German Confederation, 420;
at Tilsit, iii. 49, 53;
warns N. against Queen Louisa's fascinations, 60;
author of treaty of Tilsit, 60;
Queen Louisa's sarcasm to, 61;
showy character of his diplomacy, 65;
responsibility for the treaty of Tilsit, 72;
advocates support of the Emperor, 80;
conversations with Mme. de Rémusat, 80;
on the discords in the imperial court, 94;
resigns from the ministry, 94, 96;
salary, 96;
his influence on the wane, 96;
Vice-Grand Elector, 96; iv. [106];
policy after Austerlitz, iii. 125;
favors Ferdinand VII, 125;
resumes active diplomacy, 133;
negotiations with Izquierdo, 133;
at Bayonne, 145;
estimate of Ferdinand VII, 145;
constituted custodian of Ferdinand VII, 148, 169;
stinging rebuke addressed to N. by, 151;
prepares to return to public life, 169;
acts in the interests of Austria, 171, 178;
at the Erfurt conference, 171, 178-181;
ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181;
his treachery read by N., 197;
blamed by N. for the Spanish failure, 197;
member of extraordinary council on N.'s second marriage, 254;
on the natural extensions of France, 282;
meeting of N. and Mme. de Staël at house of, 298;
pecuniary losses, 301;
on the aims of the coalition of 1813, 400;
spreads alarming reports, iv. [51];
on the Spanish situation, [51], [52];
royalist intrigues of, [51], [106], [107], [113];
member of the Empress-regent's council, [106];
Murat's and Lannes's characterizations of, [107];
desires a violent death for the Emperor, [107];
opposes the departure of the Empress from Paris, [107];
N.'s knowledge of his duplicity, [107], [108];
on the Empress's flight from Paris, [108];
Dalberg's characterization of, [107], [108];
simulated flight from Paris, [112];
interview with Prince Orloff, [112];
sends a "blank check" to Alexander, [113];
at peace council in Paris, [114];
gives adherence to Louis XVIII, [113];
negotiates with Nesselrode, [113];
member of the executive commission, [114];
learns of Marmont's defection, [125];
remonstrates with Alexander against the regency, [125];
suspected complicity in plots to assassinate N., [138];
negotiates secret treaty between France, England, and Austria, [145];
influence at the Congress of Vienna, [144], [145];
double intrigues of, [148], [149], [153];
ignores Russian and English protests, [153];
attainted, [157];
N. appeals to, [165];
at Carlsbad, [224];
returns to Paris, [224];
reception by Louis XVIII, [224];
resumes active functions, [224];
on the secret of empire, [250];
his value in European politics, [251];
correspondence with—
French, ambassador at London, ii. 284;
Grenville, Lord, 143;
Napoleon, 34, 49, 361; iii. 18, 117;
Nesselrode, Count, iv. [106];
character: ambition, iii. 96; iv. [106];
brilliancy, ii. 33; iii. 65;
capacity for intrigue, ii. 49, 130; iv. [51], [106], [108], [112], [148], [153];
diplomatic and political ability, ii. 33, 131, 346; iii. 65, 95, 133;
duplicity, ii. 33-35, 130-132; iv. [107];
gaming passion, ii. 33;
greed 131;
learning, 33;
licentiousness, 33, 131;
self-interest, iii. 193, 197, 253, 381;
treachery, 193, 197; iv. [106];
unscrupulousness, ii. 33, 35, 212; iv. [107], [138];
venality, ii. 34, 131, 265, 390, 391, 403; iii. 81, 94, 125; iv. [251];
versatility, ii. 33.
Talleyrand, Mme., Pius VII refuses to receive, ii. 326.
Tallien, J. L., opposes Robespierre, i. 251;
social life in Paris, 290;
influence for N., 296;
favors appointment of N. as Convention general, 299;
marriage, 315.
Tallien, Mme., "the goddess of Thermidor," i. 290;
N.'s social intercourse with, 291;
matrimonial experiences, 315.
Talma, F. J., i. 319;
accompanies N. to Erfurt, iii. 174;
N.'s intimacy with, iv. [250].
Tanaro, N. at taking of, i. 255.
Tanaro, River, the country of the, ii. 178.
Taranto, embargo on, ii. 287;
creation of hereditary duchy of, 396;
Macdonald created Duke of, iii. 86.
See also [Macdonald].
Tarentum, Soult's force at, ii. 204.
Tarragona, captured by Suchet, iii. 377.
Tarutino, Kutusoff takes position at, iii. 350.
Tarvis, capture of, i. 433.
Tatars, characteristics of the, iii. 9.
Tatary, N. studies the history of, i. 95.
Tauenzien, Gen., battle of Dennewitz, iv. [18];
during the Waterloo campaign, [172].
Tauroggen, Convention of, iii. 385, 395.
Taxation, Necker's problems of, i. 98;
exemption of privileged classes from, 98, 100, 105;
conditions of, at outbreak of the Revolution, 101-106;
the stamp tax, 106;
the land-tax, 105, 106;
outbreak against, at Auxonne, 111;
demand for equality of, in Corsica, 116, 117;
reform of the system of, ii. 134, 220.
Tchitchagoff, Adm., joins Tormassoff, iii. 350;
pursuit of the French army by, 358, 366, 383;
hopes of capturing N., 367;
description of N., 367;
captures Borrissoff, 367, 368;
driven out of Borrissoff, 368;
at the crossing of the Beresina, 370;
blamed by Kutusoff and Wittgenstein, 374, 375;
bad generalship of, 375, 383.
Tchernicheff, Gen., commanding Army of the North, iv. [2].
Telnitz, fighting at, ii. 385, 386.
"Templars, The," by Raynouard, ii. 350.
Temple, the, the royal family imprisoned in the, i. 175.
Tenda Pass, captured by the French, i. 243, 256;
N.'s entertainment for Mme. Turreau at, 256.
Teplitz, Louis's flight to, iii. 276;
Bennigsen reaches, iv. [22].
Terror, the, i. 250-252, 266, 272, 314, 333; iv. [262];
fears of a revival of, ii. 92.
Terrorists, the, growing influence of, ii. 93;
assassination schemes among, 239.
Testamentary rights, under the Code, ii. 224.
Tettenborn, Gen., relieves Hamburg, iii. 402.
Texel, the, Marmont ordered to Mainz from, ii. 362.
Thann, battle of, iii. 210.
Tharandt, Klenau's march to Dresden from, iv. [10].
Themistocles, his refuge with the Persians, iv. [227];
N. draws parallel between his case and that of, [227].
Thermidorians, the, i. 252;
prominent members of, 254;
adopt Roman systems, 269, 270, 271;
establish the Directory, 271;
anger the people of Paris, 273.
Thielemann, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, iv. [172];
at Wavre, [194].
Third Coalition, the, ii. 354 et seq.;
Prussia induced to join, 376, 377;
rout of the allies at Austerlitz, 388;
destruction of its strength and morale, 388.
Third Estate, the, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101;
constitution of, 108;
assumes to represent the nation, 108;
forces a junction with the two upper Estates, 108;
Sieyès's pamphlet on the, 107;
N.'s care for, iv. [258], [261].
Third Republic, the constitution of the, i. 267.
Thirty Years' War, Richelieu's policy at close of the, ii. 264.
Thomé, alleges attempt to stab N., ii. 116.
Thonberg, N. at, iv. [32].
Thorn, siege of, iii. 2;
French occupation of, 12;
military movements near, 13;
N. in, 331;
French military stores in, 333.
Thought, influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46.
Thouvenot, Gen., service in Spain, iii. 283.
Three Emperors, Fight of the, ii. 391.
Thugut, Count, greed for territorial aggrandizement, i. 325;
determines on Italian conquest, 425, 426;
opens negotiations at Leoben, 436;
warns Gen. Clarke to keep away from Vienna, 452; ii. 42;
not deceived by treaty of Campo Formio, 22;
Paul I demands his dismissal, 142;
repudiates St. Julien's negotiations, 188;
overthrow of, 189.
Thuin, military operations at, iv. [173].
Thuméry, Marquis of, suspected of plotting against N., ii. 303.
Thuringia, military movements in, ii. 427.
Tiber, River, military operations on the, i. 421.
Ticino, River, military operations on the, i. 358; ii. 173.
Tierney, G., on England's attitude toward France, ii. 144.
Tilly, Count, N.'s letter to, Aug. 7, 1794, i. 253.
Tilsit, Bennigsen crosses the Niemen at, iii. 31;
meeting of the Emperors at, 34-65, 93;
treaty of, 34, 35, 54, 60, 63-66, 69, 72, 95, 97, 99, 104-110, 116-120, 132, 166-172, 177, 245, 248, 255, 265, 294, 304, 309, 313, 314, 328;
neutralization of, 42;
reasons leading to the peace of, 44 et seq.;
Queen Louisa at, 44, 57-62;
French representatives at, 49;
fraternizing of Russia and France at, 49-53;
decoration of the Russian grenadier at, 63;
N.'s position at, 179;
Macdonald reaches, 384.
"Times," the (London), on the allies' capture of Paris, iv. [108].
Tissot, Dr., N.'s letter to, i. 84.
Tobacco, establishment of state monopoly in, iii. 304.
Toledo, Dupont's forces near, iii. 156.
Tolentino, treaty of, i. 350, 421; ii. 326.
Toll, Gen., meets Alexander I after Austerlitz, ii. 388;
proposes concentration of the allied forces, iv. [89];
advises movement on Paris, [98].
Tolosa, French forces at, iii. 183.
Tolstoi, Gen., See [Ostermann-Tolstoi].
Torbay, the "Bellerophon" at, iv. [221], [226].
Torcy, battle at, iv. [86];
military operations at, [90].
Torgau, Saxon troops withdrawn from, iii. 407;
French occupation of, iv. [2];
Ney driven into, [19];
battle of, [267].
Tormassoff, Gen., confronted by Schwarzenberg, iii. 342;
joined by Tchitchagoff, 351.
Torres Vedras, the lines of, iii. 285.
Tortona, surrendered to France, i. 355;
N. at, 453;
scheme to relieve Masséna via, ii. 169;
the key of Genoa, 172;
topography of the country, 177, 178;
the Consular Guard at, 178.
Tortugas, the, death of Leclerc in, ii. 237.
Touche, Méhée de la, contrives Moreau's ruin, ii. 296-298;
English plots with, 330.
Toulon, the recovery of, for the Convention, i. 148;
military and naval preparations at, 187, 220, 221, 261; ii. 40, 47, 57, 332;
return of the Sardinian expedition to, i. 198;
anarchy in, 207, 213;
the Buonapartes in, 212;
the Buonapartes driven from, 216;
siege of, 220, 233, 289;
Marseilles refugees at, 221;
Lord Hood's seizure at, 221;
the "treason" of, 221-223;
N. at, 223, 240, 255, 257, 289, 307;
N.'s plans for capture of, 230;
N. seeks mercy for rebels at, 233;
the National Convention's vengeance on, 233, 234;
massacres in, 234;
British occupation of, 239;
recapture of, 249;
news of the Terror in, 251;
English fleet driven from, 260;
the Corsican expedition leaves, 262;
N. at siege of, 289;
forced military loans in, 345;
departure of Egyptian expedition from, ii. 52-56;
Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, 57;
N. sails from Alexandria for, 82;
failure of Villeneuve's expedition from, 333;
N. orders the Spanish fleet to, iii. 71.
Toulouse, Soult thrown back on, iv. [81];
defeat of Soult at, [147].
Tournon, the Chamberlain de, mission to Spain, iii. 128.
Tours, the French garrison at, iv. [118].
Trachenberg, military council at, iv. [6].
Trade, condition at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101.
Trafalgar, N.'s reception of the news of, ii. 334;
battle of, 373-376; iii. 47;
effect in France, ii. 394;
N.'s reply to, ii. 441;
the lesson of, 264.
Trannes, military movements near, iv. [60], [89].
Transpadane Republic, the, i. 367, 400, 402, 428;
question of a constitution for the, ii. 10.
Trasimenus, creation of the department of, iii. 262, 263.
Traun, River, military movements on the, iii. 211.
Treaties, the value of, iv. [263].
For specific treaties see the names of parties signatory (countries or rulers) and of the places at which signed.
Trebbia, River, French disasters on the, ii. 83, 92.
Treilhard, M., member of the Directory, ii. 92.
Trent, military operations near, i. 384, 409, 414;
abandoned by Vaubois, 387;
Brune advances to, ii. 192;
apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, 266;
ceded to Bavaria, 391.
Treuenbrietzen, Prussian pursuit of Oudinot to, iv. [14].
Treviso, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
Mortier created Duke of, iii. 86
(see also [Mortier]);
the Buonaparte family princes of, iv. [44].
Trianon, N. retires to, after the divorce, iii, 257;
the imperial court at, 301.
Trianon Decree, the, iii. 279.
Tribunate, the, ii. 126, 150-153;
constitution of, 241;
opposition to N. in, 242, 243;
secret sessions of, 247;
new method of electing to, 247;
form of addressing the First Consul in, 293;
Carnot remonstrates in, against adulation of N., 295;
independence of, 320;
initiates the imperial movement, 321;
condition under the imperial constitution of 1804, 322;
destruction of, iii. 82;
compared with the English Parliament, 83;
its functions, 83.
Tricolor, Louis XVI, adopts the, i. 109;
N.'s scheme to unfurl, in Corsica, 122;
insult to, in Naples, 192.
Triest, N. threatens to seize, i. 404;
seized by N., 434;
reoccupied by Austria, 435;
rise of, 447;
importations of English goods at, iii. 165;
ceded to France, 239;
England's loss of trade with, 272;
basis of possible Oriental operations, 331;
French occupation of, 423;
N. offers the city to Austria, 424.
Trinidad, retained by England, ii. 211, 262;
ceded to England, 332.
Triple Alliance, the, iv. [21], [76], [295].
Triumphal Arch, Paris, erection of the, iii. 74.
Tronchet, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222.
Troyes, recall of the Parliament to Paris from, i. 106;
battle of, iv. [60];
military movements near, [60], [68], [72]-76, [86], [88]-91, [95], [104], [105].
Truchsess-Waldburg, Count, Prussian commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. [134];
N.'s attitude toward, [134];
allegations concerning N.'s physical ailments, [139], [168].
Tudela, French success at, iii. 156;
scheme of operations at, 158;
Spanish forces near, 184, 185.
Tuileries, the, the mob at, i. 176;
the carnage at, 178;
Robespierre orders the destruction of, 251;
storming of, Aug. 10, 1702, 273;
defense of, 299-303;
N. at, on the 18th Brumaire, ii. 105, 106;
Lannes's guard at, 108;
decoration of, 147;
rechristened "the palace of the government," 147;
N. takes possession of, 148;
residence of the Buonapartes at, 195, 196;
social functions at, 255, 256, 279, 327-328, 406;
consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280;
N.'s interview with Lord Whitworth at, Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282;
scene between Whitworth and N., March 13, 1803, 281, 282;
the imperial court at, 324, 326-328;
refurnishing the, iii, 25;
social vices at, 92;
N. at, 110;
the divorce scandal in, 180;
the divorce decree pronounced in, 247;
imperial family life at, 323, 381;
depository of the Emperor's funds, 366, 389; iv. [50], [141];
the officers of the National Guard summoned to, [53];
flight of the Empress from, [109];
changes in the court at, [148];
N. reënters, [158];
struggle between royalists and imperialists at, [158];
loneliness of, [159].
Turas, military operations near, ii. 385.
Turenne, Marshal, military genius, i. 348;
N. compared with, 348, 349;
N.'s analysis of the wars of, iv. [232], [266].
Turin, military operations around, i. 353, 354;
N.'s influence in, 448;
Gen. Clarke's mission to, 452;
N. in, ii. 27;
revolutionary movements in, 39;
Bonapartist agency in, 89;
Charles Emmanuel IV invited to return to, 141;
Melas hastens to, 170, 174;
topography of country near, 178;
sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.
Turkey, N. studies the history of, i. 95;
seeks to organize its armies, 292;
France seeks alliance with, 293;
N.'s plans for service in, 292, 296-298;
Austria's gaze on, 325;
N.'s eye on, 424;
France's influence on, 424;
disaffection in, ii. 17;
schemes for the dismemberment of, 16, 18, 33, 42, 44, 382, 405; iii. 37, 51, 55, 99, 105-114, 165, 169, 176, 245, 311, 313, 316;
France's justification of Egyptian schemes to, ii. 47;
N. seeks alliance with, 48;
refuses alliance with France, 67;
negotiations and alliances with Russia, 67, 72; iii. 51, 56, 99, 105, 322; 350;
alliance with Russia and Austria, 56;
military activity, 1799, 74;
joins the second coalition, ii. 90, 93;
checked by Franco-Russian treaty of peace (1800), 154;
defeat of, at Heliopolis, 181;
Egypt restored to, 211;
treaty between France and (1801), 211;
integrity of her boundaries, 262;
suzerainty over Ionia and Egypt, 262;
N. on her policy, 347;
source of discord between France and Russia, 417;
Oubril undertakes to guarantee her integrity, 417;
N. resolves to assert supremacy over, ii. 441;
military operations on the Dniester, 441;
N.'s scheme of protectorate over, 441;
hostilities with Russia, iii. 1, 163, 236, 248, 310;
declares war against England, 20;
N. arranges a treaty between Persia and, 20, 21;
Austria espouses the cause of, 22;
overthrow of Selim III, 33, 51, 106, 163;
revolt of the Janizaries, 33;
alliance with France, 33;
end of Sebastiani's influence in, 33;
Russian acquisitions in, 64;
French influence in, 99;
N. intervenes between Russia and, 100;
terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105;
Russia's ambition to acquire territory of, 108;
usurpation of Mustapha, iv, [162];
threatened anarchy in, [163];
reform in, [163];
threatened loss of French prestige in, [163];
accession of Mahmud II, [163];
Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, [166];
N. fears her alliance with Russia or England, [177];
England's trade under the flag of, [280];
Russian designs against, [309];
Austria seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of, [316];
pivotal in European politics, [318];
N. endeavors to form alliance with, [322];
in grand coalition against N. (1813), [392];
European support of, iv. [295];
N.'s influence on modern, [300].
Turreau, Gen., at Mont Cenis Pass, ii. 170;
crosses Mont Cenis, 172.
Turreau, Mme., N.'s ghastly entertainment for, i. 256.
Tuscany, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27-29;
favors the French Revolution, 262;
peace between France and, 262;
withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324;
military operations against, 357-421;
French proposition to revolutionize, 373;
treaty with France, Jan. 11, 1797, 410;
plunder of, ii. 16;
involved in Italian quarrels, 87;
France acquires temporary possession of, 87;
N.'s bad faith with, 144;
Austrian occupation of, 160, 170, 182;
reinforcements for Melas from, 170;
creation of kingdom of, 205;
British ships driven from harbors of, 287;
the situation in, iii. 118;
ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, 264;
Elisa created Grand Duchess of, 279.
See also [Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa].
Tuscany, the Grand Duke of, i. 345;
flees to Vienna, ii, 87;
loses his territory, 193;
territories acquired by, 266.
Tutschkoff, Gen., in battle of Eylau, iii. 15.
Twelfth Light Dragoons, at the battle of Waterloo, iv. [211].
Two-Cent Revolt, the, i. 79.
Two Sicilies, the, i. 421.
Tyrol, the, the road to Vienna through, i. 342;
military operations in, 371-373, 383-387, 392, 414, 431, 433-436; ii. 367, 380; iii. 201, 212, 213, 234;
N.'s unsuccessful attempt to conciliate its people, i. 385;
loyalty to Austria, 409;
the insurrection in, 436;
Kray's retreat to, cut off, ii. 166;
Iller commanding in the, 188;
Soult cuts off the Austrian retreat to, 366;
Ney sweeps the Austrians from, 380;
N. threatens to seize, 389;
ceded by Austria to Bavaria, 391;
insurrection ripe in, iii. 195;
Archduke John to excite revolt in, 199;
rising against Bavarian rule, 201;
repression of priestly tyranny in, 201;
revolution against bondage in, 201;
characteristics of its people, 201;
Maximilian's reforms in, 201;
guerrilla warfare in, 210, 234;
abandoned by Archduke John, 211;
its people abused by N., 213;
French evacuation of, 225;
rising in, 234;
French invasion of, 241;
effects of the armistice of Znaim, 241;
reduced to submission, 241;
amnesty offered by Prince Eugène, 241;
opened to the allies, iv. [56].
U
Ucciani, N.'s escape to, i. 203.
Udine, congress at, ii. 20.
Ulm, Austrian retreat to, ii. 168;
Austrian troops in sight of, 363;
the French at, 363-365;
the capitulation at, 366, 367;
concentration of troops in, iii. 203.
"Undaunted," the, N. sails for Elba on, iv. [140].
United Irishmen, misunderstanding between the Directory and the, ii. 67.
United States, the, constitutional government in, i. 152;
the French idea of the system of government in, 269;
Talleyrand's residence in, ii. 33;
Talleyrand's views on, 33, 34;
mission concerning protection of commerce, 34;
treaty of commerce with England, 1794, 212;
arrogance of the Directory toward, 211, 212;
imbroglio with France, 212;
suspension of diplomatic relations with France, 212;
commercial convention with France, 212;
neutrality declaration, 1793, 212;
Jerome Buonaparte's residence in, 257;
events leading to the war of 1812, 288, 289; iii. 274;
purchases Louisiana, ii. 289, 332; iv. [300];
N.'s relations with, and influence on, ii. 289; iii. 101, 275; iv. [300];
Carnot's comparison of France with, ii. 321;
Moreau's banishment to, 299;
commercial rivalry with England, iii. 46;
British claim of right of search, 47, 48;
effect of British "orders in council" upon, 47;
ocean commerce, 48;
authorizes reprisals, 48;
French attacks on commerce of, seizures of vessels, etc., 49, 273, 274, 296, 321, 322;
rising naval power, 49;
liberty of testamentary disposition in, 85;
English provisions concerning the carrying trade of, 100-102;
permitted to trade direct with Sweden, 100, 101;
N. attempts to force them into the French system, 101, 102;
decline of trade with England, 102;
Jefferson's administration, 101, 102;
agricultural policy of the Democrats, 101, 102;
the embargo, 102, 274, 275;
the war of 1812, 102, 322;
policy of the Federalists, 102;
the Non-intervention Act, 102;
indispensability of cotton in Europe, 266;
"neutralized" commerce of, 267;
proposal that Louis XVIII acquire a kingdom in, 271;
alleged seizure of French vessels by, 274;
the Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, 274;
prohibition of commercial intercourse with England and France, 274;
seizure of ships by England, 275;
Lucien attempts to escape to, 277;
chafing under restrictions of commerce, 318;
crippled commerce of, 321;
declares war against England, 378;
naval successes of, 378;
Moreau summoned from, 407; iv. [2];
N. plans escape to, [219], [220];
Hamilton's treasury system, [259];
the independence of, [261];
the war for independence, [297];
wars with England, [300], [301];
popular interest in N. in, [300], [301];
expansion of constitutional law, [301];
growth of, [301];
N.'s influence in, [301];
the slavery question in, [301].
See also [America].
University of Berlin, iii. 103.
University of France, ii. 228; iii. 89.
Ural Mountains, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.
Urbino, annexed to Italy, iii. 68, 118.
Uscha, River, military operations on the, iii. 340.
Ussher, Capt., conveys N. to Elba in the "Undaunted," iv. [140], [141].
Usury, the curse and its cure in France, ii. 219; iii. 76, 77.
Utizy, military movements near, iii. 344.
V
Valais, declared an independent commonwealth, ii. 233;
Chateaubriand French representative in, 260;
scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266;
separated from Switzerland, 278;
independence of, 278;
annexed to the French empire, 278.
Valeggio, N.'s narrow escape at, i. 393.
Valençay, the Spanish captives at, iii. 148, 168, 261.
Valence, N. joins his regiment at, i. 67;
N.'s life at, and visits to, i. 66-82, 125, 134, 141, 145, 149, 150, 154-158, 184, 223;
the garrison at, and people of, 143;
obsequies of Mirabeau at, 153, 154;
friends of the Constitution in, 155;
reception of N. and Elisa at, 184;
occupied by Carteaux, 215;
death of Pius VI at, ii. 39;
burial of Pius VI at, 216;
meeting of N. and Augereau near, iv. [138].
Valencia, massacre of the French at, iii. 154;
Moncey advances on, 156;
French defeat before, 159;
captured by Suchet, 289;
temporary French government at, 377.
Valenciennes, evacuation of, i. 222.
Valenza, military operations near, i. 358.
Valetta, French plot to seize, ii. 18;
the sword of, given to Paul I, 154.
Valjouan, Victor drives the Austrians from, iv. [71].
Valladolid, captured by the French, iii. 132;
French success near, 156;
French communications at, 157;
N. at, Jan. 6, 1809, 189.
Valmaseda, Blake driven back to, iii. 184.
Valmy, defeat of the allies at, i. 194.
Valtellina, the, quarrel between the Grisons and, ii. 11;
incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 40.
Vandamme, Gen., in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-388;
dread of N., iii. 93;
in battle of Eckmühl, 209;
at Linz, 216, 225;
relieved by Lefebvre, 225;
strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324;
commanding division in Eugène's army, 393;
junction of Danish troops with, 407;
captures Hamburg, 407;
goes to Davout's assistance, 413;
in battle of Dresden, iv. [8]-10;
at Pirna, [8]-10;
pursues the allies, [10];
battle of Kulm, [15];
captured at Kulm, [15];
character, [15];
in the Waterloo campaign, [169]-173;
advances toward Fleurus, [180];
battle of Ligny, [181].
Vandeleur, Gen., in battle of Waterloo, iv. [210].
Vanne, River, iv. [105].
Var, River, military operations on the, ii. 160, 165, 170, 171, 174.
Vatican, relations of Paoli with the, i. 16.
Vauban, disgrace of, i. 332;
eulogized by Carnot, 333.
Vaubois, Gen., service in the Alps, i. 347;
defeated by Davidowich, 387, 388, 392;
service in Egypt, ii. [53].
Vauchamps, battle of, iv. [64].
Vaud, revolutionary outbreak in, ii. 27, 40;
French intervention in, 40;
Alexander forbids the restoration of, iv. [68].
Vaux, submission of Carlo Buonaparte to, i. 31.
Venaissin, the, annexed to France, i. 422.
Vendée, la, civil war, massacres, and royalist plots in, i. 207, 213, 222, 234, 249, 276, 305, 325, 449; ii. 91, 143, 146, 240, 241; iv. [102], [166], [218];
reinforcements for the Army of Italy from, i. 387;
N. conciliates, ii. 146;
revulsion of feeling against the Bourbons in, iv. [146];
N. seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, [220].
Vendémiaire, the 13th of, [301]-305; ii. 22.
Vendetta, the, i. 10-15.
Vendôme, Column of, erection of the, iii. 74;
placard on the, iv. [158].
Venetia, neutrality violated by Beaulieu, i. 361;
jealousy between Venice and other towns of, 427;
coveted by Austria, 428;
the revolutionary movement in, 436;
the mainland ceded to Austria, 438;
the oligarchy of, 444;
French military operations in, ii. 13;
France's acquisitions in, 21;
incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 21;
plunder of, 38;
surrender to Austria, 38;
N. threatens to seize, 389;
incorporated with Italy, 395, 405;
admitted to the Concordat, iii. 118.
See also [Venice].
Venetian Alps, road to Vienna through the, i. 342.
Venetian Republic, political status in 1796, i. 345.
Venice, N. studies the history of, i. 95;
Austria's ambitions in, 325, 424; ii. 357, 363;
military operations against (1796), i. 357;
Beaulieu violates neutrality of, 371-373;
treaty with Austria, 371;
decadence and downfall of, 371, 451;
at N.'s mercy, 373;
resents violations of territory, 401;
N.'s violation of neutrality of, 427;
the humiliation of, 427-429;
the Golden Book of, 428, 429, 436;
pillage in, 427, 445; ii. 16;
Kilmaine's military watch on, i. 431;
revolution in, 435, 445-447;
concludes negotiations with N., 436-438;
acquires Bologna, Ferrara, and the Romagna, 438;
N. forbidden to interfere with, 441;
loss of independence, 441-446;
fires on French ship, 443;
N. "an Attila to," 443;
N. declares war against, 443;
the oligarchy of, 444;
attempts to bribe N., 445;
treaty between France and (1797), 446;
the new republic of, 446;
loses independence, 446, 447;
French occupation of, 445-447;
letter from N. to the provisional government, 447;
N.'s characterization of the Venetians, 447;
N. offers the republic to Austria, 446;
N. reproached for the overthrow of, ii. 5;
Lallemant's propaganda in, 10, 11;
Junot's demands on the senate, 11;
dismemberment of, 16;
the Directory's ambition for the conquest of, 16;
ceded to Austria, 21;
the last doge of, 24;
destruction of the "Bucentaur" at, 24;
destruction of naval stores at, 24;
seeks to continue war with Austria, 24;
dragged into war by N., 144;
election of Pius VII at, 206;
N. threatens to seize, 361;
surrendered to France, 391;
Pius VII refuses to extend the Concordat to, iii. 68;
ceded to France, 109;
appropriations for the harbor, 109;
N. at, Nov., 1808, 128;
interview between Joseph and N. at, 129-132;
basis of possible Oriental operations, 332.
See also [Venetia]; [Venetian Republic].
Ventimiglia, seized by Masséna, i. 243.
Vercelli, Melas proposes to attack N. via, ii. 174.
Verdier, success at Logroño, iii. 156;
occupies Aragon, 155.
Verdun, abandoned by the enemy, i. 186;
imperial troops at, iv. [102].
Verhuel, Dutch commissioner to Paris, ii. 397.
Verona, N. at, i. 399;
French occupation of, 372;
military operations near, 379, 380, 388-392, 410-414;
insurrection in, 436, 442, 443;
disarmament of, 442.
Veronese Vespers, the, i. 436, 442.
Versailles, meetings of the Estates at, i. 96, 107;
luxury in, 151;
the Parisian mob at, 151;
prison massacres in, 188;
Macdonald's guard at, ii. 108;
N. retires to, after his divorce, iii. 257;
Souham delivers his army prisoners at, iv. [126], [127].
Vicenza, military operations before, i. 387;
creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.
Victor, Gen. C. P., attacks Provera at La Favorita, i. 415;
watches Rome, 431;
reinforces Lannes at Casteggio, ii. 176;
commanding corps at Marengo, 176-182;
service in the Army of England, 291;
battle of Heilsberg, iii. 29;
battle of Friedland, 30-32;
created Duke of Belluno, 86;
yearly income, 87;
character, 93;
N.'s opinion of, 93;
at Amurrio, 183;
defeated by Wellesley at Talavera, 236;
strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324;
ordered to advance east from the Niemen, 347;
in retreat from Moscow, 359 et seq.;
effects junction with Saint-Cyr, 361;
checks Wittgenstein, 361;
abandons Vitebsk, 361;
driven back, 366;
at the crossing of the Beresina, 366-372;
ordered to hold back Wittgenstein, 369;
defeated by Wittgenstein at Borrissoff, 369;
division commander under Eugène, 393;
in campaign of 1813, 402;
relieves Glogau, 413;
battle of Dresden, iv. [8]-10;
guarding roads from Bohemia, [18];
battle of Leipsic, [28], [31], [32];
assigned to defense of the Rhine, [54];
ordered to Nogent, [62];
junction with Macdonald at Montereau, [64];
abandons Nogent, [64];
driven back to Nangis, [65];
drives the Austrians from Valjouan, [71];
fails to capture Montereau, [71]-73;
moral exhaustion of, [71]-73;
degraded, but restored to favor, [72];
commanding portion of the Young Guard, [72];
battle of Craonne, [78].
Victor Amadeus, king of Sardinia, i. 244, 352;
guards Lombardy, 342;
checkmated by N., 355;
death of, 336;
relationship to Louis XVIII, 355, 356.
"Victory," the, at Trafalgar, ii. 373, 374.
Vienna, plans for French advance on, i. 385;
Austria opposes N.'s advance to, 426;
combined movements on, 430 et seq.;
the peace party in, 437;
rejoicing in, at treaty of Leoben, 439;
Gen. Clarke's mission to, 451;
rejoicings in, over treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 22;
Gen. Clarke forbidden to enter, 42;
dread of revolutionary sentiment in, 42;
attack on the French embassy (1798), 43;
flight of Ferdinand III to, 87;
N.'s plans to subdue, 163;
N. sends peace commissioner to, 186;
court intrigues at, 189;
Moreau advances toward, 192;
Stuart British envoy to, 302;
N. threatens, 361, 378;
French treachery at, 369;
the French enter, 367-369, 378;
Talleyrand at, 382;
Pozzo di Borgo's mission at, ii. 445;
Andréossy's mission at, 443;
French influence in, iii. 22;
decree of, May 17, 1809, 118;
belligerent tone at, 165, 178, 193, 195;
effect of N.'s and Alexander's remonstrances at, 167, 168;
Metternich goes to, 193;
defensive measures for, 203;
N.'s march on, after Eckmühl, 212;
capitulation of, 212;
N.'s characterization of its inhabitants, 213;
Charles's plan to free, 216;
proposed French retreat toward, 222;
N.'s army around, 226;
consternation at rumored Franco-Russian marriage, 251;
French soldiers nursed in, 254;
marriage of Maria Louisa at, 254-257;
pro-Russian party in, 313, 314;
characterization of N. in, 415;
England's diplomacy in, 417;
Francis fears a French invasion of, iv. [3];
Congress of, [144], [145], [162], [164];
news of N.'s escape in, [162].
Vienna Coalition, the, iv. [164], [251].
Vigo, Villeneuve at, ii. 359.
Villach, N. enters Germany at, i, 434;
Eugène and Macdonald at, iii. 217.
Villanova, military operations at, i. 389.
Villefranche, expedition against Corsica from, i. 189.
Villeneuve, N. at, iv. [105].
Villeneuve, Adm., in the battle of the Nile, ii. 63;
commanding at Toulon, 332;
proposed naval expedition for, 333;
escapes from Toulon, and returns, 333;
ordered to the West Indies, 334;
character, 333, 358, 371-375;
returns to European waters, 358;
his combined fleet at Ferrol and Corunna, 359;
at Vigo, 359;
disheartened, 359;
dissatisfied with his fleet, 359, 371, 372;
encounter with Calder, 359, 371;
ordered to relieve Rochefort and Brest, 359;
retreats to Cadiz, 359, 370, 371;
fails to appear in the Channel, 362;
chased by Nelson to the West Indies and back, 370;
retreat to Ferrol, 371;
orders for Mediterranean cruise, 372;
remonstrates against his orders, 372;
N. prepares to supersede, 372;
tries to evade disgrace, 372;
battle of Trafalgar, 373-375;
interview with N., 375;
his suicide, 375.
Villetard, French republican agent in Venice, i. 445.
Vilna, N. in, iii. 331-335;
Barclay de Tolly's army confronting, 335;
the French retreat through, 370, 372;
N.'s incognito journey through, 375;
Kutusoff enters, 383;
Alexander goes to, 383.
Vimeiro, defeat of Junot at, iii. 157-159.
Vincennes, the trial and execution of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 305, 306, 308-310; iii. 196.
Vincent, Gen., Austrian representative at Erfurt, iii. 178, 193.
Visconti, "Greek Iconography," iv. [219].
Vistula, River, the, N.'s conquests west of, ii. 437;
plan of campaign on, 441;
bridging of, iii. 2, 3;
French positions on, 7;
attempt to drive the French across, 28;
proposed boundary line on, 36;
military operations on, 117, 393, 396;
Alexander promises assistance to Prussia on, iii. 320;
the French army reaches, 330;
French advance to the Niemen from, 337;
Murat's position on, untenable, 385;
Schwarzenberg retreats across, 385;
threatened expulsion of the French from, 416;
French garrisons on, iv. [35];
N. entertains hopes of returning to, [63], [66], [69].
Vitebsk, its strategical position, iii. 338;
N. at, 338;
military movements near, 339, 364;
French garrison in, 341;
the French abandon, 361.
Vitoria, Dupont ordered to, iii. 128;
Ferdinand VII at, 143;
French forces at, 183;
battle of, 420.
Vitrolles, royalist intrigues of, iv. [98], [106], [108];
captured with Weissenberg at St. Dizier, [104].
Vitry, military movements near, iv. [58], [91], [93], [94];
Prussian occupation of, [95];
French troops at, [102].
Vives, Gen., besieges Barcelona, iii. 184.
Vivian, Gen., in battle of Waterloo, iv. [210].
Volga, River, the, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209;
Cossacks of, iii. 9.
Volhynia, Austrian troops in, iii. 331, 338;
Bagration's position in, 335.
Völkermarkt, Archduke John at, iii. 317.
Volney, Constantin F. C., espouses the Corsican cause, i. 120, 121;
N.'s friendship with, 163; ii. 97, 335;
member of the senate, 151.
Voltaire, on the character of Paoli, i. 18;
N.'s study of, 78; ii. 256; iv. [231];
his "Essay on Manners," i. 150;
on the Hohenzollern territories, ii. 442;
performance of his "Œdipe" at Erfurt, iii. 172.
Voltri, military operations at, i. 353.
Vorarlberg, Kray's retreat via, cut off, ii. 166;
ceded to Bavaria, 391.
Vosges Mountains, the, proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320;
the allies turn the line of, iv. [57], [58];
supposed retreat of Schwarzenberg to, [86];
reported rising in, [88];
N. urges guerrilla risings in, [90].
Voss, Countess, attendant on Queen Louisa, iii. 60.