Greek Imperialism

by William Scott Ferguson

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CONTENTS

I.	[IMPERIALISM AND THE CITY-STATE]
	I. DEFINITIONS	[1]-5
	1. Of empire, [1].
	2. Of emperor, [3].
	3. Of imperialism, [4].
	II. THE CITY-STATE	[6]-19
	1. Its origin, [6].
	2. Its characteristics, [9].
	a. Fusion of agricultural, trading, industrial, andcommercial classes, [9].
	b. Theory of common descent of citizens, [13].
	c. So-called worship of the dead, [14].
	d. Educative power of the laws, [16].
	e. Municipality and nation in one, [17].
	III. MEANS OF OBSCURING IMPERIALISM	[19]-25
	1. Symmachia the basis of the Peloponnesian league, [20].
	a. Support of oligarchies, [21].
	2. Stasis, or civil war, [22].
	3. Symmachia the basis of the Athenian empire, [23].
	a. Support of democracies, [23].
	b. Maintenance of the union, [24].
	IV. FAILURE OF HEGEMONIES	[25]-30
	1. The idea of proportionate representation, [27].
	V. MEANS OF EVADING IMPERIALISM	[30]-34
	1. Grant of Polity, or citizenship, [30].
	2. Grant of Isopolity, or reciprocity of citizenship, [31].
	3. Grant of Sympolity, or joint citizenship, [32].
	VI. MEANS OF JUSTIFYING IMPERIALISM	[34]-37
	1. Deification of kings, [35].
II.	[ATHENS: AN IMPERIAL DEMOCRACY]
	I. ORIGIN OF THE IMPERIAL DEMOCRACY	[38]-41
	1. Themistocles, [39].
	2. Pericles, [41].
	II. SIZE AND POPULATION OF ATHENS AND ITSEMPIRE	[42]-43
	III. THE FUNERAL ORATION: THE IDEALS OFPERICLEAN DEMOCRACY	[43]-48
	IV. THE INSTITUTIONS OF DEMOCRACY	[49]-65
	1. Ecclesia and heliæa; their conjoined activity, [49].
	2. The council of the 500 and the committees of magistrates,[51].
	a. The ten prytanies, [52].
	b. Election by lot; annual tenure of office; rotation,[52], [53], [55].
	3. The ecclesia an assembly of high-class amateurs, [57].
	a. Its use of experts, [58].
	b. Its choice of a leader: ostracism, [60].
	4. The economic basis of democracy, [61].
	a. The place of slavery: simply a form of capital, [61].
	b. The object of indemnities: political equality, [64].
	V. THE EMPIRE	[65]-78
	1. The advantages of sea power, [66].
	2. The demands of the fleet, [68].
	3. The complaints made against Athens, [70].
	a. Misuse of tribute money, [71].
	b. Misuse of judicial authority, [72].
	c. Seizure of land in subject territory, [73].
	d. Extirpation of the best, [74].
	4. The destruction of the empire, [75].
III.	[FROM SPARTA TO ARISTOTLE]
	I. SPARTA IN HISTORY	[79]-97
	1. Crushing of early Spartan culture, [81].
	2. The military life of the Spartans, [84].
	3. The effect of the Periœc ring-wall, [85], [88].
	a. The Peloponnesian league: 550-370 B.C., [88].
	b. The Hellenic league: 405-395 B.C., [89].
	4. The hollowness of the Spartan hegemony, [90]-95.
	a. Cinadon, [91].
	5. The age of reaction, [96], [97].
	a. Urban particularism, [96].
	b. The ancestral constitution, [96].
	II. SPARTA AND ATHENS IN POLITICAL THEORY	[97]-114
	1. Plato, [99]-107.
	a. Neglect of History, [99].
	b. Plato's hatred of democracy, [102].
	c. His idealization of Sparta, [107].
	2. Aristotle, [107]-114.
	a. Relation to history, [108].
	b. Aristotle's hatred of imperialism, [110], [113].
	c. Comparison of his Politics with the Prince ofMachiavelli, [111].
	d. Aristotle's failure to let "strength" operate ininternational politics, [114].
IV.	[ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND WORLD-MONARCHY]
	I. IDEAS RECEIVED BY ALEXANDER FROM HISPARENTS AND HIS TUTOR	[116]-123
	a. Alexander and Philip, [116].
	b. Alexander and Aristotle, [119], [135], [147].
	II. ACTS BY WHICH ALEXANDER DISCLOSEDHIS POLICIES	[123]-148
	1. The destruction of Thebes, [123].
	2. The visit to Troy, [124].
	3. The Gordian knot, [125].
	4. The visit to the oasis of Siwah, [126], [139].
	5. The burning of the palace of the Persian kings, [129].
	6. The discharge of the Greek contingents, [130].
	7. Proskynesis, [131].
	8. The great marriage at Susa, [136].
	9. The proskynesis of the city-states, [147].
V.	[THE PTOLEMAIC DYNASTY]
	I. HISTORY OF THE PTOLEMIES	[149]-160
	1. Third period of Ptolemaic history: 80-30 B.C., [151].
	a. Ptolemy the Piper, [152].
	b. Cleopatra the Great, [152].
	2. First period of Ptolemaic history: 323-203 B.C., [155].
	a. Ptolemy I. Soter: 323-283 B.C., [150], [155].
	b. Ptolemy II. Philadelphus: 285-246 B.C., [156].
	c. Ptolemy III. Euergetes: 246-222 B.C., [159], [179].
	d. Ptolemy IV. Philopator: 222-203 B.C., [160], [179].
	II. EMPIRE OF THE PTOLEMIES	[160]-182
	1. Grounds of the imperial policy of the early Ptolemies,[160].
	a. Pride of possession, [160].
	b. Checkmating enemies, [161].
	c. Commercial advantages, [161].
	d. Domestic policy, [162].
	2. Triple theory of Ptolemaic state, [162].
	a. For Egyptians, [162].
	b. For Greek city-states, [163].
	c. For Macedonians, [166].
	3. The Ptolemaic army, [167].
	a. Origin, [168].
	b. Distribution of, in Egypt, [172].
	c. Influence of, upon natives, [176].
	d. Becomes immobile, 242-222 B.C., [179].
	e. Opened to Egyptians, [180].
	4. Second or domestic period of Ptolemaic history,200-80 B.C., [180].
	a. Absorption of Greek by native population, [181].
VI.	[THE SELEUCID EMPIRE]
	I. HISTORY OF THE SELEUCIDS	[183]-194
	1. Antigonus the One-eyed, creator of the realm, [183].
	2. Century and a half of progress, [184]-190.
	a. Seleucus I: 312-281 B.C., [184].
	b. Antiochus I, Soter: 281-262 B.C., [185].
	c. Antiochus II, Theos: 262-246 B.C., [185].
	d. Seleucus II, Callinicus: 246-226 B.C., [186].
	e. Seleucus III, Soter: 226-223 B.C., [186]
	f. Antiochus III, The Great: 223-187 B.C., [187].
	g. Seleucus IV: 187-175 B.C.,[188]
	h. Antiochus IV, The God Manifest: 175-164 B.C.,[190], 213.
	3. Century of decline: 164-163 B.C., [190].
	4. External agents of destruction, [190].
	a. Rome disarms Seleucids, incites revolt, andkeeps alive dynastic struggles, [190].
	b. Indo-Scythians (Yue Tchi) occupy East Iran,[192].
	5. Internal agencies: revolt of Jews, Parthians, Armenians,[191], [192].
	II. POLICY AND PROBLEMS OF THE SELEUCIDS	[195]-214
	1. Seleucus I, heir of Alexander's ideas, [195].
	2. Founding of city-states, [196].
	3. Priestly communities and feudal states, how treated,[197].
	4. Royal villages, how managed, [203], [205].
	5. Land either property of king or of city-states, [204].
	6. City-states, how far they Hellenized Asia, [206].
	7. Relations of king to city-states, [208].
	8. Comparison of Syria and Italy, [210].
	9. Policy of Antiochus IV: conflict with Jews; submissionto Rome, [212].
VII.	[THE EMPIRE OF THE ANTIGONIDS]
	I. RELATION OF MACEDON TO HELLAS	[215]
	II. MACEDONIAN CONTRIBUTION TO ROME	[215]-216
	1. War, [215].
	2. Government—a constitutional and not an absolutemonarchy, [216].
	3. Culture, [216].
	III. MACEDONIAN OPPOSITION TO ROME	[217]-218
	IV. EARLY HISTORY OF THE ANTIGONIDS	[218]-222
	1. Antigonus I—the exponent of unity in Græco-Macedonianworld, [218].
	2. Demetrius Poliorcetes—the adventurer, [219].
	3. Antigonus and Demetrius not really kings of Macedon,[220].
	V. ANTIGONUS GONATAS	[222]-234
	1. Training got in Greece and Macedon, [222].
	2. Peace with Asia and Egypt, [223].
	3. Protected Greece from northern barbarians, [224].
	a. Inroad of Pyrrhus, [223].
	4. Governs Greece by "tyrannies," [224].
	5. Stoic justification of "tyranny," [225].
	6. Ptolemy Philadelphus opposes Antigonus in Greece,[226].
	7. Rise of the ethne, [228].
	8. Struggle with Egypt for sea power, [229].
	a. Aratus seizes Sicyon: Alexander rebels, [230].
	b. The Laodicean War saves Antigonus, [231].
	c. Possessions of Antigonus at end of struggle,[233].
	VI. POSITION OF ACHÆA, ÆTOLIA, AND EGYPTAT THE END OF STRUGGLE	[234]
	VII. THE FEDERAL MOVEMENT	[235]-240
	1. Ethne become leagues, [236].
	2. The city-state the federal unit, [237].
	3. The league lacks an hegemon, [238].
	4. Monarchical traits, [239].
	5. Relation of federal to local authorities, [239].
	VIII. DEMETRIUS II	[240]-241
	1. War with Achæans and Ætolians, [241].
	IX. FALL OF THE ACHÆAN LEAGUE	[241]-242
	1. Treachery of the Ætolians, [241].
	2. Desertion of Egypt, [242].
	3. Policy of Antigonus Doson, [242].
	4. Cleomenes of Sparta, [242].
	X. THE HELLENIC LEAGUE OF ANTIGONUSDOSON	[242]-245
	1. Leagues, not cities, the units, [243].
	2. Macedon a unit, [243].
	3. League assemblies recognized as sovereign authorities,[244].
	4. Military weakness, [244].
	XI. PHILIP IV AND THE LEAGUE	[245]-248
	1. The Social War, [246].
	2. The Roman peril: speech of Agelaus of Naupactus,[246].
	3. End of Hellenic independence, [248].

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GREEK IMPERIALISM

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I

IMPERIALISM AND THE CITY-STATE

It is my purpose in this opening chapter to define some terms which I shall have to use repeatedly in the book; to make a somewhat detailed examination of the character of the Greek states whose political integrity was threatened by imperialism; to trace the development of imperialism to its culmination in the divine monarchy of Alexander the Great and his successors; and, at the same time, to arrange a general political setting for the topics to be discussed in the six succeeding chapters.