Field and Woodland Plants

by William S. Furneaux

Thus, if anthocyanin is present, together with a small amount of acid, the leaves are turned violet, as in the case of the autumn leaves of the Dogwood and the Spindle Tree; or purple, like those of the Service Tree. A larger proportion of acid produces, with the anthocyanin, the brownish green tint of the Alder leaves; or the brownish yellow of the Oak; while still larger proportions will turn the anthocyanin yellow, orange, red, or scarlet, according to the quantity in which the latter is present. Thus we can account for the rich yellow of the Maple in autumn, the orange of the Aspen leaves, the beautiful scarlet tints of the Mountain Ash and the Barberry, and the grand display of varied colours exhibited by the autumn Beeches.

Again, before the leaves are shed, the buds that are destined to produce the new branches of the following spring are already formed. These may be seen on all deciduous trees and shrubs, some of them in the axils of the leaves, and others at the tips of the present twigs. Each bud is the embryo branch of the following year. Some of them are destined to produce leafy branches only; some are to develop into branches bearing both floral leaves and flowers; while others are to produce flowers without floral leaves; and it is interesting to note that, even at this stage, sections of the buds, examined with the aid of a microscope, will reveal the future leaves and flowers compactly concealed within their scaly, protective coverings.

In October we may see the well-formed catkins of the Birch that are to bloom in the following April, in company with the ripe fruiting catkins of the present year. The Alder also bears its catkins that are to flower five months later, together with the woody remains of the female catkins of the previous spring; and the Hazel may be seen with its ripe nuts and its future flowers both on the same twig.

The Alder in Autumn, with the Catkins Which Mature in the Following Spring.

The leaves, having manufactured the materials necessary for the formation of the buds that are to produce the leaves and flowers of the following year, and then transferred their remaining store of nutrient matter to a suitable storehouse for the winter, are now practically empty and lifeless. Had they remained alive and active, they would have endangered the life of the tree by giving off more moisture than could be replaced by the inactive roots. In their present, lifeless condition they are useless to the tree; but by falling to the ground, and decomposing where they lie, they improve the soil by the addition of organic matter as well as of the mineral salts they contained.

In countries where a moderate temperature is maintained throughout the year, the growth of plants and trees goes on without interruption, and the fall of the leaf is hardly noticeable; for the older leaves die and fall one by one, as they become incapable of performing their functions for want of light, and new ones are being continuously formed close to the tips of the twigs. But where the growth is interrupted, either in hot countries during periods of drought, or in temperate countries by the approach of a cold season, the whole of the foliage is shed within a short period, and new leaves as suddenly appear when favourable conditions return.

In our own latitudes, as we all know, the defoliation of the trees is caused by the approach of cold weather, which decreases the activity of the roots, so that the leaves become dry and lifeless. It is very commonly supposed that the fall of the leaf is caused by frost; but this is not the case. The leaves are shed during the cool days of autumn, even though the temperature does not fall to freezing point; but it is equally certain that the leaf-fall is accelerated by the frost when it comes, for the little moisture remaining in the leaves is then frozen, rendering the structures so brittle that they are easily snapped by the wind.

The real cause of the rupture of the leaf is the formation of what is called the 'separation layer.' This consists of soft, succulent cells, really in several layers, which are formed across the leaf-stalk, usually at the base, where the bundles of vessels passing from the twig to the leaf are narrower. The walls of these cells are thin, and are easily separated; and as they extend inwards from the surface all round, they break through the old cells, thus weakening the junction. When the growth of the separation layer is complete, it requires very little force to break off the leaf, and the process is aided by the formation of certain organic acids which act on the cell-walls, causing them to dissolve; and when the leaf has finally separated from the twig, it will be found that the scar left is a clean-cut surface, such as would be produced by the incision of a sharp knife.