LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

Drawn by Mr. Robert Lillie and reproduced by Messrs. André & Sleigh, Ltd., Bushey.

Plate I—A ROCK-POOL[Frontispiece]
Plate II—SEA ANEMONES[To face p. 142]
1, 2, 3. Actinia mesembryanthemum.
4. Caryophyllia Smithii.
5. Tealia crassicornis. 		6. Sagartia bellis.
7. Balanophyllia regia.
8. Actinoloba dianthus.
Plate III—SEA ANEMONES[To face p. 150]
1. Sagartia troglodytes.
2. ” venusta.
3. Actinia glauca.
4. ” chiococca. 		5. Bunodes Ballii.
6. ” gemmacea.
7. Anthea cereus.
8. Sagartia rosea.
Plate IV—ECHINODERMS[To face p. 168]
1. Asterias rubens.
2. Goniaster equestris.
3. Ophiothrix fragilis. 		4. Echinocardium cordatum.
5. Echinus miliaris.
6. ” esculentus.
Plate V—MOLLUSCS[To face p. 222]
1. Solen ensis.
2. Trivia europæa.
3. Trochus umbilicatus.
4. ” magnus.
5. Littorina littorea.
6. ” rudis.
7. Haminea (Bulla) hydatis.
8. Tellina. 		9. Capulus (Pileopsis) hungaricus.
10. Chrysodomus (Fusus) antiquus.
11. Buccinum undatum.
12, 13. Scalaria communis.
14. Pecten opercularis.
15. ” varius.
16. ” maximus.
Plate VI—CRUSTACEA[To face p. 290]
1. Gonoplax angulata.
2. Xantho florida.
3. Portunus puber. 		4. Polybius Henslowii.
5. Porcellana platycheles.
Plate VII—SEAWEEDS[To face p. 354]
1. Fucus nodosus.
2. Nitophyllum laceratum.
3. Codium tomentosum.
4. Padina pavonia.
5. Porphyra laciniata (vulgaris).
Plate VIII—SEAWEEDS[To face p. 384]
1. Chorda filum.
2. Fucus vesiculosus.
3. ” canaliculatus.
4. Delesseria (Maugeria) sanguinea. 		5. Rhodymenia palmata.
6. Chondrus crispus.
7. Ulva lactuca.

OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE
1.Chalk Cliff[3]
2.Whitecliff (Chalk), Dorset[4]
3.Penlee Point, Cornwall[5]
4.Balanus Shells[6]
5.A Cluster of Mussels[7]
6.Breakers[8]
7.Illustrating the Tide-producing Influence of the Moon[10]
8.Illustrating the tides[11]
9.Spring Tides at Full Moon[12]
10.Spring Tides at New Moon[12]
11.Neap Tides[13]
12.Chart showing the relative Times of High Tide on different parts of the British Coast[16]
13.The Vasculum[22]
14.Wire Ring for Net[24]
15.Net Frame with Curved Point[24]
16.Rhomboidal Frame for Net[24]
17.Rhomboidal Net[25]
18.Semicircular Net[25]
19.The Dredge[25]
20.The Crab-pot[26]
21.An old Bird-cage used as a Crab-pot[27]
22.A Young Naturalist at Work[32]
23.A good Hunting-ground on the Cornish Coast[33]
24.Round Bend Hook with Flattened End[37]
25.Limerick Hook, eyed[37]
26.Method of Attaching Snood to Flattened Hook[38]
27.Method of Attaching Snood to Eyed Hook[38]
28.The Lugworm[39]
29.The Ragworm[40]
30.Digging for Bait[41]
31.Method of Opening a Mussel[42]
32.Fishing from the Rocks[46]
33.The Paternoster[48]
34.Section of an Aquarium constructed with a Mixture of Cement and Sand[54]
35.Cement Aquarium with a Glass Plate in Front[55]
36.Aquarium of Wood with Glass Front[56]
37.Hexagonal Aquarium constructed of Angle Zinc, with Glass Sides[57]
38.Method of Aerating the Water of an Aquarium[65]
39.Aquarium fitted with Apparatus for Periodic Outflow[67]
40.Jars for preserving Anatomical and Biological Specimens[76]
41.Showing the different stages in the making of a small Specimen Tube[77]
42.Small Specimen Tube mounted on a Card[78]
43.Small Crab mounted on a Card[82]
44.Spring for holding together small Bivalve Shells[84]
45.The Triplet Magnifier[92]
46.A small Dissecting Trough[93]
47.Cell for small Living Objects[95]
48.Sheet of Cork on thin Sheet Lead[99]
49.Weighted Cork for Dissecting Trough[99]
50.The Amœba, highly magnified[102]
51. ” ” showing changes of form[103]
52. ” ” feeding[103]
53. ” ” dividing[104]
54.A Group of Foraminifers, magnified[105]
55.A Spiral Foraminifer Shell[106]
56.A Foraminifer out of its Shell[106]
57.The same Foraminifer (fig. 56) as seen when alive[107]
58.Section of the Shell of a Compound Foraminifer[107]
59.Section of a Nummulite Shell[108]
60.Globigerina bulloides, as seen when alive, magnified[108]
61.Section of a piece of Nummulitic Limestone[109]
62.A Group of Radiolarian Shells, magnified[111]
63.Three Infusorians, magnified[113]
64.A Phosphorescent Marine Infusorian (Noctiluca), magnified[114]
65.Section of a Simple Sponge[116]
66.Diagrammatic section of a portion of a Complex Sponge[117]
67.Horny Network of a Sponge, magnified[118]
68.Grantia compressa[120]
69.Spicules of Grantia, magnified[120]
70.Sycon ciliatum[121]
71.Leucosolenia botryoides, with portion magnified[121]
72.Chalina oculata[122]
73.Halichondria panicea[123]
74.Spicules of Halichondria, magnified[124]
75.An Oyster Shell, bored by Cliona[124]
76.Spicules of Cliona[125]
77.Thread Cells of a Cœlenterate, magnified[127]
78.The Squirrel’s-tail Sea Fir (Sertularia argentea), with a portion enlarged[128]
79.Sertularia filicula[129]
80. ” cupressina[130]
81.The Herring-bone Polype (Halecium halecinum[131]
82.Tubularia indivisa[132]
83.The Bottle Brush (Thuiaria thuja)[132]
84.Antennularia antennia[133]
85.Aurelia aurita[135]
86.The Early Stages of Aurelia[136]
87.Rhizostoma[136]
88.Chrysaora[136]
89.Cydippe pileus[137]
90.Section of an Anemone[139]
91.Stinging Cells of Anemone, highly magnified[140]
92.Diagrammatic transverse section of an Anemone[140]
93.Larva of Anemone[140]
94.The Trumpet Anemone (Aiptasia Couchii), Cornwall; deep water[144]
95.Peachia hastata, S. Devon[145]
96.Sagartia pallida, Devon and Cornwall[146]
97.Sagartia nivea, Devon and Cornwall[147]
98.Corynactus viridis, Devon and Cornwall[148]
99.Bunodes thallia, West Coast[150]
100.Bunodes gemmacea, with tentacles retracted[151]
101.Caryophyllia cyathus[152]
102.Sagartia parasitica[153]
103.The Cloak Anemone (Adamsia palliata) on a Whelk Shell, with Hermit Crab[154]
104.Larva of the Brittle Starfish[158]
105.Larva of the Feather Star[160]
106.The Rosy Feather Star[160]
107.The Common Brittle Star[162]
108.Section of the Spine of a Sea Urchin[165]
109.Sea Urchin with Spines removed on one Side[166]
110.Apex of Shell of Sea Urchin[166]
111.Shell of Sea Urchin with Teeth protruding[167]
112.Interior of Shell of Sea Urchin[167]
113.Masticatory Apparatus of Sea Urchin[167]
114.Sea Urchin Dissected, showing the Digestive Tube[168]
115.The Sea Cucumber[170]
116.A Turbellarian, magnified[175]
117.Arenicola piscatorum[178]
118.The Sea Mouse[179]
119.Tube-building Worms: Terebella, Serpula, Sabella[182]
120.Terebella removed from its Tube[183]
121.A tube of Serpula attached to a Shell[185]
122.Serpula removed from its Tube[186]
123.The Sea Mat (Flustra)[187]
124.Flustra in its Cell, magnified[188]
125.Sea Squirt[189]
126.Larvæ of Molluscs[191]
127.Shell of the Prickly Cockle (Cardium aculeatum) showing Umbo and Hinge; also the interior showing the Teeth[192]
128.Interior of Bivalve Shell, showing Muscular Scars and Pallial Line[193]
129.Diagram of the Anatomy of a Lamellibranch[194]
130.Mytilus edulis, with Byssus[195]
131.A Bivalve Shell (Tapes virgineana)[196]
132.Pholas dactylus[199]
133. ” ” interior of Valve; and Pholadidea with Animal[201]
134.The Ship Worm[202]
135.1. Teredo navalis. 2. Teredo norvegica[202]
136.Gastrochæna modiolina[203]
137.1. Thracia phaseolina. 2. Thracia pubescens, showing Pallial Line[204]
138.1. Mya truncata. 2. Interior of Shell. 3. Mya arenaria. 4. Corbula nucleus[205]
139.Solen siliqua[206]
140.1. Solen ensis. 2. Cerati-solen legumen. 3. Solecurtus candidus[207]
141.Tellinidæ[208]
142.1. Lutraria elliptica. 2. Part of the Hinge of Lutraria, showing the Cartilage Pit. 3. Macra stultorum. 4. Interior of same showing Pallial Line[210]
143.Veneridæ[211]
144.Cyprinidæ[213]
145.Galeomma Turtoni[214]
146.1. Cardium pygmæum. 2. Cardium fasciatum. 3. Cardium rusticum[215]
147.Cardium aculeatum[215]
148.Pectunculus glycimeris, with portion of Valve showing Teeth, and Arca tetragona[216]
149.Mytilus edulis[217]
150.1. Modiola modiolus. 2. Modiola tulipa. 3. Crenella discors[218]
151.Dreissena polymorpha[219]
152.Avicula, and Pinna pectinata[220]
153.1. Anomia ephippium. 2. Pecten tigris. 3. Pecten, animal in shell[222]
154.Terebratulina. The upper figure represents the interior of the Dorsal Valve[224]
155.Under side of the Shell of Natica catena, showing the Umbilicus; and outline of the Shell, showing the Right-handed Spiral[225]
156.Section of the Shell of the Whelk, showing the Columella[226]
157.Diagram of the Anatomy of the Whelk, the Shell being removed[228]
158.A portion of the Lingual Ribbon of the Whelk, magnified; and a single row of Teeth on a much larger scale[229]
159.Egg Cases of the Whelk[230]
160.Pteropods[231]
161.Nudibranchs[234]
162. ” [235]
163.Shells of Tectibranchs[236]
164.Chiton Shells[238]
165.Shells of Dentalium[238]
166.Patellidæ[239]
167.Calyptræa sinensis[241]
168.Fissurellidæ[241]
169.Haliotis[242]
170.Ianthina fragilis[242]
171.Trochus zizyphinus. 2. Under Side of Shell. 3. Trochus magnus. 4. Adeorbis subcarinatus[244]
172.Rissoa labiosa and Lacuna pallidula[244]
173.Section of Shell of Turritella[245]
174.Turritella communis and Cæcum trachea[245]
175.Cerithium reticulatum and Aporrhais pes-pelicani[245]
176.Aporrhais pes-pelicani, showing both Shell and Animal[246]
177.1. Odostomia plicata. 2. Eulima polita. 3. Aclis supranitida[246]
178.Cypræa (Trivia) europæa[247]
179.1. Ovulum patulum. 2. Erato lævis[248]
180.Mangelia septangularis and Mangelia turricula[248]
181.1. Purpura lapillus. 2. Egg Cases of Purpura. 3. Nassa reticulata[249]
182.Murex erinaceus[249]
183.Octopus[251]
184.Loligo vulgaris and its Pen[252]
185.Sepiola atlantica[252]
186.Sepia officinalis and its ‘Bone’[253]
187.Eggs of Sepia[254]
188.The Nerve-chain of an Arthropod (Lobster)[257]
189.Section through the Compound Eye of an Arthropod[260]
190.Four Stages in the Development of the Common Shore Crab[261]
191.The Barnacle[261]
192.Four Stages in the Development of the Acorn Barnacle[262]
193.A Cluster of Acorn Shells[263]
194.Shell of Acorn Barnacle (Balanus)[263]
195.The Acorn Barnacle (Balanus porcatus) with Appendages protruded[264]
196.A Group of Marine Copepods, magnified[265]
197.A Group of Ostracode Shells[265]
198.Evadne[266]
199.Marine Isopods[267]
200.Marine Amphipods[268]
201.The Mantis Shrimp (Squilla Mantis)[270]
202.The Opossum Shrimp (Mysis chamæleon)[271]
203.Parts of Lobster’s Shell, separated, and viewed from above[272]
204.A Segment of the Abdomen of a Lobster[272]
205.Appendages of a Lobster[273]
206.Longitudinal Section of the Lobster[274]
207.The Spiny Lobster (Palinurus vulgaris)[275]
208.The Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)[276]
209.1. The Mud-borer (Gebia stellata). 2. The Mud-borrower (Callianassa subterranea)[277]
210.The Common Shrimp (Crangon vulgaris)[278]
211.The Prawn (Palæmon serratus)[279]
212.Dromia vulgaris[282]
213.The Hermit Crab in a Whelk Shell[282]
214.The Long-armed Crab (Corystes Cassivelaunus)[287]
215.Spider Crabs at Home[288]
216.The Thornback Crab (Maia Squinado)[290]
217.The Pea Crab (Pinnotheres pisum)[290]
218.The Common Shore Crab (Carcinus mænas)[291]
219.The Shore Spider[294]
220.The Leg of an Insect[295]
221.Trachea of an Insect, magnified[296]
222.Sea-Shore Insects[298]
223.Marine Beetles of the genus (Bembidium)[302]
224.Marine Beetles[303]
225.Transverse section through the Bony Framework of a Typical Vertebrate Animal[306]
226.The Sea Lamprey[309]
227.The Pilchard[310]
228.The Skeleton of a Fish (Perch)[315]
229.The Internal Organs of the Herring[316]
230.The Egg-case of the Dogfish[319]
231.The Smooth Hound[320]
232.The Common Eel[323]
233.The Lesser Sand Eel[326]
234.The Three-bearded Rockling[327]
235.The Snake Pipe-fish[328]
236.The Rainbow Wrass (Labrus julis)[330]
237.The Cornish Sucker[330]
238.The Fifteen-spined Stickleback and Nest[331]
239.The Smooth Blenny[333]
240.The Butterfish[334]
241.The Black Goby[335]
242.The Father Lasher[335]
243.The Lesser Weaver[337]
244.The Common Porpoise[341]
245.Callithamnion roseum[359]
246.Callithamnion tetricum[359]
247.Griffithsia corallina[361]
248.Halurus equisetifolius[361]
249.Pilota plumosa[361]
250.Ceramium diaphanum[363]
251.Plocamium[366]
252.Delesseria alata[368]
253.Delesseria hypoglossum[368]
254.Laurencia pinnatifida[371]
255.Laurencia obtusa[371]
256.Polysiphonia fastigiata[373]
257.Polysiphonia parasitica[374]
258.Polysiphonia Brodiæi[374]
259.Polysiphonia nigrescens[374]
260.Ectocarpus granulosus[378]
261.Ectocarpus siliculosus[378]
262.Ectocarpus Mertensii[378]
263.Sphacelaria cirrhosa[379]
264.Sphacelaria plumosa[379]
265.Sphacelaria radicans[380]
266.Cladostephus spongiosus[380]
267.Chordaria flagelliformis[380]
268.Laminaria bulbosa[384]
269.Laminaria saccharina[384]
270.Alaria esculenta[385]
271.Sporochnus pedunculatus[385]
272.Desmarestia ligulata[386]
273.Himanthalia lorea[387]
274.Cystoseira ericoides[388]
275.Transverse Section of the Stem of a Monocotyledon[391]
276.Leaf of a Monocotyledon[392]
277.Expanded Spikelet of the Oat[393]
278.The Sea Lyme Grass[395]
279.Knappia agrostidea[397]
280.The Dog’s-tooth Grass[397]
281.The Reed Canary Grass[397]
282.Male and Female Flowers of Carex, magnified[399]
283.The Sea Sedge[400]
284.The Curved Sedge[400]
285.The Great Sea Rush[400]
286.The Broad-leaved Grass Wrack[401]
287.The Sea-side Arrow Grass[401]
288.The Common Asparagus[401]
289.The Sea Spurge[403]
290.The Purple Spurge[404]
291.The Sea Buckthorn[404]
292.Chenopodium botryoides[405]
293.The Frosted Sea Orache[406]
294.The Prickly Salt Wort[406]
295.The Creeping Glass Wort[407]
296.The Sea-side Plantain[408]
297.The Sea Lavender[408]
298.The Dwarf Centaury[410]
299.The Sea Samphire[412]
300.The Sea-side Everlasting Pea[413]
301.The Sea Stork’s-bill[414]
302.The Sea Campion[416]
303.The Sea Pearl Wort[417]
304.The Shrubby Mignonette[417]
305.The Wild Cabbage[418]
306.The Isle of Man Cabbage[418]
307.The Great Sea Stock[419]
308.The Hoary Shrubby Stock[419]
309.The Scurvy Grass[419]
310.The Sea Radish[419]
311.The Sea Rocket[420]
312.The Sea Kale[421]
313.The Horned Poppy[422]

THE SEA SHORE

CHAPTER I
THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEA SHORE