[866]. Two-thirds of the chapter is occupied in explaining that merchant strangers of unfriendly States are not to benefit from it. Mr. Hakewill was aware of this, but sought to evade the natural inference by subtleties which are not convincing.
[867]. See supra, under c. 13.
[868]. For the legal position of aliens, see Pollock and Maitland, I. 441-450.
[869]. See Pipe Rolls, 27 Henry II. and 8 Richard I., cited Madox, I. 467-8.
[870]. See Rot. Chart., 60 (5th April, 1200).
[871]. See Pipe Roll, 6 John, cited Madox, I. 469, where other illustrations will be found. Cf. also Rot. Pat., 170. 170b, 171, 172b.
[872]. In the same writ John bade them allow to depart freely all vessels of the land of the Emperor or of the King of Scotland after taking security that they would sail straight to their own countries and take with them none but their own crews. See Rot. Claus., I. 211, and cf. series of writs in I. 210.
[873]. See De l’Esprit des Lois II. 12 (ed. of 1750, Edinburgh), “La grande chartre des Anglois défend de saisir et de confisquer en cas de guerre les merchandises des négociants étrangers, à moins que ce ne soit par représailles. Il est beau que la nation Angloise ait fait de cela un des articles de sa liberté!”
[874]. S. Dowell, Hist. of Taxation, I. 83, citing Madox, I. 525-9 [2nd ed. I. 765-770], and Liber Albus, I. 247-8.
[875]. See supra, 41–2.