Butterflies and Moths (British)

by William S. Furneaux

1-7.	British Butterflies		[Frontispiece]
8.	Larvæ and Pupæ of British Butterflies	}	[At end]
9.	Sphinges
10.	Bombyces
11.	Noctuæ
12.	Noctua and Geometræ

Full references accompany the Plates.

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

FIG.		PAGE
[1].	Scales from the Wings of Butterflies	1
[2].	Portion of the Wing of a Butterfly from which some of the Scales have been removed	2
[3].	Body of a Butterfly—Under Side	3
[4].	Section of the Eye of an Insect	4
[5].	Antennæ of Butterflies	5
[6].	Antennæ of Moths	5
[7].	Section of the Proboscis of a Butterfly	7
[8].	Diagram of the Wings of a Butterfly	9
[9].	The Undeveloped Fore Leg of a Butterfly	10
[10].	The Four Stages of the Large White Butterfly (Pieris Brassicæ)	14
[11].	Egg of the Meadow Brown Butterfly	20
[12].	Egg of the Speckled Wood Butterfly	20
[13].	Egg of the Vapourer Moth	20
[14].	The Caterpillar of the Clouded Yellow Butterfly	22
[15].	The Caterpillar of the Dark Green Fritillary Butterfly	23
[16].	The Caterpillar of the Purple Emperor Butterfly	24
[17].	An Ichneumon Fly (Cryptus Migrator)	25
[18].	Another Ichneumon Fly (Pimpla Instigator)	25
[19].	The Caterpillar of the Angle Shades Moth (Meticulosa)	26
[20].	Walking Leg of a Caterpillar	28
[21].	Larva of the Yellow Underwing Moth (Pronuba)	28
[22].	Larva of the Crimson Speckled Moth (Pulchella)	28
[23].	Larva of the Lobster Moth (Fagi)	28
[24].	Caterpillar of the Iron Prominent Moth (Dromedarius)	29
[25].	Larva of the Brimstone Moth (Luteolata)	29
[26].	The Claspers of a Caterpillar	30
[27].	The Homes of Leaf Miners and Leaf Rollers	33
[28].	The Cocoon of the Emperor Moth	40
[29].	The Cocoon of the Six-Spotted Burnet (Filipendulæ)	40
[30].	The Pupa of the Privet Hawk (Ligustri)	44
[31].	The Chrysalis of the Large White Butterfly (Brassicæ)	44
[32].	The Pupa of the Dark Green Fritillary (Aglaia)	45
[33].	The Pupa of the Black-veined White Butterfly (Cratægi)	45
[34].	The Pupa of the Currant Moth	45
[35].	Pupa of the Pale Tussock Moth (Pudibunda)	45
[36].	A Butterfly, just after Emerging	50
[37].	A Butterfly at Rest (Large Copper)	57
[38].	A Moth at Rest (Gothic)	57
[39].	A Wire Frame for a Butterfly Net	65
[40].	Stick for the Net	65
[41].	The Metal Y	66
[42].	Pattern for the Net	67
[43].	The Cyanide Bottle	68
[44].	Section of the Laurel Box	70
[45].	The Chloroform Bottle	72
[46].	} Fittings for the Collecting Box	75
[47].
[48].
[49].
[50].	Frame of Net for Collecting Insects on Lamps and Windows	87
[51].	A Trap for Catching Moths	88
[52].	Metal Joint for Lantern and Net	91
[53].	Net and Lantern for Taking Moths from High Blossoms	91
[54].	Frame for the Sugaring Net	94
[55].	Cage for Decoy Females	96
[56].	A Sugar Trap	96
[57].	A Larva Glass	114
[58].	A Larva Glass	114
[59].	A Larva Cage	115
[60].	Section of a Setting Board	123
[61].	Sections of Setting Boards	123
[62].	A Butterfly on the Setting Board	124
[63].	Another Method of Setting Butterflies and Moths	126
[64].	A Blowpipe for Larvæ	131
[65].	The Bath White—Under Side	147
[66].	The Clouded Yellow—Female	151
[67].	The Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary—Under Side	155
[68].	The Pearl-bordered Fritillary—Under Side	156
[69].	The Queen of Spain Fritillary—Under Side	157
[70].	The Dark-green Fritillary—Under Side	158
[71].	The High-brown Fritillary	159
[72].	The Silver-washed Fritillary—Under Side	160
[73].	The Greasy Fritillary—Under Side	161
[74].	The Glanville Fritillary—Under Side	162
[75].	The Comma—Under Side	164
[76].	The Purple Emperor—Under Side	172
[77].	The Marbled White—Under Side	174
[78].	The Wood Argus—Under Side	176
[79].	The Grayling—Under Side	178
[80].	The Large Heath—Under Side	179
[81].	The Ringlet—Upper Side	180
[82].	The Marsh Ringlet—Under Side	181
[83].	The Brown Hairstreak—Male	184
[84].	The White-letter Hairstreak	184
[85].	The Purple Hairstreak—Male	186
[86].	The Green Hairstreak	186
[87].	The Tailed Blue—Under Side	188
[88].	The Silver-studded Blue—Under Side	189
[89].	The Common Blue—Under Side	191
[90].	The Clifden Blue—Under Side	191
[91].	The Chalk-hill Blue—Under Side	192
[92].	The Holly Blue—Under Side	193
[93].	The Mazarine Blue—Under Side	194
[94].	The Small Blue—Under Side	194
[95].	The Large Blue—Under Side	195
[96].	The Silver-spotted Skipper—Under Side	201
[97].	The Death's-head Hawk Moth	205
[98].	The Larva of Atropos	206
[99].	The Caterpillar of Euphorbiæ	207
[100].	The Small Elephant Hawk Moth	208
[101].	The Poplar Hawk	209
[102].	The Broad-bordered Bee Hawk	212
[103].	The Hornet Clearwing of the Poplar	213
[104].	The Currant Clearwing	213
[105].	The Forester	214
[106].	The Six-spotted Burnet	215
[107].	The Larva of Filipendulæ	215
[108].	The Green Silver-lined	217
[109].	The Short-cloaked Moth	218
[110].	The Muslin Moth	218
[111].	The Common Footman	219
[112].	The Larva of Jacobææ	219
[113].	The Scarlet Tiger	220
[114].	The Buff Ermine	222
[115].	The White Ermine	222
[116].	The Ghost Swift—Female	223
[117].	The Common Swift	224
[118].	The Goat Moth	225
[119].	The Larva of Ligniperda (less than half full size)	225
[120].	The Leopard Moth	226
[121].	The Larva of Pyrina (only partly grown)	226
[122].	The Brown Tail	227
[123].	The Gipsy—Male	227
[124].	The Black Arches—Male	228
[125].	The Vapourer Moth—Male	228
[126].	The Female Vapourer	228
[127].	Larva of the Vapourer Moth	229
[128].	The Drinker—Male	230
[129].	The Oak Hook Tip	233
[130].	The Chinese Character	233
[131].	The Poplar Kitten	234
[132].	The Puss Moth	235
[133].	The Coxcomb Prominent	235
[134].	The Larva of Bucephala	236
[135].	The Chocolate Tip	237
[136].	The Peach Blossom	237
[137].	The Yellow Horned	238
[138].	The Marbled Beauty	240
[139].	The Grey Dagger	240
[140].	The Poplar Grey	241
[141].	The Figure of Eight	241
[142].	The Brown-line Bright-eye	242
[143].	The Smoky Wainscot	243
[144].	The Common Wainscot	243
[145].	The Bullrush	244
[146].	The Frosted Orange	245
[147].	The Flame	245
[148].	The Light Arches	246
[149].	The Flounced Rustic	246
[150].	The Cabbage Moth	247
[151].	The Dot	247
[152].	The Rustic Shoulder-knot	248
[153].	The Marbled Minor	248
[154].	The Mottled Rustic	249
[155].	The Turnip Moth	250
[156].	The Heart and Dart	251
[157].	The Garden Dart	251
[158].	The Flame Shoulder	252
[159].	The Lesser Broad Border	252
[160].	The Lesser Yellow Underwing	253
[161].	The Gothic	254
[162].	The Old Lady	254
[163].	The Common Quaker	255
[164].	The Chestnut	256
[165].	The Pink-barred Sallow	256
[166].	The Dun-bar	257
[167].	The Broad-barred White	257
[168].	The Angle Shades	258
[169].	The Grey Arches	259
[170].	The Shears	260
[171].	The Bright-line Brown-eye	260
[172].	The Early Grey	261
[173].	The Shark	262
[174].	The Burnished Brass	263
[175].	The Silver Y	264
[176].	The Red Underwing	266
[177].	The Light Emerald	270
[178].	The August Thorn	271
[179].	The Peppered Moth	272
[180].	The Willow Beauty	273
[181].	The Large Emerald	274
[182].	The Common Emerald	274
[183].	The Lace Border	275
[184].	The Riband Wave	276
[185].	The Blood-vein	276
[186].	The Common Wave	277
[187].	The Clouded Silver	277
[188].	The V Moth	278
[189].	The Common Heath	279
[190].	The Bordered White—Male	279
[191].	The Currant Moth	280
[192].	The Spring Usher	281
[193].	The March Moth	282
[194].	The November Moth	282
[195].	The Twin-spot Carpet	283
[196].	The Grass Rivulet	283
[197].	The Netted Pug	284
[198].	The Narrow-winged Pug	284
[199].	The Brindled Pug	284
[200].	The Small Seraphim	285
[201].	The Blue-bordered Carpet	285
[202].	The Beautiful Carpet	286
[203].	The Common Carpet	286
[204].	The Silver Ground Carpet	287
[205].	The Garden Carpet	287
[206].	The Yellow Shell	288
[207].	The Small Phœnix	288
[208].	The Small Mallow	289
[209].	The Tabby or Grease Moth	291
[210].	The Meal Moth	292
[211].	The Small Magpie	292
[212].	The Mother-of-Pearl	293
[213].	The Garden Pebble	293
[214].	The Beautiful China Mark	294
[215].	Gonodactyla	295
[216].	Osteodactylus	295
[217].	Pentadactyla	295
[218].	Hexadactyla—Enlarged	296
[219].	Phragmitellus—Enlarged one-half	297
[220].	Hamellus—Slightly Enlarged	297
[221].	Tristellus	297
[222].	Hortuellus	298
[223].	Mellonella	298
[224].	Xylosteana with wings closed	299
[225].	Viridana	300
[226].	Cristana—Enlarged	300
[227].	Lecheana	300
[228].	Pruniana	300
[229].	Salicella	301
[230].	Octomaculana—Enlarged	301
[231].	Cirsiana—Enlarged	302
[232].	Pomonella	302
[233].	Zoegana—Enlarged	302
[234].	Fagella	303
[235].	Cuprella	304
[236].	Padellus	304
[237].	Nervosa—Twice Natural Size	304
[238].	Geoffrella	305
[239].	Ibipennella—Enlarged	305
[240].	Complanella—Enlarged	306
[241].	Aurella—Enlarged	307

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PART I
STRUCTURE AND LIFE-HISTORY OF THE LEPIDOPTERA

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CHAPTER I
GENERAL CHARACTERS

The word Lepidoptera, which you see at the head of this page, is the name of the order of insects to which this volume is to be devoted. It is formed from two Greek words, one (lepis) signifying a scale, and the other (pteron) denoting a wing; and was applied by the great naturalist Linnæus to the scaly-winged insects popularly known as Butterflies and Moths.