Field and Woodland Plants

by William S. Furneaux

It has been thought advisable to give but little attention to aquatic plants and to the flowers which are to be found only on the coast, these having been previously included in former volumes of this series dealing, respectively, with pond life and the sea shore.

The thanks of the author are due to his friend, G. Du Heaume, Esq., for his valuable assistance in collecting many of the flowers required for description and illustration.

W. S. F.

CONTENTS

CHAP.		PAGE
I.	[Introduction--General Character of Plants and the Identification of Flowers]	1
II.	[The Pollination and Fertilisation of Flowers]	25
III.	[Climbing Plants]	30
IV.	[Early Spring]	39
V.	[Woods and Thickets in Spring]	48
VI.	[The Spring-Flowering Trees and Shrubs of Woods, Thickets, and Hedgerows]	61
VII.	[Waysides and Wastes in Spring]	81
VIII.	[Meadows, Fields, and Pastures--Spring]	108
IX.	[Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places in Spring]	123
X.	[Woods and Thickets in Summer]	130
XI.	[Wastes and Waysides in Summer]	151
XII.	[Wastes and Waysides in Summer--Composite Flowers]	175
XIII.	[Wastes and Waysides in Summer--continued]	190
XIV.	[Meadows,Fields,and Pastures--Summer]	211
XV.	[Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places--Summer]	236
XVI.	[On Heath, Down, and Moor]	257
XVII.	[In the Corn Field]	281
XVIII.	[On the Chalk]	296
XIX.	[By the River Side]	312
XX.	[On Walls, Rocks,and Stony Places]	318
XXI.	[Field and Wayside in Autumn]	328
XXII.	[Autumn in the Woods]	331
XXIII.	[Parasitic Plants]	340
XXIV.	[Carnivorous Plants]	350
	[List of Flowers Classified According to Their Habitats and Habits]	359
	[List of Flowers Classified According to Their Orders and Genera]	373
	[Glossarial Index]	381

COLOURED PLATES

I. Spring Flowers of the Woods	[Frontispiece]
1. Green Hellebore
2. Plantain-leaved Leopard's-Bane
3. Lady's Slipper
4. Sand Garlic
5. Wild Hyacinth
6. Wood Melic Grass
II. Flowers of the Woods	To face p. [130]
1. Great Valerian
2. Foxglove
3. Succory-leaved Hawk's-beard
4. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower
5. Broad-leaved Helleborine
6. Hairy Brome-grass
III. Flowers of the Wayside	To face p. [150]
1. Round-leaved Crane's-bill
2. Black Horehound
3. Evergreen Alkanet
4. Bristly Ox-tongue
5. Red Bartsia
6. Annual Meadow Grass
7. Hemlock Stork's-bill
IV. Flowers of the Field	To face p. [210]
1. Rough Cock's-foot Grass
2. Lucerne
3. Crimson Clover
4. Blue-Bottle
5. Common Vetch
6. Meadow Clary
V. Flowers of Bogs and Marshes	To face p. [236]
1. Marsh Gentian
2. Marsh Marigold
3. Marsh Orchis
4. Marsh Mallow
5. Marsh Vetchling
6. Marsh St. John's-wort
7. Bog Pimpernel
VI. Flowers of Down, Heath, and Moor	To face p. [256]
1. Musk Thistle
2. Clustered Bell-flower
3. Spiny Rest Harrow
4. Hairy Hawkbit
5. Sheep's-bit
6. Spotted Orchis
7. Heath Rush
VII. Flowers of the Corn-field	To face p. [280]
1. Long Smooth-headed Poppy
2. Field Scabious
3. Corn Cockle
4. Corn Marigold
5. Flax
6. Corn Pheasant's-eye
VIII. Flowers of Chalky Soils	To face p. [296]
1. Red Valerian
2. Narrow-leaved Flax
3. Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch
4. Spiked Speedwell
5. Pasque Flower
6. Bee Orchis
7. Yellow Oat Grass

Erratum.—On Plate VI, for 'Spring Rest Harrow' read 'Spiny Rest Harrow.'

[LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS]

	PAGE
General Characters of Plants
Forms of Roots	[2]
Running underground stem of Solomon's Seal	[4]
Arrangement of Leaves	[5]
Leaf of Pansy with two large Stipules	[5]
Margins of Leaves	[6]
Various Forms of Simple Leaves	[7]
Forms of Compound Leaves	[7]
Forms of Inflorescence	[8]
Longitudinal Section through the flower of the Buttercup	[10]
Inferior and Superior Ovary	[11]
Unisexual Flowers of the Nettle	[11]
Dehiscent Fruits	[12]
The Pollination and Fertilisation of Flowers
Pollen Cells throwing out their Tubes	[25]
Climbing Plants
Prickles of the Wild Rose	[31]
Ivy, showing the Rootlets or Suckers	[32]
Stem of the Bindweed, twining to the left	[34]
Stem of the Hop, twining to the right	[35]
Early Spring
Trees in Winter or Early Spring
1. Hazel; 2. Ash; 3. Oak; 4. Lime	[41]
5. Birch; 6. Poplar; 7. Beech; 8. Alder	[43]
Twig of Lime in Spring, showing the Deciduous, Scaly Stipules	[45]
Seedling of the Beech	[46]
Woods and Thickets in Spring
The Daffodil	[48]
The Wood Anemone	[49]
The Goldilocks	[50]
The Wild Columbine	[51]
The Dog Violet	[52]
The Wood Sorrel	[53]
The Sweet Woodruff	[54]
The Lesser Periwinkle	[55]
The Bugle	[56]
The Broad-leaved Garlic	[57]
The Star of Bethlehem	[58]
The Hairy Sedge	[59]
Spring-flowering Trees and Shrubs
The Barberry	[62]
The Spindle Tree	[63]
The Wild Cherry	[65]
The Crab Apple	[67]
The Mountain Ash	[68]
The Spurge Laurel	[70]
The Elm in Flower	[71]
The Oak in Flower	[72]
The Beech in Fruit	[73]
The Scots Pine, with Cones	[78]
The Yew in Fruit	[79]
Waysides and Wastes in Spring
The Shepherd's Purse	[82]
The Scurvy Grass	[83]
The Common Whitlow Grass	[83]
The Yellow Rocket	[84]
The Procumbent Pearlwort	[86]
The Greater Stitchwort	[87]
The Chickweed	[88]
The Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed	[89]
The Dove's-foot Crane's-bill	[90]
The Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill	[91]
The Herb Robert	[92]
The Grass Vetchling	[93]
The Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil	[94]
The Moschatel	[95]
The White Bryony	[96]
The Wild Beaked Parsley	[97]
The Garden Beaked Parsley	[98]
The Goutweed	[99]
The Crosswort	[100]
The Colt's-foot in Early Spring	[101]
The Germander Speedwell	[101]
The White Dead Nettle	[102]
The Yellow Pimpernel	[103]
The Dog's Mercury	[104]
The Black Bryony	[105]
The Wild Arum	[106]
Meadows, Fields, and Pastures—Spring
The Field Pennycress	[109]
The Wild Pansy	[110]
The Ragged Robin	[111]
The Purple Clover	[114]
The Daisy	[115]
The Butterbur	[117]
The Yellow Rattle	[118]
The Henbit Dead Nettle	[119]
The Cowslip	[120]
The Fox-tail Grass	[121]
Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places in Spring
The Marsh Potentil	[124]
The Golden Saxifrage	[125]
The Marsh Valerian	[126]
The Marsh Trefoil	[127]
The Marsh Lousewort	[127]
The Yellow Flag	[128]
Woods and Thickets in Summer
The Large-flowered St. John's-wort	[131]
The Common St. John's-wort	[132]
The Dyer's Greenweed	[133]
The Sweet Milk Vetch	[134]
The Wild Raspberry	[135]
The Rose Bay Willow Herb	[136]
The Dogwood	[137]
The Wood Sanicle	[138]
The Alexanders	[139]
The Elder	[140]
The Guelder Rose	[141]
The Saw-wort	[143]
The Ivy-leaved Bell-flower	[145]
Twigs of Holly	[146]
The Privet	[147]
The Millet Grass	[148]
The Bearded Wheat	[148]
The Slender False Brome	[149]
Wastes and Waysides in Summer
The Wild Clematis	[152]
The Hedge Mustard	[152]
The Felix Weed	[153]
The Dyer's Weed	[154]
The Deptford Pink	[155]
The Red Campion	[156]
The Common Mallow	[157]
The Musk Mallow	[158]
The Bloody Crane's-bill	[159]
The Fruit of the Stork's-bill	[160]
The Hemlock Stork's-bill	[161]
The Bird's-foot Trefoil	[162]
The Herb Bennet or Geum	[163]
The Dog Rose	[164]
The Silver Weed	[164]
The Agrimony	[165]
The Orpine or Livelong	[167]
The Fool's Parsley	[168]
The Wild Parsnip	[169]
The Cow Parsnip or Hogweed	[170]
The Honeysuckle	[171]
The Great Hedge Bedstraw	[172]
The Teasel	[173]
Teasel Heads	[174]
Flower Head of the Marigold	[176]
Florets of a Composite Flower	[176]
The Yellow Goat's-beard	[177]
The Hawkweed Picris	[178]
The Prickly Lettuce	[179]
The Sharp-fringed Sow-Thistle	[180]
The Smooth Hawk's-beard	[181]
The Nipplewort	[182]
The Burdock	[183]
The Spear Thistle	[184]
The Creeping Thistle	[185]
The Tansy	[186]
The Wormwood	[187]
The Ragwort	[188]
The Scentless Mayweed	[189]
The Yarrow or Milfoil	[189]
The Rampion Bell-flower	[191]
The Great Bindweed	[192]
The Henbane	[193]
The Woody Nightshade or Bittersweet	[194]
The Deadly Nightshade	[195]
The Yellow Toadflax	[196]
The Vervein	[197]
The Balm	[198]
The Hedge Woundwort	[199]
The Gromwell	[201]
The Hound's-tongue	[202]
The White Goosefoot	[203]
The Spotted Persicaria	[205]
The Curled Dock	[207]
The Great Nettle	[208]
The Canary Grass	[209]
Meadows, Fields, and Pastures—Summer
The Gold of Pleasure	[212]
The Bladder Campion	[213]
The White Campion	[214]
The Kidney Vetch	[215]
The Common Melilot	[216]
The Lady's Mantle	[217]
The Meadow Sweet	[219]
The Burnet Saxifrage	[220]
The Wild Carrot	[221]
The Devil's-bit Scabious	[222]
The Rough Hawkbit	[223]
The Autumnal Hawkbit	[224]
The Meadow Thistle	[225]
The Black Knapweed	[226]
The Great Knapweed	[226]
The Common Fleabane	[227]
The Ox-eye Daisy	[228]
The Sneezewort	[229]
The Small Bindweed	[230]
Section of the Flower of Salvia	[231]
The Self-heal	[231]
The Ribwort Plantain	[232]
The Butterfly Orchis	[233]
The Cat's-tail Grass	[233]
The Meadow Barley	[233]
The Rye Grass or Darnel	[234]
The Sheep's Fescue	[234]
Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places—Summer
The Lesser Spearwort	[237]
The Great Hairy Willow Herb	[238]
The Purple Loosestrife	[239]
The Water Hemlock	[241]
The Common Water Dropwort	[242]
The Marsh Thistle	[243]
The Brooklime	[244]
The Water Figwort	[245]
The Gipsy wort	[246]
The Round-leaved Mint	[247]
The Forget-me-not	[248]
The Water Pepper or Biting Persicaria	[249]
The Bog Asphodel	[251]
The Common Rush	[252]
The Shining-fruited Jointed Rush	[253]
The Common Sedge	[254]
The Marsh Sedge	[255]
Heath, Down, and Moor
The Milkwort	[258]
The Broom	[259]
The Furze or Gorse	[260]
The Tormentil	[261]
The Smooth Heath Bedstraw	[264]
The Dwarf Thistle	[265]
The Carline Thistle	[267]
The Common Chamomile	[268]
The Harebell	[269]
The Cross-leaved Heath	[270]
The Bell Heather or Fine-leaved Heath	[271]
The Eyebright	[273]
The Wild Thyme	[275]
The Autumnal Lady's Tresses	[276]
The Butcher's Broom	[277]
The Common Quaking Grass	[278]
The Common Mat Grass	[279]
In the Corn Field
The Mousetail	[282]
The Common Red Poppy	[284]
The White or Opium Poppy	[285]
The Fumitory	[287]
The Black Mustard	[288]
The Corn Spurrey	[289]
The Shepherd's Needle or Venus's Comb	[290]
The Venus's Looking Glass or Corn Bell-flower	[291]
The Scarlet Pimpernel	[292]
The Climbing Bistort	[293]
The Dwarf Spurge	[294]
On the Chalk
The Rock Rose	[297]
The Sainfoin	[300]
The Salad Burnet	[301]
The Field Gentian	[302]
The Yellow-wort	[303]
The Great Mullein	[304]
The Red Hemp Nettle	[305]
An Orchis Flower	[307]
The Sweet-scented Orchis	[309]
By the River Side
The Common Meadow Rue	[313]
The Hemp Agrimony	[314]
The Common Skull-cap	[315]
The Comfrey	[316]
On Walls, Rocks and Stony Places
The Biting Stonecrop or Wall Pepper	[321]
The Wall Pennywort or Navelwort	[322]
The London Pride	[323]
The Mossy Saxifrage	[324]
The Ivy-leaved Toadflax	[325]
The Wall Pellitory	[326]
Autumn in the Woods
The Alder in Autumn	[333]
The Ash in Autumn	[336]
The Maple in Fruit	[337]
The Wayfaring Tree in Fruit	[338]
The Strawberry Tree	[339]
Parasitic Plants
The Greater Dodder	[342]
The Clover Dodder	[343]
The Great Broomrape	[345]
The Mistletoe	[347]
A Young Mistletoe Plant	[348]
Carnivorous Plants
The Greater Bladder-wort	[351]
Longitudinal section through the leaf of the Toothwort	[352]
The Common Butterwort	[353]
The Round-leaved Sundew	[355]